Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EXTREMOPHILES
Jithin. V
EXTREMOPHILES
Organisms found living in extreme harsh environments.
Word originated from Greek- Extremus + Philia which
means extreme loving.
Most members of this group comes under the domain
Archae.
These include thermophiles, hyperthermophiles,
thermoacidophiles, alkaliphiles, psychrophiles,
halophiles, barophiles, radiation resistant bacteria
and endoliths.
DEFINITION
Temperature
pH
Salinity
Nutritional scarcities
Absence of oxygen
Radiation
Pressure
Response to Environmental factors
TYPES
Psychrophiles
Temperatue range is -15 to 150C
Also known as cryophiles.
Have an optimum temperature of 150C or lower
Isolated from Arctic and Antarctic habitats (90% of the
ocean is 50C or colder)
Also found in ice bergs, glaciers, snowfields etc
Metabolism is quite normal at colder temperatures.
Cell membranes-high levels of fatty acids which remain
fluid at colder temperatures.
Proteinaceous antifreeze mechanism to protect the cell
and DNA
Some of them cause spoilage in refrigerated food materials.
Eg: Arthrobacter spp, Psychrobacter spp, Halomonas
spp, Pseudomonas, sphingomonas
FIRMICUTES
Chaetomium thermophile
Deinococcus-thermus is a small group of eubacteria
which can thrive environmental hazards.
Stains Gram positive (thick cell wall) but possesses an
outer membrane, similar to the Gram negative cell wall.
Several thermophilic bacteria comes under this group.
1. Obligate thermophiles
Also known as extreme thermophiles.
0
Temperature range is 80-122 C.
Membranes and proteins are unusually stable at
these extreme temperatures.
For this reason, most biological processes utilize
thermophilic enzymes because of their ability to
withstand intense heat.
Many of this group can resist radiation too.
Eg: Methanopyrus kandleri, can survive and
reproduce at 1220C, Sulfolobus spp , Pyrococcus
spp, Pyrodictium spp (optimum of 1130C)
Most of the members require elemental sulfur for
growth.
Anaerobic members use sulfur as electron acceptor
instead of oxygen in cellular respiration.
Some are lithotrophs that oxidizes sulfur to sulfururic
acid as an energy source.
Such organisms require a very low pH and hence
known as thermoacidophiles.
Inhabits regions associated with volcanic eruption viz;
hot, sulfur rich, acidic regions such as hot springs,
natural geysers, fumaroles etc .
HABITATS OF EXTREMOPHILES
Trichosporonoides nigrescens
HALOPHILES