ionic bonding

·
the electrostatic force of attraction between cations and anion to form a
giant ionic Lattice

↳ elections transferred from metal to non-metal for full outer shell.

Covalent bonding + Dative covalent bonds

electrostatic force between shared of elections and the both

of attraction a
pair nuclei of atoms
·
.

Dative Lovalent Bonding

· Bond formed
W hen a lone pair of elections is donated/shared between two atoms

the electronsW ill be closer to the more electronegative element , as it pulls electrons.
↳ Reacts Just like covalent Bonds

Metallic Bonding
· the electrostatic force of attraction between the 've metallic ion and the delocalized electrons that

are free to move.

↳ greater the ion attractive force

charge on =
stronger

<Larger in Size Cions) weaker attraction (due to greater atomic radius

Bonding +
physical properties

Crystal structures

lonic , metallic
Simple molecular + macromolecular
·
,

lonic

· ionic
Crystal Structures Have High melting +
boiling point

· often brittle, when

layers of ions shift, "Strong electrostatic forces
Holding ionic lattice

like charges the lattice (Requires overcome

repel , breaking apart lots of
energy to

into
fragments .

Metallic Crystal structures

.

·
Conductors -> delocalized electrons ,
free to move +
carry charge

smalleable , layers of the ions can slide over each other

(the deloculised elections prevent fragmentation

strong electrostatic force of attraction (high meeting point (
·

simple molecular

bonded
covalently molecules
·

sheld by van-der-walls forces which weak

weak are
very
<Little needed to overcome them
energy

Water has higher Bp Due to

Hydrogen bunds Bond polarity

shapes of molecules Electronegativity

How is shape determined ? · the power of an atom to attract electrons towards

· no of lone
pairs and Bond pairs itself in a covalent bond

· which
naturally repel each other "To Reduce Repulsion Across The Molecule
>electronegativity increases
along the
period Catomic radius decreases nuclear

>(pLp>(pBp> BpBp
·
Decreases down a
group charge increases (

I
> Lone pairs have stronger repulsion due to HigherCharge density
. permanent Dipoly

-
the nuclei of

#
↳ attracted to one element
Only

*
towards itself
producing a S + S region

Induced dipole

influenced by another charged particle

Planar