Chemical Bonding

moleclarstecture
g
do some atoms combine while
why
Certain donot
number atoms are
why
a definite of molecule
to constitute a
particular
and
not as H oh Ha
En Ha
do molecules have definite shape
why
the nature force Enisting
what is of
the atoms
between combining

cÉÉidaforce of attraction between two

stable molecule
more atoms to form a

attraction between atoms

1 Due to force of
molecule
during formation of

Potentialenergytistabilitying
 G aegis approach
Kegel
Ionic Band Covalent
Bond
formation formation

Lewis
in According to Kossel ly
more stable than other elements
inertgases is
stable 8é in a Valance shell
due to
not 8é in its Valance
elements having
in chemical bonding
shell shall participate

Kosselappach
D Nat
15252pct
15 52,637
t
stable configuration

Cl te ce
1825218
1525215 A
stable configuration
 Nat Ci Nait or Mad

attraction is due
to electro static
force of attraction
2

ca ca re

Ar Hs CAD Ca 2É Catz
5
F te
F electrostatic
He 252É Me force of attraction

Lewis approach

LEYeigmatommdand.to
complete its octet
Valance shell formationof
ie amp by
covalent bond

Armation formation of Nen

formation of cece 0 0
of
Le dotstradare Valance electrons of element

are represented around by symbol of Element

Ia X IA I IIA X
IA X
Ia
Ia I
IIA
IA ox
a
I here x belong to group
a X here x belong to group

Kernel Nucleus inner core e

Ahem
Valance shell outer e

ve
Eg Na
Igkernel
forman of Heteroatomicolecule covalent bond

formation of formation of formation of water

Methane Hydrogen
chloride molecule
molecule molecule
formation
of Pdz
molecule
 Lewis structures
Lewis dot representation Provide a
picture ofbonding
in a simple molecules
Lewis structure Provide the understanding the formation
and prop of a molecule to large Extent
are followed
The following Basic steps generally

D T Total e's in the species is expected on the

basis of Lewis approach
all cases it isoctet
Encept H in
debut
I Valance é's Present in the
a given species
37 S total no's of shared electrons
IF
U total no's of unshared e's
D VS

5 Least E N atom must be at centre y most

terminals
E N atom Hydrogen should be at

6 In case of ion

positive charge
Negativecharge to
to
more E N element more EP Element
D CHA
D E G 8
8 8 16e's y
M to I
2 Y 8e's
4 4
3 S T V 16 8 8e's

4 U V S 88 0
 O
2 5042
I
DT 8 4187 40
2

3
Y
5
6
40 32
4167 2
8
32
É
4 U V S 32 8 24 I
19 stable
S o
0 To
3
POE O
D T 8 4187 40
11 5 416 13 32 P
S T V 40 32 08 É O
D V S 3 32 08 24

O
o O
Stable
a
Try Lewis structure Representation for
a
cos D NHI
b MNO
E 5042

D Hclog
Limitations of octet
Formation compound with electron deficient
of
Elements of 1,2 3A shouldn'tform covalent bond
gp
because they have Cen than four electrons
thus they cannot achieve Octetby mutual sharing
ofelectrons Eg Lid
Beg Biffgigkdibrand
Be É
Li
ii É
it
Electrophiles
Lewis acid species seek's electrons
Noy

Refutable as told that Lily Be shows

Covalent character
2 formation of Superoctetmolecule

Cngper valent species

4pctCL F F F F F

IIE
CL I
F
I F E
10 é's around 12els around He's around
the P atom the's atom I'atom

3 formation of compounds of Xe

Octet rule says that noble gases are inert but

ye Ky take part in bonding to form compounds

with elements like Fluorine such as
oxygen
Xetz Xefy XeOFa XeOFa Krey de
M Forman of celetrmmolecule
Eg No 4 NO

ii ii iii
5 This theory couldnot explain stability Energy
molecules
shape of
Forcharge
Etagere total numberof
total number of
Valance e's in the non bonding
atom
free flections lone

