Q.

What is back pitch, front pitch and winding

pitch.
ANS: Back Pitch (Yb): A coil advances on the back of the
armature. This advancement is measured in terms of
armature conductors and is called back pitch. It is equal to Specific Eelectric Loading: The specific electric
the number difference of the conductor connected to a given
loading is defined as the number of armature conductors
segment of the commutator. It is denoted by Yb.
per meter of armature periphery at the air gap.
Specific electric loading = total number ampere
conductors/armature periphery at air gap.

Specific magnetic loading: (i) Iron loss: A high value

Front Pitch (YF): The number of armature conductors or
elements spanned by a coil on the front is called the front
pitch. It is denoted by (YF)
Pitch of a Winding (Y): In general, it may be defined as
the distance round the armature between two successive
conductors which are directly connected together. Or it is
the distance between the beginnings of two consecutive
turns.
Y = YB - YF -------- for lap winding
Y = YB + YF -------- for wave winding
Lap Winding: When the winding is connected in such a
manner that the end of the one coil is connected to the starting end
of other coils (adjacent coil) of the same pole and so on then the
winding is known as lap winding.
Lap winding can be of three types simplex, duplex, and
triplex. In simplex lap winding, there are as many parallel
paths as there are a number of field poles.
In this the conductors are joined in such a way that their
of flux density in the air gap leads to higher value of flux in
the iron parts of the machine which results in increased
iron losses and reduced efficiency.
(ii) Voltage: When the machine is designed for higher
voltage space occupied by the insulation becomes more
thus making the teeth smaller and hence higher flux
density in teeth and core.
(iii) Transient short circuit current: A high value of gap
density results in decrease in leakage reactance and hence
increased value of armature current under short circuit
conditions.
(iv) Stability: The maximum power output of a machine
under steady state condition is indirectly proportional to
synchronous reactance. If higher value of flux density is
used it leads to smaller number of turns per phase in
armature winding. This results in reduced value of leakage
reactance and hence increased value of power and hence
increased steady state stability.
(v)Parallel operation: The satisfactory parallel operation
of synchronous generators depends on the synchronizing
power. Higher the synchronizing power higher will be the
ability of the machine to operate in synchronism. The
synchronizing power is inversely proportional to the
synchronous reactance and hence the machines designed
with higher value air gap flux density will have better
ability to operate in parallel with other machines.
(VI) Size of Machine: Drivers can be easily arranged in large
machines. Therefore, the machine with a larger diameter has
higher specific power loading. (VII)
Speed of Machine: If the speed of the machine is high and
the machine’s ventilation is good, then high losses can be
dissipated. Therefore, high-speed machines can be used for
high-value specific power loadings.
:
(VIII) Copper loss Higher the value of q larger will be
the number of armature of conductors which results in
higher copper loss. This will result in higher temperature
rise and reduction in efficiency.

Wave Winding: In wave winding, only two parallel paths

are provided between the positive and negative brushes.
The finishing end of the one armature coil is connected to
the starting end of the other armature coil commutator
segment at some distance apart. In this winding, the
conductors are connected to two parallel paths irrespective
of the number of poles of the machine. The number of
brushes is equal to the number of parallel paths. The wave
winding is mainly used in high voltage, low current
machines.
Commutator Pitch: It is the distance measured between
two commutator segments to which starting and ending
terminals of a coil are connected. It is denoted by Y c and
measured in terms of commutator bars or segments.
Pole Pitch:The distance between the two adjacent pole
centers is known as the pole pitch of the machine.
Coil Span or Coil Pitch: It is the distance, measured in
tems o armature slots between two sides of a coil.It is,in fact,
the periphery of the armature spanned by the two sides of
the coil. If the coil-pitch is equal to the pole-pitch,then
winding is called full-pitched.It means that coil span is 180
electrical degrees.

Resultant Pitch (YR): It is the distance between the

begining of one coil and the begining of the next coilto which
it is connected. denoted by Yr.
Q.