Modal Verbs

Used to show ability, authority and strong possibility in present.

Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+can+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interrogatives: Can+subject+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
 Negatives: Subject+can+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
CAN  Interro+Neg: Can+subject+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?

Examples:
He can speak good English.
Officer can fire him from job.
It can rain this evening due to intense hot.

Used to show ability, authority and strong possibility in past. Could is past of can.

Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+could+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interrogatives: Could+subject+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
 Negatives: Subject+could+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
COULD  Interro+Neg: Could+subject+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?

Examples:
He could speak good English.
Officer could fire him from job.
It could rain this evening due to intense hot.

Used to show permission, request and weak possibility or supposition with doubt. It is also
used for pray. May is much common in questions.

Methods: (Permission or Request/ Possibility)

 Affirmatives: Subject+may+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.

 Interrogatives: May+subject+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
 Negatives: Subject+may+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interro+Neg: May+subject+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?

Examples:
MAY May I ask a question?
May we stay here for an hour?
It may rain this evening.

Method: (Pray)
 May+subject+verb first form+noun/pronoun!

Examples:
May you live long life!
May she get success in her aim of life!
May you always stay happy!
 Used to show permission, request and weak possibility or supposition with doubt in the
past. Might is past of May.
Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+might+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interrogatives: Might+subject+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
MIGHT  Negatives: Subject+might+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interro+Neg: Might+subject+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
Examples:
She might go there.
Might we stay here for an hour?
It might rain last evening.
Used to show advice, guidelines, instructions or direction.
Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+should+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interrogatives: Should+subject+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?

SHOULD 
Negatives:
Interro+Neg:
Subject+should+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
Should+subject+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?

Examples:
You should improve your English.
She should read daily Dawn newspaper.
You should not allow anybody inside the building.
Used to show moral duty, manners or strict recommendations.
Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+ought to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
OUGHT  Interrogatives: Ought+subject+to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
 Negatives: Subject+ought+not+to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
TO  Interro+Neg: Ought+subject+not+to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
Examples:
We ought to respect our elders.
You ought to arrive office on time.
Used to show moral duty, manners or strict recommendations in past. Ought to have is the
past of Ought to.
Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+ought to have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun.
OUGHT  Interrogatives: Ought+subject+to have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun?
 Subject+ought+not+to have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun.
TO 
Negatives:
Interro+Neg: Ought+subject+not+to have +verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun?
HAVE Examples:
We ought to have obeyed our elders.
You ought to have arrived office on time.
Gardener ought to have watered plants on regular basis.
 Used to show an action should have happened in past but could not happen. It shows
regret. Should Have is the past of Should Modal Verb.
Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+should have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun.
SHOULD  Interrogatives: Should+subject+have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun?
 Negatives: Subject+should+not+have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun.
HAVE  Interro+Neg: Should+subject+not+have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun?
Examples:
You should have improved your English.
She should have read daily Dawn newspaper.
You should not have allowed anybody inside the building.
Used to express responsibility, necessity (speaker decides that something is necessary) and
prohibition in the present time.
Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+must+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interrogatives: Must+subject+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
MUST  Negatives:
 Interro+Neg:
Subject+must+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
Must+subject+not+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
Examples:
You must submit your forms before the due date.
You must not smoke here
We must inform police.
Used to express compulsion (someone else thinks that something is necessary and tells
you to do that action) and also used to mention someone else obligation in the present.

Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+have/has to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
HAVE TO  Interrogatives: Have/has+subject+to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
 Negatives:
HAS TO  Interro+Neg:
Subject+have/has+not+to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
Have/has+subject+not+to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
Examples:
We have to submit our forms before the due date.
John has to wake up early.
They have to stay till the off timing.
Used as the past of Have/Has to. Used to show obligation of the past

Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+had to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interrogatives: Had+subject+to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
HAD TO  Negatives:
 Interro+Neg:
Subject+had+not+to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
Had+subject+not+to+verb first form+ noun/pronoun?
Examples:
We had to be with him.
John had to wake up early.
They had to wait for the doctor.
 Used to express past certainty.
Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+must have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interrogatives: Must+subject+have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun?
MUST  Negatives: Subject+must+not+have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interro+Neg: Must+subject+not+have+verb 3rd form+ noun/pronoun?
HAVE Examples:
You must have eaten apple.
She must have left keys at home.
Police must have arrived there.
Used to express past repeated action that a person was habitual to do it again and again.
Methods:
 Affirmatives: Subject+used to+verb 1st form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interrogatives: Used+subject+to+verb 1st form+ noun/pronoun?
USED TO  Negatives: Subject+Used+to+verb 1st form+ noun/pronoun.
 Interro+Neg: Used+subject+not+to+verb 1st form+ noun/pronoun?
Examples:
You used to smoke in school days.
We used to play cricket every Sunday in childhood.
Used to show that a person is habitual to do an action in the present. We use is/am/are
helping verbs with used to and GERUND(ing form) after used to.
Methods:
 Affirmatives: Sub+is/am/are used to+GERUND(ing form) +noun/pronoun.
IS/AM/ARE  Interrogatives: Is/am/are +Sub+used to+GERUND(ing form) +noun/pronoun.
USED TO  Negatives:
 Interro+Neg:
Sub+is/am/are+not+used to+GERUND(ing form)+noun/pronoun.
Is/am/are+Sub+not+used to+GERUND(ing form)+noun/pronoun?
Examples:
She is used to smoking.
They are not used to working till late hours.
Is/am/are going to used for an action which is going to happen as all arrangements are
done or decision made before the moment of speaking.
An action someone plans to do in coming time, would/will is used. Would used as the past
of will also.
Methods:
IS/AM/ARE  Affirmatives: Sub+is/am/are going to+verb 1st form +noun/pronoun.
 Interrogatives: Is/am/are +Sub+going to+verb 1st form+noun/pronoun?
GOING TO  Negatives: Sub+is/am/are+not+going to+ verb1st form+noun/pronoun.
OR  Interro+Neg:
Examples:
Is/am/are+Sub+not+going to+verb 1st form+noun/pronoun?

WOULD She is going to leave for Lahore this evening.

They are going to talk to the Principal.
OR Methods: Would/Will
WILL  Affirmatives: Sub+will/would+verb 1st form +noun/pronoun.
 Interrogatives: Will/would +Sub+verb 1st form+noun/pronoun?
 Negatives: Sub+will/would+not+ verb1st form+noun/pronoun.
 Interro+Neg: Will/would+Sub+not+verb 1st form+noun/pronoun?
Examples:
She is fine, she will go to picnic.
They thought that they would arrive on time.
 Used to allow/permit someone to do an action. We can only make affirmative and
negative sentences of the topic.

Methods:
 Affirmatives: Let+objective case+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
 Negatives: Don’t+let+objective case+verb first form+ noun/pronoun.
Examples:

LET Let him wait here

Don’t let them stay here.
Note: We can use “LET” as main verb in sentences without TO…
Examples:
Teacher lets us play in free unit.
Parents will not let her go alone.
OR
Teacher allows us to play in free unit.
Parents will not allow her to go alone