total number of
I bonding shared
selections

FEWEEL
i

a O t atoms have been numbered

j as 1 213
1
a F c 6 2 1
2 62

2 3 FC 6 4
42 0

3 F c 6 6 1
22
2
SEES a F c G H
E o

c F C 6 4
12 0

b FC H O 12187 0

3 a Fc G H 0
42

b Fco 6 6 1
o
22
b c

e FC 6 6 2 2 1

1037,1 Fc 5 0 1
Oa 82
M Oa Fc 6 4 0
12
HOT O
C O FC 6 6 1
32

Oc FC G H O
Y
H FC 1 O 2 0
2
 formal charge
ftp.ggedeule
a POI ion
É ÉE If

a É
o 8 85
o

Ageformal charge on Onygen

3,2
0.75
atom
0 3y

É
fly
Lot 0
3
4
2
Clog O
p I 11
a d
a
o
of o o
o
O
9V
o
i d
o fro otto
Aycononygen
Per molecule
044

o e
ly ly
a find formal charge on O atom in

co ion

É ÉXo N
EEE
o o o
2
o 3
Fs
3 43
o
0
I

In a number of Lewisstructure the structure

Least formal charge intended to
having
have Low
energy and more stability
I
 Chemical Bond
T
V
Bond Weak Bond
Strong
intramolecularbond intermolecularbond
C
1 Covalent bond H bonding
1 Co ordinate covalent c Vanderwaals
bond forces

C Ionic bond
Metallicbond
Covalentbond
It is formed by mutually sharing of one more
electrons between two atoms which have
same A nearly same electronegativity
covalentbond
Typeof
a
Non polar covalent bond
formed between two atoms
Eg Ha 42 Boa Ete
b formed between different
Étbnd
 Eg HF HCl H Br CH a Ete

bond
Ef
AGN IF Ionic Mad

HEN IF polarcovalent Hel

Bond

AEN D non polar C B 42

Propertiesof Covalentbond

a Low melting point 4 Boiling point

Except Diamond
b Can Enists as liquid solid
gas
c Soluble in nonpolar solvents like coly cotes

Hexane Heptane Ete

D EIC'vity
covalent compounds are non
generally
conductor of Electricity Except gryhite
due to available
of free é
Note In solubility
like dissolves like
polar compoynds dissolve's in polarsolvent
dissolve's in nonpolarsolver
monpolar comp
bat dissolves in a
In non
a polar compound
solvent but it also dissolves
non polar
in water a polar solvent in presenceof KI

Ia t KI KI A Kt Ij

E Isomerism Covalent compounds are directional

so show isomerism
they

aggiest
 d
Edington
é between
A mutual sharing of a
pair of
two bonded atoms but donated by single
atom
only
A MI B A B
g
Vacant
orbital

II BFz NHI BFz

tetrahedral
Pyramid trigonal
planar

TDuring Dative bond formation accepts Hybridisation

is increased by Ian it y shape of both
accepts y donar is changed I
 H2o t II HIs Hzot

ticking
acid
ligand

1 dte to vacant
due to having
orbital
lip
BFz BE
Be 152521,1
BE 152s 2ps far ofe
donated
dative bend

ÉÉÉÉacant
orbital
a In the following compounds depict the
Bond's present
type of
a NH C NHyOH E N Had

b CO D Nad
Essential point to rember
The number of e's shared by
Cheney
an atom with another atom during the
Covalent molecule to have octet
formation of

covalent bonds made by an atom

no
of
also called Covalency
 Ioni EletgovalentBand
Bond
Electrostatic f o A between Anion cation

Involves transfer of one mole e's from one alone

to other takesplace between Mitt
generally

MEEE iii a.IE

depends on
Production Positive negative
a Ease
of of
charge
b Positive
Arrangement of charge negative
in an atom
charge
Ionic
Bond
is
non directional
e's host to form an ionic bond is
number of gain
called electrovalancy
gp 1 a
gp gp 13 gp to
get
Be B

I a a Ise
I Ga
Electropositive Electronegative Ionic
Bond
Element Element
H
IA IA É Ia

