AQA Comb Sci

HIGHER PAPER
1 CHEMISTRY
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 keywords: strong electrostatic
Giantlattice structure forces
simple molecular, reakintermolecular
forces
1. This question is about bonding high M.P. 2 B.P B.P.
IOW M.P. 3
x ->
a) Sodium chloride is solid at room temperature, chlorine is gas at room
- -

temperature. Explain why in terms of structure and bonding /

its lonic
Giant
due
Sodium chloride has high melting
to
a point
held by strong
oppositely charged ions are
where the
-

Lattice
structure
break.
difficultto
in chlorine,
electrostatic forces of attraction thatare
molecular and held by weak
chlorine molecules are simple are
(4)
that easy break
to
intermolecular forces of attraction are

so have low Boiling point

c)
b give the formula of caesium chloride
CSCI
(1)

C)
keywords:
·
layers
intermolecular
iii weak
·

forces
·
delocalised electrons

as
penciadanalubricant battere conductive
->

Graphite can be used as

pencil lead and lubricants as
graphite's
forces that
layers are held by weak intermolecular are

break slide. Graphite

can be used
easy to so the layers can

for electric motors and as batteriel as each carbonator is

delocalised by
bonded three
to others so one electron is

the
into These delocalised electrons
each carbon layer.
can move and carry charge, hence, conducts electricity.
2. a)

Mriuminium

⑳SnMg

*
Al Sa co
v

no Mg

Alco
b)

volume of acid used

mass of metal used

2)

type metal
of

d) um im keywords:

Cassium is more reactive than

potassium

Caesium is further down the easier remove

groupso to

electrons

I↳ Niratenee
SOS
Hit
e) calcium reacts with zinc sulfate form
to calcium sulfate

and zinc in a displacementreaction.

Give a balanced chemical equation

(I

Ca + EnsOn-CasOn+zn

18
 chemical with activation
keywords: speed reactive lower
energy.
up a

alternative pathway
providing an

3. a) define catalyst
Catalysts are chemical substances speed up
that chemical reactions by
a lower
with activation
(3)
providing an alternative pathway energy.
b) evaluate the use of the following as catalysts
Cr2O, has a lower efficiency
has more
butis cheaper and
properties TiO Cr207 use in its lifetime

Efficiency 38% 23%

COSt
755/tonne I
20.7 /tonne

lifetime
876 uses 1500 uses

Regeneration 1000 798°

temperature

14)

Ch

sodium is more reactive than Iron

Iron has a higher melting and boiling point.

catalysts, stronger than

sodium/Iron forms
[ Iron can be used as Iron is
rebound. I
colo
di

carbon is more reactive than nickel, hence can

reduce nickel oxide form

to nickel
el
I I I I
- ~ ~

# >

mass wanted product

of

To atom economy x 100

=total mass of reactants

- x 100

E 67.5%
-

- x100 =

67.8
4.9)

b) the replaced with dilute

electrolyte is now copper

shloride solution.

see? yellow-green
what will you be able I 2)
changes
to
gas no longer
produced

C)

1.
5.

a)

chlorine has 7 electrons in outermoststell

while sodium has I

both have 3 electron shells

b)

sodiumatomlocesle form Nations. The electron is

-

to

transferred chlorine
to
atom which gains the electron to form

CI- ions.

has less shells hence attraction

chlorine more nuclear

Feltby incoming electrons so easier gain

to electrons

d) inc), whatyou would

Using
the
equation describe
(1
see
expect to
and
yellow-green gas disappears orange-brown

liquid forms
6. al
/ mol Mg
mol ofTi
Tilly:
of

↑
=

mol of - 2.56 mol

=2.08 mol

1 000
0.1 x
4.167 13)
molofig -> - :

ining
24
48
of 1i=2.08 x
=2,08
*
-256 2.56 mass

b) limiting -> =

=100g/

fuel cell recharges faster than

Hydrogen 6x.
battery by
lithiumion

Distance travelled
before needing to

recharge is 2 x more
than lithium-ion,

Distance travelled
per unitof energy
is 3x less and

the cost
of

refuelling is over

10x more than

lithium-ion.
of
minimum cost

car is also over

(4)
3x
more. -???

C Why is there a general discouragement on the use of hydrogen fuel cells?

(I
hydrogen is
explosive

I do accept
not expensive

d) drogen
-
④@④⑦④⑦⑦>_ fuel cellin

iron

flavonian +20
an

& patz corneli a

7.

chloride and iodine

potassium

b)
chlorine atoms have less shells than iodine hence stronger

nuclear attraction to
incoming
electrons hence easier
gain
to

electrons.

a)

&H
↑

412x4 193=
+

1841
Bond Breaking:
Bondforming x 366 1602 x
+

412x3
+
+
=
=

AH:Bond breaking
-
Bond forming

-
51 1841
=
-
4602 +
x)
x
51 -1841 1602
-

- = -

x
51 -1841 1602
-

-
+
=

x 290k]/mol
=

& patz cornelia

 8 -

Diamond Sodium
to lowest.
above from highestboiling point your
Justify answers
the substances
Arrange
be in sodium chloride, sodium
(6)
Imust Diamond>
proper english
structure
and full ·

giantcovalent
sentences] ·

strong covalent bonds

·

giant ionic lattice

electrostatic forces attraction
of

-strong
between oppositely charged ions
between delocalised electrons and metal ion/cation

iii)

2t

XX

* A
-

xX

(3)