THE DIVERSITY

OF
PROKARYOTES
AND VIRUSES

DR.RER.NAT. ARIF LUQMAN

FEATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS USED IN IDENTIFICATION
GC CONTENT OF
MICROORGANISMS
COMPARISON OF
BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, AND
EUCARYA
LIPID MEMBRAN AND PEPTIDOGLYCAN OF BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA

G, N-acetylglucosamine; T, N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid; M, N-

acetylmuramic acid.
PHYLUM
CRENARCHAEOTA
Most of the crenarchaeotes that have
been isolated are extremely
thermophilic, and many are
acidophiles and sulfur dependent.
The sulfur may be used either
as an electron acceptor in anaerobic
respiration or as an electron source
by lithotrophs. Almost all are strict
anaerobes.
They grow in geothermally heated
water or soils that contain
elemental sulfur.
PHYLUM EURYARCHAEOTA

• Methanogens are strict anaerobes that obtain energy by converting CO2, H2, formate, methanol,
The Methanogens acetate, and other compounds to either methane or methane and CO2. They are autotrophic when
growing on H2 and CO2.
• It is absolutely dependent on a high concentration of NaCl. These procaryotes require at least 1.5 M
The Halobacteria NaCl (about 8%, wt/vol), and usually have a growth optimum at about 3 to 4 M NaCl (17 to 23%). They
will grow at salt concentrations approaching saturation (about 36%).

The Thermoplasms • are thermoacidophiles that lack cell walls.

Extremely Thermophilic S0- • strictly anaerobic and can reduce sulfur to sulfide. They are motile by flagella and
Metabolizers have optimum growth temperatures around 88 to 100°C.

• It can extract electrons from a variety of electron donors (e.g., H2, lactate, glucose) and
Sulfate-Reducing Archaea reduce sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfate to sulfide. Elemental sulfur is not used as an acceptor
ARCHAEA DOMAIN IS STILL GROWING

 Researchers are proposing new kingdoms, phyla, and classes

 In textbooks, written Archaea has 2 phyla, but there are many updates which are
not put in the textbook yet.
 Please find more info here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea
 The Deinococci and Non-Proteobacteria
Gram-Negatives

Proteobacteria
BACTERIAL
DIVERSITY
Low G+C Gram Positives

High G+C Gram Positives

THE DEINOCOCCI AND NON-PROTEOBACTERIA GRAM-NEGATIVES
PROTEOBACTERIA
Low G+C Gram-Positives Bacteria High G+C Gram-Positives Bacteria
VIRUS CLASSIFICATION

Based on phenotypic Classification systems:

characteristics: • International
• Morphology Committee on
• nucleic acid type Taxonomy of Viruses
• mode of replication (ICTV) system
• host organisms • Baltimore classification
• the type of disease they system
cause • Carl Linnaeus's system
of binomial
nomenclature

•Group I: Phaginae (attacks bacteria)

•Group II: Phytophaginae (attacks plants)
•Group III: Zoophaginae (attacks animals)
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON TAXONOMY OF VIRUSES (ICTV)
SYSTEM

 species name must contain as few

words as possible while remaining
distinct

 must not only contain the word virus

and the host name.

 Species names often take the form of

[Disease] virus,
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON TAXONOMY OF VIRUSES (ICTV)
SYSTEM
 BALTIMORE’S CLASSIFICATION

 places viruses into one of seven groups depending on a combination of their nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA), strandedness (single-stranded or double-stranded), sense, and method of replication.

 Grouping:

I: dsDNA viruses (e.g. Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, Poxviruses)

II: ssDNA viruses (+ strand or "sense") DNA (e.g. Parvoviruses)

III: dsRNA viruses (e.g. Reoviruses)

IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (+ strand or sense) RNA (e.g. Coronaviruses, Picornaviruses, Togaviruses)

V: (−)ssRNA viruses (− strand or antisense) RNA (e.g. Orthomyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses)

VI: ssRNA-RT viruses (+ strand or sense) RNA with DNA intermediate in life-cycle (e.g. Retroviruses)

VII: dsDNA-RT viruses DNA with RNA intermediate in life-cycle (e.g. Hepadnaviruses)
BALTIMORE’S
CLASSIFICATION
RNA VIRUSES
RNA VIRUSES
READ MORE IN:

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_classification

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classification