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CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL INNOVATION

This paper was prepared to fulfill the task of Educational Innovation

Arranged by:

Ajeng Pratiwi (0304202074)

Muhammad Shooziki (0304192098)

Nurkhalizah (0304203096)

Supporting lecturer:

Hairani Ananda Putri, M.Pd.

ENGLISH TADRIS STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER SCIENCES

NORTH SUMATRA STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

MEDAN

2023
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude the authors say to the presence of Allah SWT, for His
mercy and grace so that the writer can finish this paper on time. Thanks to Ms.
Hairani Ananda Putri, M.Pd. as a lecturer in the Education Innovation course,
who has given this assignment to the author.

The paper entitled "Characteristics of Educational Innovation" will discuss

in detail the relative advantages of innovation, compatibility, complexity,
trialability and observability.

Finally, if there are errors in this paper, allow the author to apologize
profusely, because it is still very far from perfect paper. Therefore, the authors
look forward to constructive criticism and suggestions from readers, so that
the authors can make even better papers in the future.

Medan, 20 March 2023

Group 4

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD.................................................. ............................................... i

LIST OF CONTENTS.................................................. .................................................. ..........ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background .............................................. .................................................. .. 1

B. Problem Formulation .............................................. ............................................... 1
C. Purpose .................................................. .................................................. .............. 2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. Relative Advantages of Innovation ............................................... .................................. 3

B. Compatibility ............................................... .................................................. .. 4

C. Complexity ............................................... .................................................. .... 5
D. Trialability ............................................... .................................................. ...... 6
E. Observability ............................................... .................................................. ... 6

CHAPTER III CLOSING

A. Conclusion ............................................... .................................................. ...... 8

BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................. ............................................... 9

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 PIG

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Education is one of the most important factors in advancing the quality of

the country. According to Salahuddin (2011: 22), education is an effort to
develop the potential of students, whether physical, creative or intentional so
that this potential becomes real and functions for life. Education or the
education system itself will continue to evolve over time. In this case, the term
is known as 'innovation'. Sa ùd (2014) defines innovation as an idea, practical
matters, methods, or man-made goods, which can be felt as something new
for a person or society. Educational innovation is a new change that is
different and is attempted to increase the ability to achieve a goal in the world
of education (Salam, 1997: 179).

In the context of education, innovation can work well and will produce something
positive if educational practitioners understand some of the characteristics of
educational innovation itself. Characteristics are characteristics, forms of character or
character possessed by each individual. However, in this case, characteristics are
characteristics that represent a field so that the problem, its form, and even the way it
is created can be identified.

B. Problem Formulation

The following are some of the problem formulations that will be the reference for discussion in

this paper, including:

1. What is the relative advantage of innovation?

2. What is compatibility?
3. What is complexity?
4. What is trialability?
5. What is observability?

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C. Purpose

Based on the formulation of the problem above, the following are the objectives of the discussion in

this paper, including:

1. To find out the relative advantages of innovation

2. To know the compatibility

3. To know the complexity
4. To determine trialability
5. To determine observability

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Relative Advantages of Innovation

The relative advantage or superiority of innovation is an innovation idea that is

considered better or has an impact by society and can replace previous ideas
(Davis, 1989; Rogers, 2003). Relative advantage in adopting an innovation is
perceived as providing greater benefits for adopting the innovation than
maintaining the status quo (Kwon and Zmud, 1987). The level of relative
advantage is often measured based on its economic value, or perhaps based on
factors of social status, such as prestige, pleasure, or satisfaction. This is because
the more innovation can benefit people, the faster the innovation will spread
(Kristiawan, et al., 2018: 27; Sutikno, 2021: 8).

For example, today's society mostly owns and uses smartphonesto

communicate and work. Flexibility and sophistication of features smartphones
allows someone to do various jobs using one tool, such as calling, taking
photos, taking notes, searching for information via the internet, and
downloading work results viae-mail. All of that is done using an innovation
calledsmartphones. This innovation clearly has a high relative advantage
because it has an impact on lifestyle changes that are more effective and
efficient.

