HamilAh Bonding UN 4

Types Bonding
of
x Toni x Covalent Metallic
x
Macromolecular Coordinate Bond
x Dative

Ionic ELECTRO
VALENT BONDING

Refers
to the electrostatic attraction experienced between theelectric charges
of a
ration Positive Ion andan anion Negative
Ion
Formed
due to the transferof electrons from one atom to another

x Metallic oxides are ionic

eg MgO
lad

2 Mg 2 107 8
1,2

1 2 Lp Is Is Ii Lp
Valence Ilene

15111 my't
t
Mgo

Ionic bonding whatis known as hattie Structures

form
 An example using Mall

x1i Iii 4
Gaining
Loss
of oxygen
faamn
x of
x
loss oxygen

a of hydrogen Gaining
of hydrogen

OCTET RULE

x When atoms react the do so in such a waythat allows them to attain an

outer shell containing
8valence electrons In this mannerelements gainloseorshareelectron
Noble Gas
to achieve stability or Configuration

Several
the Formation Ions
factors affect
of
Ionization Energy Electron
Affinity hattie Energy Enthalpy
x

A binary compound is more likely tobe fond when

Bomp Type

nt
Dance in m

t.si
i

Polar Covalent
 Example

t 90
p I Non polar
go covalent bond
yes

ft f
or Polar
a H f y covalent bond

1 xx
The S represent partial charge

3 Ma
I 00,1 1 Iona Bond

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

x High melting and boiling points Due

to thefact that a lotofenergy is required
to overcome
strong electrostatic
forceof attraction between the ions

F
fÉ
Interating Charge Coulomb'sLaw
Of Electrostatic
1
Eleanctati Distance
between them

Force

Low Volatility Due high melting and boiling points

 g I 9 In

Eletrial Conductivity s In acqeous molten state the ions arefree

to movehencebeingableto
conduct current

xThi is not possible

in a solid state sincetins vibrate about a

fixed point

Solubility Yes in polar solvents Water

eg
No in covalent substances

Names 18ns
of common

COVALENT BONDING
Chectrostatii attraction between bonding electrons
a shared pair of and positively
charged nuclei of two atoms

x Occurs usually between nonmetals

 Lewis Structure Simple electrons around element
way of representing valence an

Ey Yt
Fluoride
Bonding
of Hydrogen HI

I
It o ti
xx
turn into

H HI
Bon STRENGTH AND BOND LENGTH

STRENGTH

LENGTH

S E
 Electronegativity s Measure of tenderly
of an atom to attractelectron ina pair
shared

in a covalent bond in a gaseous

state

gist
I
H
ft ft
Resultant
Strength
of
7 Attraction

Todrawthesearrows thatthe
understand
Alp
between
thetwoelement givethe direction
Since
Oxygenhas
agreatervalueof
electronegativity

thanboth Hydrogenthearrowspoint
away
82
t t
From them

H Hft
ft
Carbon Dioxide

O C O Since
isnoresultantattraction thismoleculeis NonPolarCovalent
there

Valence Stick Electron PAIR Repulsion VSEPR Mona

Covalent bonds
are directional therefore Molecules have
a definite shape

x The between atoms both Chemical and Physical molecules

of
geometrical relationship governs properties

and therefore the whole substance

x Main idea is that electrons

in the valenceshell electionpair repel and stay as away as
 I Y Y
This
possible
from one another is to minimize effects
of repulsive forces
betweenthem

Electron Domain The

in a bond or in
electron
number
of pairs existing either independentpairs

Basically centre
of negative charges or a fieldofelectrondensity

There are two terms to consider

Elation domain geometry Based electron domains

a ontotal number
of
b Molecular Gives the shape molecule
geometry
ofthe

Mo of detron domains Molecular Geometry Molecules Example

Linear AB 180 OaBella

I Trigonal Planar AB
120 135,1148

3 V Shaped ABLE 1120 502 No

4 V Shaped AB 241095 110 Ntl

4
Trigonal Pyramid
A1 E409.5 1411,180 1,0
4 Tetrahedral ABy 104.1
City
Basically AB AB E AB.li ABAlyABp
RESONANCE STRUCTURES

of atoms but
Lewis structure different arrangements
ofthe
electrons
canhave identical arrangements

Cos The individual Lewis structures that contribute tothe overall structure are called Resonance
Forms

The actual is these

electronic structure ofthe species known
tobe a
Resonance Hybrid
of forms
resonance

Benzene
GHo
H c s b

The The
two resonance forms represented representation benzene
of showing

the
of it I
delocalized nature
are termed Kekule structures Benzene
of
electrons

Pi Bonds s Present
only in multiple bonds
Increases
from double
to triple
Sideway overlapping
of p
orbitals below andabove the internuclei axis

88.8

Sigma Bondi
in all
Present
bonds
Occurs when two orbitals overlap along theline connecting the nuclei oftwoatoms
linkedtogether

I
00
MOLECULAR POLARITY

1 To deduce the molecular polarity

we sum vectors of Adp
Ey 872 s V Shaped

it The resultant is the addition of dipolemoment

ALLOTROPES
Concerned elements
x with with different structures molecular geometries

CARBON

DIAMOND

Covalent network solid

One carbon is joined to 4 other carbon atoms

x Atom are organized in a tetrahedral structure

and forming a covalent network

Hybridisation
of sp x The y s 109.50
Chemical Properties Used in heavy duty cutting tools

Jewellery

It does not
because
conduct electricity ithas localizedelectrons
 GRAPHITE

Covalent
x network solid

to 3
One carbon other carbon atoms
joins
Organised
layer held together by London
Forces
in
Each Tetrahedral 109.5
carbon has a trigonal planar geometry By
Hybridisation
of sp AB Linear 180

120
ABC Vapid
Ant Vfhaped 2109.5

All Trigonal Planar 120

AH L Trigonal Pyramid 1095

113
I

xThe red lines represent London Forces

Chemical PROPERTILS

x Used as lubricant
Good electrical conductors
x
 GRAPHENE

x It exits as a crystalHowever it is in 2D
Each carbon
is bonded
tothree other carbon atoms
andthey don'tin a singleplanar sheet

x Conduct electricity andheat

Bonding
2