Professional Documents
Culture Documents
archaebacteria
Background
Biologists have long
organized living things
into large groups
called kingdoms.
There are six of
them:
◦ Archaebacteria
◦ Eubacteria
◦ Protista
◦ Fungi
◦ Plantae
◦ Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera
into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were
different in many ways scientists created a
new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria
having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids,
ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the
ability to produce methane and to live in
anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic
conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first
archaebacteria were
discovered in
Yellowstone National
Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are
structurally simple,
but biochemically
complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot
springs or salty lakes) and normal
environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one
cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their
locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy)
from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature
extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean
floor vents deep below the ocean’s
surface
They can tolerate huge pressure
differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use
powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
• Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called
coccus.
• Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled
bacillus.
• triangular
Variations shapes.
of cells have been discovered in square
and
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
• Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in
movement.
• There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer
membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell
membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
• Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains
cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms
called plasmids.
• Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall
that
helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
• This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid
gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to
function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called
phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-
ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to
survive in environments that are extremely acidic or
alkaline, or that have great extremes in temperature.
CLASSIFICATION
FIVE PHYLUMS
1. Crenarchaeota
2. Euryarchaeota
3. Korarchaeota
4. Thuamarchaeota
5. Nanoarchaeota
CRENARCHEOTA
•
The name Crenarchaeota means
“scalloped archaea.” they are often
irregular in shape
organisms
require
salty
environmen
t for
survival
Occurance :-they are found in salts lakes & areas where
evaporation of sea water occurs such as the Great Salt
Lake in the U.S. and the Dead Sea.
Can live in water with salt concentrations exceeding 15%
The ocean’s concentration is roughly 4%
Example:-
Halobacterium which includes several
species, found in salt lakes & high saline
ocean The Great Salt Lake in Utah
Methanogens
Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as
a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions..
They are strictly anaerobic organisms & are killed when
exposed to O2. They reduce CO2 using H2 & release CH4 in
swamps & marshes that is called marsh gas.
Occurance :-
Many live in mud at the bottom of lakes and swamps
because it lacks oxygen
They are also found in the gut of some herbivores
like cows , humans
dead & decaying matter.
Importance :-
They are added to biogas reactors for production of CH4
gas for cooking & sewage treatment plants.
Examples :-
Methanofollis aquaemaris, M. ethanolicus, M. formosanus,
M. liminatans
Thermophilic & Sulfur-reducing
archaea
All thermophiles require hot water but differ in other
habitat needs.
Some thrive in only acidic water, others require sulphur
or calcium carbonate & others live in alkaline springs.
Depending on characteristics which it may possess, They
can be described with more specific terms such as
Thermoacidophile (heat and acid lover) they have both
aerobic and anaerobic species.
Hyperthermophile (extreme heat lover).
Pyrolobus fumarii, currently holds the record for high-
temperature growth, it can grown in temperatures up to
113oC.
Halophilic bacterium They live in hot springs (pools of hot
water that have moved toward earth's
surface)
Thermophilic
Methanogenic archeabacteria
KORARCHAEOTA
The name is derived from the Greek noun koros
or kore, meaning ‘‘young man’’ or ‘‘young woman,’’
and the Greek adjective archaios which means
‘‘ancient.’’ They are also known as Xenarchaeota.
The Korarchaeota have only been found in
high temperature hydrothermal environments.
In
Yellowstone National Park
(YNP), Korarchaeota were most abundant
in springs with a pH range of 5.7 to 7.0
The Korarchaeota were originally discovered by
microbial community analysis of ribosomal RNA
genes from environmental samples of a hot spring
in Yellowstone National Park.
Each of these six hot springs in Kamchatka
was found to contain Korarchaeota
Scanning electron micrograph, showing
Korarchaeota.
THAUMARCHAEOTA
The Thaumarchaeota (from the Greek 'thaumas',
meaning wonder) are proposed in 2008 after the
genome of C.symbiosum was sequenced and found to
differ significantly from other members of
phylum Crenarchaeota. All organisms of this
lineage thus far identified are
chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizers and may
play important roles in biogeochemical cycles, such as
the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle.
It was promosed on basis of phylogenetic data, such
as the sequences of these organisms' ribosomal
RNA genes, and the presence of a form of type I
topoisomerase that was previously thought to be
unique to the eukaryotes.
Nitrososphaera viennensis
NANOARCHAEOTA
In taxonomy, the Nanoarchaeota from Greek meaning
"old dwarf“.
They inhabit high-temperature environments with an
optimal growth of 90 C; and are highly unusual because
they grow and divide on the surface of another
archaea, Ignicoccus. Nanoarchaea, which were
discovered in 2002, contain both the smallest known
living cell (1/100th the size of Escherichia coli) and
the smallest known genome (480 kilobases [1 kilobase =
1,000 base pairs of DNA]; . Members of this phyla
have not been detected in pure culture.
Cells of Nanoarchaeum are about 0.4 μm in diameter
and replicate only when attached to the surface
of Ignicoccus.
The only cultivated representative of this
phylum so far, Nanoarchaeum equitans.
IMPORTANCE OF
Archeabacteria
Exthermophilic enzymes:
Exthermophilic Archae
Resistant to either to heat or to extremes of
acidity and alkalinity
Uses
Thermostable DNA polymerases, such as the Pfu
DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus are
used in PCR.
amylases, galactosidases and pullulanases in
other species of Pyrococcus that function at over
100 °C allow food processing at high temperature.
Sewage Treatment:
Methanogenic Archae
They carry out anaerobic digestion and produce
biogas
Extraction of Metals:
Acidophilic Archae
Extract gold,copper and cobalt from their ores.
Methane Gas Production:
Methanogenic Archae
can decomposgrow in biogas fermentors e cow
dung into methane gas as a by-product.
Role in chemical cycles:
Play important role in carbon cycle,nitrogen cycle,
sulphur cycle etc.
Help in reasearches:
Their ability to tolerate extreme conditions helps
researchers learn about the climatic conditions,
environment and their survival on ancient earth.
Anti-biotics:
Archaea host a new class of potentially
useful antibiotics.