Another example, in a meta-analysis study conducted by Tornatzky and Klein

(1982), showed that out of 29 studies on relative advantage, 8 articles were found
that were statistically directly relevant between the relative advantage of an
innovation and its adoption rate. 5 of the 8 articles have correlations that can be
used in a binomial test of significance. The five found that relative advantage was
positively related to innovation adoption (Sholahuddin, 2017: 7).

Perceptions about the characteristics of innovation become significant as a predictor of the

rate of innovation adoption. Rogers reports a 49% to 87% variation in adoption rates

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explained by these five characteristics. To increase the rate of adoption of
innovations so as to make relative advantage more effective, directly or
indirectly, incentives in the form of financial payments can be used to
encourage individuals or other members of the social system to adopt
innovations. Incentives are factors of encouragement and motivation to adopt
innovation (Sahin, 2006).

Furthermore, Lawson-Body, et al. (2014) found that the relative superiority of

internet innovation had a positive effect on veteran members' decision to adopt
the servicee-government.

B.Compatibility

Compatibility or suitability (compatibility), namely an innovation that can meet

relevant needs in accordance with the experience of users or society. Compatibility
also looks at whether the innovation is in sync with the user's values or not. As in the
example above, the 'relative advantage of innovation' section, usagesmartphones
quickly have an impact on society because it is considered to fulfill the need to be able
to communicate anytime and anywhere. The relation to values, for example, is the
emergence of a feeling of reluctance for someone to call or send short messages
(SMS) to office superiors during working hours, because they are considered to lack or
even disrespect to superiors. This cannot be separated from the system of relations in
society that regulates the relationship between superiors and subordinates.
Paternalistic attitudes and seniority will prevent someone from using short messages
or direct telephone calls, although they are more efficient in terms of time and effort.
In this example the use of short messages is not in accordance with espoused values
(Rogers, 2003).

Rogers and Shoemaker (1971) in the study of Klein and Tornatzky (1982)
explained that compatibility refers to conformity with the values or norms of
potential adopters or may represent conformity with existing practices of
adopters. The first definition has implications for types of conformity
normative or cognitive (congruence with what people feel or think

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about a technology), while the second is on practical and operational
suitability (suitability with what people do).

According to Rogers (2003), compatibility can be understood as the extent to which an

innovation is considered consistent with existing values, past experiences, and the needs

of potential adopters. Compatibility can help individuals to give meaning to new ideas, so

that these ideas are considered more familiar.

Furthermore, Rogers (2003) expressed his opinion that innovation can be

compatible or not, depending on three things, namely:

1. Sociocultural values and beliefs

2. The idea introduced earlier
3. Customer need for innovation

Of these three things, it is known that the perceived fit of the new idea with
the previous experience of potential adopters leads users to make the most of
the innovation properly. He emphasized that the incompatibility of innovation
with cultural values could hinder its adoption (Sutikno, 2021: 9).

C. Complexity

complexity (complexity) is a situation in which an innovation is perceived as

relatively difficult to understand and use by recipients or the public. The complexity of
an innovation is related to the rate of adoption. The easier an innovation is
understood and used by recipients, the faster it will spread (perceived positively).
Conversely, if the innovation tends to be difficult to implement, then the process of
spreading it will be hampered and even relatively fail (perceived negatively).

For example, rural communities who do not know about the theory of the
spread of germs through germs, are told by health educators to make it a habit to
boil the water they are going to drink, because if water is not boiled it can cause
stomach ache. In this case, it is certainly not acceptable to receive the notification
directly, and negative perceptions arise due to ignorance of the will

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the impact of water is not cooked first. In other words, innovation is the same
as the notification, if it is not understood it will not spread.

In one study, Klein and Tornatzky (1982) showed that 4 of 21 articles dealing with

complexity contained statistical analysis that was significant for the purpose of the

analysis. In 7 of the 13 studies, a first-order correlation was available, so that the

relationship between complexity and adoption could be examined. All studies (except one)

out of 7 studies found a negative relationship between the complexity of an innovation

and the level of adoption or acceptance of the innovation.

