LIMITING REAGENT

The taken in lesser amount than

reagent
required and limits the amount of

product obtained is called limiting

reagent
S Oz 502

I mole 1 mole 1 mole

I

32g 32g 64g

16g 16g 32g
H H H
O b moles 0 5 moles 0.5 moles

48
16g 32g
a'me
L a I
32g
than moles 1 mole
required 4T
tt moles
X i 0.5
LIMITING
REAGENT 0.5 unreacted
Hence the amount of product obtained

has to be calculated based on the

limiting reagent
QUESTIONS
L
l Oz Coz t H2o
IC Hq t

16g 32g
H H
I mole 0 5 mole 1 mole
1 mole

LIMITING 22g 18g

REAGENT

The amount of products is calculated

based on amount of 02 taken L R

N 02 N
coz
Z l

I 0.5
2 1 Nz t 3 Hz 2N 113
I

30mL 20Mt
10mL
E

n x V P T constant

L R 20 ml
5mi 3

MHz MHz hNH3

MHz
2 d
zuo 3rd
yo
10x
2 ml
10 ml 3
5mL 15mL

CONCENTRATION TERMS
solute minor component
solution
y solvent major component

1 Killa

dissolved 100g of
in a
Ht of solute

solution
 W Wt of solute

kit of solution solute solvent

11

kit of solution
Ht of solute

Wg Wg

100g

I
x

Ky yo
otsolate
Ht no

kilt of solution

2 IN y To

kit solute in 100Mt of solution

of

KY yo obsolate
Klt too

Vol of solution
 14
solution
Volume of solute in looms of

d x too
h
Vol of solution

QUESTIONS
90 ml A 20
1 10mL of ethanol
10 10
X 100
h Yo 100

loom
Xd solution 90410
of
of
2 A sdn of NaOH has a density
NaOH is added
1
2g Iml Hf log off
to 100mL H2O calculate

a W y

b W kilo
a
tog too 10

Oom

b dsan l
2g Iml D HI
Vol

Sooln
100mL

Wt s d x Vsdn 120g
Sdn

y Ie x 100
Ts
120g

MOLARITY M

No of moles of solute present in 1

fit
of solution
N solute
M
sdn l

kit
Nsolute solute
1
 kit
M c solute

Vol sdn l

1000
KH
x
H
GM ki ml
solute

GM Kl Ht of 1 mole of molecule

MOLALITY M

dissolved 1
no of moles of solute in kg
of solvent

nsolute
m
k.lt of solvent kg
1000
m
ITI solute Ttt gm
MOLE FRACTION

moles of component divided

No of 1

of moles of all the components

by no

in a mixture

Ex
2motes
im
N Nu I
O 2
X Nz 5
He MHz Moz

He a O 4

T
O 4
Oz

l O

Sum of mole fractions of all components

 is 1

Solute
For solution
a
I solvent

A solute
solute
solute t h solvent

X solvent
h solvent

solute n solvent

QUESTIONS
NaOH 100m H2O
1
4g of

a Molarity of Sdn

after the solution

b Molarity diluting
adding 400mi H2o
by
23 O 16
Na
 h
NaOH
a M
Sdn l

4 x
40 o l l

I M

solvent 9 the conc of

b As volume of
solution decreases

i Dilution I molarity
constanttv
H Ite
CsolnDf

Constant
H X som
n solute

M x V constant

MixVi MfxTf
 M Y 14242

Hence nsolute remains constant

during
dilution

N NaOH 0.2M
Me
0.5 bit
soln
1
100m 1400mL
Cor

114,4 142112 1
M X 500M
l X 100Mt

M 0.2M

58 of Nacl is added form a

1kg
2 5g
aqueous solution if the density of soln
is
1.2g Iml calculate
 a
of Nacl soln
Molarity
b of Nacl soln
Molality
in
S ol
i
dsoln l
2g ml
Na 23
Nacl
M
a Molarity Cl 35.5
soln l

58.5
I mole
Nacl
58 5

Mass Solh 1000g

Sohn

dsdn 281mL
m
Yso1n l Z

Holm d lit
z
 1 I 2 H
M
y
1 2

nN
b m
Molality t.tt
zo kg
58 Nacl
5g 1000g of Soh

H Hao

KIT of H2o 1000 58.5g

941 5g
I 1.062
i M
0.9415 kg
3 A 214 solution of CHzcoolt has a

aq Sdn Find
density of 1.2 gland
its GHWCH EOF
coot

at Molality
b Mole fraction of CHzcooH

c
WIK
d h

120g
OH
moles of CH

in 1 lit H2o

a
NCHzCOOH
Molality Cml Ht of Hao kg

dsdn I l 2
glint
Ht of Ilit Soln 1200g m
I
I
Wt ol CHzCOOH Ht of H2O

1200 120
120g
2 moles 1080g

NCHzCOOH
m
kit oh Heo
kg

2
I 85 molal
m
1
080kg
n
b X CH3COOH
H3COOH
N n
H2O 1 CH COOH

12
19
 2
I
62 31

Ht of CH3COOH
W X 100
C µ
Ht of Solh

120g X 100

1200g
10

Ht of CHzCOOH
d KY y E X too
Vol of Solh

120g X 100
I 000 ml

12 To
 EMPIRICAL FORMULA

ratio of atoms constituting

a
Simple

given molecule

Ex 611 1206
glucose

empirical formula CHzo

1 2 l