PROBABILITY SAMPLING

-Probability sampling refers to the selection of a sample from a

population, when this selection is based on the principle of
randomization, that is, random selection or chance. Probability
sampling is more complex, more time-consuming and usually
more costly than non-probability sampling. However, because
units from the population are randomly selected and each unit’s
selection probability can be calculated, reliable estimates can
be produced and statistical inferences can be made about the
population.

● SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

-Each sampling unit of a population has an equal chance of
being included in the sample. Consequently, each possible
sample also has an equal chance of being selected. To select
a simple random sample, you need to list all of the units in the
survey population.

● SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
-means that there is a gap, or interval, between each selected
unit in the sample.
-a probability sampling method where researchers select
members of the population at a regular interval – for
example, by selecting every 15th person on a list of the
population. If the population is in a random order, this can
imitate the benefits of simple random sampling.
 ● STRATIFIED SAMPLING
-The population is divided into homogeneous, mutually exclusive
groups called strata, and then independent samples are selected
from each stratum. Any of the sampling methods mentioned in this
section can be used to sample within each stratum. The sampling
method can vary from one stratum to another. A population can be
stratified by any variable for which a value is available for all units
on the sampling frame prior to sampling (e.g. age, sex, province of
residence, income).

● CLUSTER SAMPLING
-Sometimes it is too expensive to have a sample too spread out
geographically. Travel costs can become expensive if interviewers
have to survey people from one end of the country to the other. To
reduce costs, statisticians may choose a cluster sampling
technique.
-Cluster sampling divides the population into groups or clusters. A
number of clusters are selected randomly to represent the total
population, and then all units within selected clusters are included in
the sample. No units from non-selected clusters are included in the
sample. They are represented by those from selected clusters. This
differs from stratified sampling, where some units are selected from
each stratum. Examples of clusters are factories, schools and
geographic areas such as electoral subdivisions.
-In cluster sampling, researchers divide a population into

smaller groups known as clusters. They then randomly select

among these clusters to form a sample.

-Cluster sampling is a method of probability sampling that is

often used to study large populations, particularly those that

are widely geographically dispersed. Researchers usually use

pre-existing units such as schools or cities as their clusters.

NON PROBABILITY METHOD