Dote

Pace

Chap te -4
Chemical Boneling

Chemical ond
Attoaatien bltwo atem s
Hen the sake t stability and due te
eithe tocon s es o1 shaiing
ypesot Boncl’
Ci) Tenic Bonc (ElectIOValent
Ci) Covelet Bondl
Chi) Co-azdimate Bencl

Ci Tonic Bend
-Dend tesmed due to toianstei
t electoions
Sto1ang electoe static tonce ot attoaetion
blu catiens 4 anion.
Ex ’ iNa Ce
- Na +C
Cii) Ca 0
2+

Caio Ca

Cii) Nag0
Na
Na )2Na +0
 aassHate
Dahe
Pugs

Poropeatties at Tonie Compsund

CAysalline solicd iL They
Ci) They have high M.P andl BP.
(dlue to the
Cui) hey aie pesence oh stonang electoostatic toce)
wate souble but alchohal in
Ta solic state they solubel
elec tonicity but in ae bad conductea Gt
ae gocc conductoo. aqua-State sl moltem they
Covalent Bond
due to shaingRondoamed
ot electnon.
blu twe atoms.
Exl) Cle
X X

CA-CA

XX XX

N=N
Civ) HCI

(HØCi) H-Ce
 Reactien
CiCiiilGten
Yganic
v) Eivtn
t CiI
cnergy
Note enthalpy’ Lattice ’
is to (it) Favourable
xiclizatien’
bond, fly ámallex cç) ci) ?Lattice moleLattice
J1 low
Baoropeyties
Ovex
ohitals digh LaYgex
3D they
cenduc
pping
eneYgy the
lattice S12econditlon t
lattice attangement solveyts are. ator
foxmadien
6venlapDuxing
their size cOvelent cove
watey ot
by Ehexgy
to len
electricity
ike
shapeeach anlon
cation doxm
od a
Called comaSUN in30lu bancl O=C=0
Stability
required |Gnic ben genCihey)
othe ionia ble
d
zeneaYe
lattice
at
ges soliels but
om ot en
cmd Camyeuncd’ to soluble Fage Date
Iemic cAcCHte
COVe nt
le enthalpy slou.
brCak
hrea (8
have
due
Ve
Canp.
 Gve.
(c) CO
cb) (e)
Find Here;
S0y 50 CHq
-2

H=(UtM-CtA) ’ ’ hyH=Vtm-C+A
C-Chaxge V=
Hykridi2a
Choxge A- M=
ot
NotlenH=
H=v+M-C H=bricli
Vallence
’16tO-0+ 2 2
2ation
C6) V+m
Ynônovalent
+C+A catn
0t anin n e
tA
atomcentral

axeUnd

atorn Page Data

CA:CH
 2

Skape ot mole cule rom hybridizatian

Hybicdiztien bhape
1. 2 - sp Ainear
2 3 - Sp trigekal plamar
3 4-5p tetyahedlal

4. taigonal bipyram1
6 =3pPd squero bipy~omjla!
(octahedra

ca) CO, H=2

sp hybielizatien
Shape - Lenear

sp hydiclzatien
shope - trgenal planer

Cc) NH,’H4
Gp hybriclize tien
Shape tetaaheclral
 alAscAte
Date
Page_ 21
(d PC, ’ H>5
spo hybridization
shape ’ triganal bipy
ramiclal.

(e) SF ’ H= 6
spd hybri.
Spaeshape - Gcta bedrel

Lene pair
pair -
Paiy ot electrens which
which are Unbended
n aatem oY moleco le.

