ARCHAEBACTERIA

In late 1970s a destinctive type

prokariotic cell was dicovered.
But it became clear that the
rRNA sequences we different
from either domain bacteriaor
the eukariotic organisms

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 Diffrent with other domain

Characteristic Bacteria Eukaryotic Archaea

s
Protein High Low High
content
Lipid Phospholipid Phospholipid Sulfolipids,
composition s s glycolipids,
nonpolar
isoprenoid
Lipid Straight Branched Straight
lipids,
structure chain chain
phospholipid
Lipid linkage Ester linked Ester linked Ether
s linked
(di&
tertaethers)
Sterols Absent Present Absent

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Eukaryotic Traits Bacterial Traits

DNA replication single, circular

machinery chromosome
histones
nucleosome-like operons
structures no introns
Transcription bacterial-type
machinery
RNA polymerase
membrane transport
Transcription Factor IIB channels
TATA-binding protein Many metabolic
(TBP) processes
Translation machinery
initiation factors energy production
ribosomal proteins nitrogen-fixation
elongation factors polysaccharide synthesis
poisoned by diphtheria
toxin

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What is Archae?

Mikroskopis (0,1-15 micron)

Sel prokariotik
Uniselluler
Hampir terdapat di seluruh dunia
Dapat ditemukan di daerah dengan
kondisi yang ekstrem (extremophiles)

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 Structure

Membran sitoplasmik terdapat

Phytanol
Eter yang terikat dengan lipid
Kebanyakan archae memiliki kandungan dinding sel yang
bermacam macam bergantung pada jenis archae nya, tetapi pada
jenis thermoplasma tidak terdapat dinding sel
Kromosom, ribosom, dan RNA Polimerase
Pada permukaan sel archae terdapat
Pelekat sel (Cell Envelopes)
Flagella mirip dengan pili bakteri tipe IV

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Reproduction
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Archae
Classification

Crenachaeota

Euryarchaeota
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Crenarchaeota Thermoproteus Sulfolobus

Archae yang mempunyai lipid membran yang

unik
Terserbar di alam bebas (perairan air asin,
sawah, tanah, perairan air tawar
Dapat melakukan nitrifiksasi
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Crenarchaeota
Thermoproteus Sulfolobus

Long thin rod, bent or Irregularly lobed,

braches (glycoprotein) spherical shaped
Thermoacidophiles (70- (lipoproteins and
97, pH 2.5-6.5) carbohydrates)
Anaerobic metabolism Thermoacidophiles (70-
Autotrophic using CO or 80, pH 2-3)
CO2 as carbon source

Thermoproteus tenax Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

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Thermoplasms
Halobacteria
Euryarchaeota

Methanogens

Extremly
Sulfate-
thermophilic S
Metabolizer reducers
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Methanogens

Produce methane

Last step in the degradation of organic compounds

Occurs in anaerobic enviroments

. Animal rumens
. Anaerobic sludge digesters
. Within anaerobic protozoa

Methanobrevibacter
Methanobrevibacter smithii
ruminantium
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Halobacteria

Extreme halophiles
Aerobic
Increase cytoplasmic osmolarity

Halobacterium salinarum
 Thermoplasm

Thermoplasma
. Thermoacidophiles (55-59 C, pH 1-2)
. May be flagellated and motile
. Cell membrane strengthened by diglycerol, tetraethers et al
Picrophilus
. Irregularly shaped cocci
. No cell wall
. Has slime layers outside plasma membrane Thermoplasma volcanium
. Thermoacidophiles (opt 60, opt pH 0.7)
. Aerobic

Thermococcus litoralis
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Extremly thermophilic S- Sulfate reducing archae

reducer

Motile by flagella Irregular coccoid cell

Optimum growth Extremly thermophillic
tempertaures 88-100 (opt 83)
Strictly anaerobic Isolated from marine
Reduce sulfur to sulfide hydrothermal vents

Desulfovibrio vulgaris
Ecological & Function of Archae

1. Methanogen :
Berperan dalam merusak selulosa di dalam perut hewan sapi
Memproduksi dalam gas metana
Terdapat pada lingkungan laut, sedimen air tawar, tanah yang dalam, dan organ intestinal hewan

2. Halofilik Archae :
Ditemukan di daerah garam dan kolam terevaporasi
Terdapat di laut mati
Menggunakan garam untuk menghasilkan energi atau ATP

3. Thermofilik archae :
Ditemukan pada lingkungan dengan suhu yang ekstrem
Terdapat pada lempeng volkanik dan sumber air panas

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 Thanks!
Any questions?

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Question