D. Trialability

Trialability (trialability) is a condition in which an innovation can be tried or

not by the recipient. Innovation will spread or be adopted more quickly if it can
be tried first. Conversely, recipients or the public tend to reject an innovation if
it cannot be tried first, and as a result the innovation will not be adopted.

This trial or trialability aims to ensure that the innovation can be utilized
and reduce doubts when adopted. However, not everyone can try an
innovation, because some innovations are difficult for some people to try. For
example, the dissemination of the use of upland rice superior seeds will be
quickly accepted by the community if the community gets the opportunity to
try the seeds first to be planted and see the results.

In the context of education, for example, when a school offers a new

learning method that is expected to be effective, the teacher will certainly try
this method by implementing it in the several classes he teaches. This aims to
see whether or not to be adopted.

E. Observability

Observability (observability) is a condition in which the results of an innovation can

or cannot be observed by the recipient. Some ideas or innovations are easy to observe
and explain to the public, while others are difficult to observe and explain

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explained to the public. This results in sooner or later the adoption of
innovation.

For example, the dissemination of the use of superior seeds of upland rice.
Because farmers can easily see the yield of rice using these superior seeds, it is
also easy to decide whether or not to use the superior seeds introduced.

The speed with which innovations are accepted, including educational innovations by the

wider community, is influenced by the characteristics of the innovation itself. Zaltman, et al.

(1977: 32) argues that it is influenced by the innovation itself which includes financing, return

on investment, efficiency, risk and uncertainty, ease of communication, compatibility,

complexity, scientific status, degree of originality, usefulness, can be seen from the previous

limit, involvement, relationship interpersonal, public interest and innovation advocates.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

The relative advantage of innovation is an innovative idea that is perceived

as better by society and can replace previous ideas. Compatibility refers to an
innovation that can meet relevant needs according to user or community
experience. Complexity is a situation where an innovation is perceived as
relatively difficult for recipients or society to understand and use. Trialability is
a condition in which an innovation can be tried or not by the recipient.
Observability is a condition in which the results of an innovation can or cannot
be observed by recipients.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Davis, FD (1989). “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and Users

Acceptance of Information Technology”.MIS Quartel, 13, 319-339.

Klein, K. and Tornatzky, LG (1982). "Innovation Characteristics and Innovation

Adoption Implementation: Meta-Analysis of Finding”.IEEE Transactions on
Engineering Management,29(1).

Kristiawan, M., et al. (2018).Educational Innovation. Ponorogo: Wade Group.

Kwon, TH, and Zmud, RW (1987).Unifying the Fragmented Models of Information

Systems Implementation, in Critical Issues in Information System Research. RJ
Boland and RA Hirschheim (ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lawson-Body, A., et al. (2014). “Innovation Characteristic Influencing Veterans'

Adoption of E-Government Service”.The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 54

(3), 23.

Rogers, EM (1995).Diffusion of Innovations(fourth edition). New York: Free Press.

Rogers, EM (2003).Diffusion of Innovations(fifth edition). New York: Free Press.

Sahin, I. (2006). “Detailed Review of Rogers's Diffusion of Innovations Theory and

Educational Technology-Related Studies Based on Roger's Theory”.The Turkey
Online Journal of Education Technology (TOJET),5(2).

Salahuddin, A. (2011).Educational Philosophy. Bandung: Faithful Library.

Regards, B. (1997).Introduction to Pedagogics (Fundamentals of Educational Science). Jakarta: Rineka

Create.

Sa ùd, US (2014).Educational Innovation. Bandung: Alphabet.

Sholahuddin. (2017). “The Effect of Characteristics of Innovation on Adoption Intentions

Solopos Epaper.Management Postgraduate Thesis, 1-30.

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Sutikno, MS (2021).Educational Innovation. Mataram: Sanabil.

Zaltman, Gerald, and Duncan, R. (1977).Strategy of Planned Change. New York: John

Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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