I Mcg Mig te AM talks mole

Ionisation energy

Amatiouaion
I a
LBE
X
lg
X te I Kilmore
eg AegH y
c
Packing of ionsof opposite charge to make a

ionic solid
 that dffiount
of energy released when 9mole

of Ionic compound is formed from its ions

MX is ACH Z KJ
Mig 5cg t

SE
i
Energy absorbed IE B.DE

Energyreteand W

To Produce a
ionic compound

lEA
I
LEI
BFyI ISEtE

release Absorbed
energy energy
Lienthalpymayalsodefinedas
It is the amount of energy absorbed when Imole
ionic crystal is converted into its constituent
of
gaseous ions
unit Emote cos kealthole
 Nacl LEE 788kt mole
Naft Cq
LED 788 KJ mole
a
MICE mdeEaseofformation

LE
191ft
L
TE Lid Mad
Kel Rba Cscl

LELWgwic.GE
LE d
Nat Nacl Na Br
size ofions NAI

ILE Nacl
Mg as Aldz

CE Cacia Nacl

BonHaberde
To Calculate Lattice enthalpy no
direct
Method is available
Indirect method Boon Haber cycle

Het of formation amount

of Heat energy
released when 1 mole of compound is formed
from its Elementary stable state
 Mad
Nay I 42cg If
BDE z
SE
Y
x

Macy Clegg
E
IE
Ya
Yates cig

Triste
Mg es 202cg Mgo Aft

V
SE
I Belz

Mg eg Oeg
IEN EAN
I V LE G

Mgtg OFEACH
Ig My
ayse
eatz ToBEENAT
determine
CE
 Try
factors Effecting Ionic bond

a Ionisation enthalpy
b Electron gain enthalpy
e Lattice point

a I isatinenthalpy Lesser the value of IE

is the tendency to
greater is
form a cation greater
Ionic bond formation
Li Na k Rb G IE

Lit Nat Kt Rbt a

Ear of
formation
Eton gainenthalpy
is the negative e gain enthalpy
greater
is tendency of an atom to form anion
greater
 characteristic ionic compound
of
a physiastate Crystalline solid
b Hardness Ionic comp hard

c
Bp y mp High
so they are more soluble
D Solubility polar
in polar solvent

solidstate poor conductor

E
Elecocnd conductor
liq state good

F isomerism ionic comp are non directional

so dont show isomerism
they

9 Kadivity very High reactivity

H isomorphism they show isomorphism show

same Crystalline structure

Eg Nanoz Cacoz
Cr203 Fez03
Dinqtiingfinogf.cn glndiicomp tooo energy
changes
takesplace
a Lattice enthalpy
b Hydration enthalpy

Atg BIG AH
AB LE
Energy absorbed

Atcag CHE of a cation

H2o
Ag en

420 B CHE of a anion

Big Cag

msn.io giemem
W
t ii
i
there is no
motilithic is perfect ionic
perfect
covalent

covalent character in Ionic camp is

fajan's rule
studied by using
é

i E

Sharing of é in
polarisation y polarisibility an anion heads to
are
key steep covalent character

L of covalent character depends on

a polarising power cation

b polarisibility power Anion

a cation
It is a
tendency of
polarising power
a cation to polarise anion

size cation
of polarising
power

Covalent chart Ionic chart

size of cation T polarisation t

Nacl Kd Rbd Cscl
Eg Lid
t n

Chggarismationts
charge on ion
ABT Mg Nat
 Lick Beck Baze Cela
Nada Mg das Aldz s sick

i as on cation increases polarisation

charge
increases then covalent character increases
Ionic character decreases

3 Pseudo noblegas configuration

polarisation T
c Ct
Cu Ar Hs 3d

Cut Ar Hs 3d
Pseudo inertgas can
Ar ss ad
to fig
Agt
Art Av 655 do

Zn Ar 3110482

ENI Ar 3d
do inert
10 gas
Cd't
It
Ar 4

A 5d
d
Yen configuration
Hg
 polarisibility
In the case of anion
size atom apolarisibility power
of 2 Covalent
char
ii charge on alone a polarisibility power
a covalent
char
has covalent character
a w of high
a Nacl Kd Rbd
b Bed
Mga Calls

C Nad Na Br NAI

Nold covalent chart solubility t Mp Bph

ImpartColour
some

Ionic character9 solubility T Mp Bp T

ggfghgrengtggh.ae
b Nad cud

C Kd Agee

Q why Snelais liq while Suda is

a solid

Kol sit
Cet Cet

Mpt Mpt
a w of more soluble

Felon Felony Ago Agas

SM Fet Felt Ago Agas