OXIDATION NUMBERS

The real
imaginary charge aquired by
its free
an atom when it is going from
state to a combined state

Cl
Na Nacl
HE lip

Na Nato
ID
Cl ct 0

Na is
acquiring
1 units of positive
Nacl Hence
when it is forming
charge
in Nacl is 1
its oxidation no

NOTE
of oxidation
To understand the concept
numbers we should know about
a IONIC BOND

the transfer of e b w atoms

Formed by

Ex Hg 42 2,85
2E
Mg 2 8 2 Hg
2E
8,7 2cL
2 Cl 2

2,8 8 each

ol c
Mg
v.v
b COVALENT BOND

b w atoms
By sharing of
e

8E SE
molecule ti it
Ex 42
xx xx
d ax
44 0
x x x x

7E in Valence shell
No of covalent bond formed is equal
of shared I bond
to the no
pairs of e

c COORDINATE COVAL NT BOND

DATIVE BOND

When one of the atoms contributed

only
E b w the
towards the shared pair of

then call the bond

bonded atoms we

coordinate covalent bond

as dative

Ex i Ammonium ion NHq

H 2
I
N Ht
H 1 x x x
no e
x
x x
H H H

Ammonia
 H
N Ht
H

H E on N is shared with Ht
pair

ion Hz Ot
2 Hydronium

H2o 1 H HzOt
dative bond
H

O 2,6 coordinate
covalent bond
H I
Tx
H H

d ELECTRO NEGATIVITY
attract the
of a bonded atom to
Tendency
bond pair closer to itself
Ex Hcl
3 xx
He charge
H
Exc1xx I
y I I
l t E

less EH high EN
F O Y N D
OXIDATION NUMBERS
FINDING

1 All atoms molecules in their free 1 uncombined

elemental
state have zero oxidation number

Hao Bao Ko

020 Ni di FI 05 ozone

1 and 2 in
Atoms to groups
2 belonging
have 1 and 2 oxidation
periodic table
numbers in their combined States
 I 2

f
Be
Li

Na L ng

i
se

Ba
ft
Cs

Fru Ra
2 Valence E
1 Valence e

state will have an oxidation

3 F in combined

number of 1

xx more EN
Hex Fx

I I

For each covalent bond

element 1
r
more EN
I
less Eu element
4 oxygen
2 oxide
common oxidation non

Ex L Nazo sodium oxide

2 Na 2 Not 2E
Z

2 01 2E II xx
oxide ion

2 H2O t
o
x x

I i
l H

can show other oxidation States

oxygen
a PEROXIDES

Oz
oxidation no I
 x to I
ie ie

H
2
xx
To x x x Oz
x x x x

I I

Ex Hydrogen peroxide Hzoz

less EN
HTT
I
x
g
I ta O I

l H
I
b SUPEROXIDE
I
Oz

Oxidation no Yz

e o
I L
n

gf
E

OXIDATION STATES OF 0
C POSITIVE

has Ye oxidation
In compounds with F O

number
0
i O Fz 1 2
xx
l x Ox o
2E F
O
t
1 o
EE s i 03 2 1
l
E 1 2
O
 o i
ii 02 Fz
F
2 F o 1
2 o t
1 O x
x
x
i
yx
Z f O
Z o t ti I
0 I t
f
F
1

element can be
Hence oxidation no of an

Ye Zero fractional
Ye

F al Br I
5 Halogens CX

I
common oxidation number
of oxidation
d Br I can have a vanity

numbers when bonded with 0

Ye oxidation numbers
6 Hydrogen
I
common oxidation no

H have 1 oxidation
In metal hydrides can

state
0
Na Nat e

Ex Na H
I do H
it E
I I

of underlined
element
oxidation no

O O
4C 2
l K Hn 04 ti Mn
t
L Hn 7
l Z

Z 2
Hn t 4 C Z
2 14h04
Mn t 6
 6 A
f 2 2
21 HCM
3 11 503
8207
2 Ccr 17C 2 2 14
8 22 HMC
12 NO
4 0504 5
0
Os 14C 4
23 172 03
5
5 Broz 13 11244 4
2

24 XeF6
6 Hdoc 14 NHqNO315
6
7 3
t
15 C 204 25 XeOl
7 Hcloz 3 g Ez cD
5 2

It c Oz 0 5203
16
8 42 2
26 I5
73
27 Mz05
9 Holo 17 5406
Tt 275 5
O

Hz 18 H3 04 28 120
IO 4 5 1I I
6
19 43103
3
29 frog
6
2
21 1 1 St 4C o
w
w
O
Zo Hz 1202
30 Fez0
H 0
1I 3

2 o
NO nitrate 3 ti t P 12C

MOI nitrite p I
31 05

32 H2 203

33 Naz 406 o

cyanides
21 HCN H CETINE
3
I

Etc 7 EH
20
EH EMC
µ

N 2,5
22 Isocyanide
Hg g C 2,4
BOND
DATIVE
NO C
y 2E lone E
t 4E bonding
GE bonding bei X
2E lone e

TEV
When a dative bond coordinate covalent
b atoms
bond is formed w 2 oxidation
the following
number is assigned by
rule
a
When
given for bonding by
1 e are

more FN element to a less F N element

that dative bond can be ignored for

oxidation no calculation
o

Hx xNEI.CI
i

N c can be ignored
t
More EN less EN
 When given for bonding from
2 e are a

less EN element to a more EN element

then oxidation no of
2 E
Hore EN element Creceving

less EN element z donating

e

per each dative bond

0
Nitric acid µ 2 5
Ex HMOs
2x k
OE O 2 6
xx

I
He
12N
0
X
x x
2
he 15
2
it x
o Z
H o 2
H
I µ less EN o Z

O More EN H t l

t
31 6805

element cannot be
oxidation no of an

than the no of valence E

greater
2

E
o Il o
xx
1 Crt
Ix
0 Oz
Ot 16

x ox o
Cr lessen O
O

0 more EN

WRITING STRUCTURES OF OXO ACIDS

502 t H2O 112503

non metal oxide

503 t H2o 42504

41103 41102 43104 3103

2 04 42 03

H31202
1 Write the central atom

double bond to the

2 Attach one 0
by
central atom
Z
Fx Hz Soc
O
II 6
S
lol I o 2
I

Attach the o atoms by single

3 remaining
bonds

H atoms to each 0
4 Assign
it to the central
5 a If o is left over
join
atom double bond
by a

it
b If It is left over attach directly
to the central atom
 112504 2H So 42

H atoms attached to oxygen in the acid

can
only be donated as Ht ions

attached to central
atoms
H
directly
atom can't be donated as Ht

Hz POL
HzP04 431303
o O
o 11 11
11 p p
P
OH Ho I Hot l H
H Ot I E
H
O
x It
O
I
1 Ht ion
2 It ions
3 Ht ions
Hypo
phosphoric acid Phosphorous acid phosphorous
acid
 O
32 Hz 5203 Thio

Thio sulphuric acid

s
so II7
4
IT 2
Si o z
5
0
HO l
IT
HO l OH
OH
Hz Sz 03

O
t 2 s t 3C Z
2 ti

Avg oxidation
1 no
S 2

33 Naz 5406
Sodium tetra thionate
Z
Zo O
11 f 5
t5 SSS o Na
Nat J S s s
Il 11
o 0 O
o
Z 2

Naz 5406
Aug oxidation no of S I
4
1205