(a) H,o ’ H=4

sp hybriclizatien
’6ymbol t Lone pi
pa sÝs clso
Notio - Lene pal
tak e part in hybri.
H amd shape doYmatiGn
 GUtex
mo5 dac
tor stahil verlap
oxbitals
When
clacssate t sile
wise
eve). havin
22 cavelen for
DatePage. two e- sjde
lSe
xgylapping spin
atter
is ene Single
tals depend r
strenger it6
theoue
Y ©Y
bond,oxbi
VBT) > Overlappng
ds-1s>1s-2
ls-35 baings
will
change
cung
Postulete
ot
VBT: is lessthe boncl
everlapping-,
ovexlapping 6ver
plap
Thery
be
oybitals beten
but óigma/Pi
t
cevelen will
o spim
ot
the
e headon
exbital oxbitals
Bend shell
ve
xlap od Exientation Gvex
ot ot
Gm the types Headen Same
Seo
Walence 3:ExtendOxbitals Concept
2.Moxebend 4.Each
Gne 1.ohen
(a) cb
 im
toll
Owing
and I' indieendent
cAsEAte
aluay
less Third
Page. than
xelativily
Data
or
stble áecend
are
exi5t o
andT
bonds
d''
H
ures bondsclipendlentlyCan't C=C H
t
reg ec
d|Less
atoms
to
bxecak.
reguire C=0=C
-H
two ’
amcl bwalways
sigma. (ch
cHCH,-CH
-CHz
fess
enegy n H =LH 5=
stable benl (yCan
exist
exist (C)
CH,=CH,
Calculate
ore
tirst (a)l
CHu Cb,
Co
is
2
Sue.
 di6pe
xse Bondpai
Bond
eait atin equal
lene sma
clAssMAte to Oyder Chybridi2
similax
twcry
24
Page
due contam
clocsn! ot
Date,
ve
paiY
at9mtollewing
tion at
xepolsien. -Bond
pair
>Lone VBT t
xepu
Centdal molecule
oshap kept
system
A
have by H
par have
shapeqiven
aNotei-I4mementcharges
melecule
pajrs pair6
electron around
atoms H8+
Lonepair -’
cioole
Electric
S
N=N shape
electon clipole epposite
*Electric dlistan
ce.s4
bl H
shel palY-
Lone then
2T=
a tiom
Repul the
H
Valence to give 10
Valence
which pairs
te
to and
*
 No. of No. of Arrangement of
Molecule Shape Examples
type bonding lone pairs electron pairs
pairs

AB,E 2 1 Bent so°o,

Trigonal planer
AB,E 1 Trigonal pyramidal NH,

B B
B
Tetrahedral

AB,E, 2 2 Bent H,0

Tetrahedral

AB,E 4 1 See saw SF.

Trigonal
bi-pyramidal
AB,E, 3 2 T-shape CIF,

B
Trigonal
bi-pyramidal
AB,E 5 1 Square pyramid BrF,
R

B B

Octahedral
|2
AB,E, 4 Square planer XeF,
BIB
Octahedral
 ct tTmporten |80 20°
etined
t
cdmgle.
the l
alscwte ct the ctors
25 Vecters
proclu eqch
Page
Data XLedistamce
to-Ve Ve
istance
bl havng
oubstance
s
Suantity 2 3
is
dipsle +ve
Lt
bubstances
charge ’
irection
’Vector
Heye
ele
ctric. Here
with
charge non-polax
and
Pelax
>
substances
Polar
Electic
cipole l=
either
nt
Meme H
bxHCU
a H,0
St
chaxge dipele
either
 Zeyo
-e
toelect
etcleul
.
26
Puge
Dete
having ethex
toYmecl
Hexe,l=0 ot
o
l=0
Here, CMOT): e
types Dxhitals
each
ce
Subston be stability
Hexe, ene
rgy
(iTbencling
Obitals
evezlap
theoy tuwoCan ing
’ (oybitals)
bomd, bond "More
ces "Less
12
S+ atoms
tan t20*
xbital Anti ’oxbitals
Bending
memen+
subs
arrangement
Cii
Covelent )
similaz
-Polar Moleculax
CO
lipole "When
doym
Nom
 HezCi)
cligramsMO Antibending
xbitals ->
H-Ls'
152
lH=
s! 1s
H=

Tls 1T* s! S2

1s!H=
ls!H= H-1s
enexg
Mexe "
stability
Less

Data
Page27