Metallic bonding Ionic bonding

Ionic bonding is the

electrostatic force of attraction
between positively and
negatively charged ions.

A result of a transfer of
electrons between two atoms
with a large difference in
electronegativities.

Pure covalent bonding Polar covalent bonding

Covalent bonds with unequal electron

Pure covalent bonding is only found in sharing are called polar covalent bonds.
elements.
 The intermolecular forces of attraction considered here are: (in order of strength)
Van der Waals' forces
permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions
hydrogen bonding

Van der Waals' forces

They are only significant in atoms and
molecules which have no other types of
intermolecular forces of attraction, for
example, discrete non-polar molecules and
the Group 0 elements.
Van der Waals' forces are a result of
electrostatic attraction between temporary
dipoles and induced dipoles caused by
movement of electrons in atoms and
molecules.

Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions

A molecule can be described as polar if it has a permanent dipole. A permanent dipole

is due to a difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved in a covalent
bond.

Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonds are permanent dipole-
permanent dipole interactions.
Bonds consisting of a hydrogen atom
bonded to an atom of a strongly
electronegative element such as fluorine,
oxygen or nitrogen are highly polar.
Hydrogen bonds are electrostatic forces of
attraction between molecules which contain
these highly polar bonds.