Landscape and environmental geography

22/02

4 different projects: one of them will be focus on the visit of a Professor from Colorado. Final project will be
based on a field trip, a sustainable trip and the students are supposed to be guides for others in the group.

All of us have a perception, according to our life, of the environment. For this course, our focus on the
environment is everything that surrounded us. Even though there are natural elements, we as humans are
part of that environment. If we think about something perceived as natural environment, they are
protected. We decide which part of the nature is protected. It is not just natural elements. We are part of
this history. Natural environment existed in the past and sometimes in the present, but it is also a matter of
the natural elements that we want or not want. Natural elements do not care about humans. Human
behavior can modify the nature. We can bring water, fertilizer, we can use genetically modify seeds. The
modification of these activities is our focus on the environment and landscape. The traditional view of
landscape was the interaction between society and the environment in order to satisfy the needs of the
community. The community have different approaches, aims and goals. Pursue ourselves as community, if
we are friends between us, we can work together to reach something. We can have streets in common to
reach a common place, cause the connection is fundamental, according to our material and unmaterial
elements. But the forest, for example, is always the same. Some environments are the same but the way
we use them is quite different. For reading the landscape, we have different methodologies. In order to
read it, when we think about reading, we must focus on the fact that we need to know the grammar. When
we read, we read the words. It means that we will be able to tell something about it. There are different
levels of what we read.

Landscapes are composed of elements and traces. The idea of landscape is not easy to sketch down if you
are a geographer. Many others use the concept not properly. The idea of building the landscape change the
perspective. There were the insiders and the outsiders. The community was organizing the space using
what was in the environment without programming the landscape they produced (it was better for the
outsiders). Lucio Gambi, a geographer, pointed out that the landscape is “the whole visible reality that
covers or composes a larger or smaller area, around us: that is, a material reality embodied in forms, in
visible features, coated with color, and often expresses in sounds and smells as well”. The most important
thing is that elements are real. You can touch, smell and imagine them. There are landscapes that are wide
dimension and tiny dimension. We can experience it when we travel to Canada coast to coast that is big for
example. Western Europe is pretty much on a scale a long landscape compared to other countries. It is a
material reality. First thing we are talking about things that are material. Back to the 16 th, Lucio Gambi said
that it is a matter of visible. Once we are in the landscape, we also smell and hear. We can consider
landscape in this traditional approach as the skin of the Earth, the visible part of the territory or its
morphology. These shapes are the results of a dynamic production. The morphology can be mainly natural
or artificial. The urban landscape is the most artificial. Within the territory, the elements are everything, but
some elements are fundamental to satisfy my needs today or sometimes just because I want them with me,
but some other things are traces of the past. If we think about the territory, sometimes the traces
sometime are just a matter that no one cares about them, and they are just left there. Think about how
many elements in the landscape are related to the past. The rural dwellings are not inhabited because the
recent past we have technology. Think about the city walls that can be attractive for the tourists, they are
an element today, but they were meant to protect the city and they are traces of the traditional city. Traces
and elements of landscape are fundamental especially for touristic purposes. Many of them are not
relevant for its main purpose but they are still interesting for tourists. It is an enormous palimpsest. This
idea of the palimpsest is related to the insiders. There is a conflict between the host and guest society but if
we think about urban landscape, we don’t think about insiders and outsiders but about the city users
because they are inhabitants but also students, businessmen, tourists, the working class, everyone who
uses the territory and produces landscape. In this contemporary world, the users sometimes affect the
evolution much more than the inhabitants. Who pays for the waste? Who pays for the streets? Who pays
for the prices of the parking lots? These are things we will deal with. It can be seen as a document, a draft,
not a digital one, but like a draft. I read it today, but I see the progression and the revolution. If we think
about the ancient way of producing cartography, for example, if the material was rare, they will reuse it,
they will erase parts and draw it better, they will simply add to that part something new. It gives us
information about the nature and its modification. The elements and traces that are part of my tour, but
also be good in dealing what is in-between, cause if you are thinking about just the destination, we don’t
think about the environment. We need to be good in telling stories about what surround the destination.
We must think about the environment. Artificially we create the best destination, forgetting about the
surroundings. We have to create something real. Part of what is outside is what we need to tell. Changes
are important because the goals need to change with the organization to develop touristic activities. What
is natural? In the 1815 there was the warming of temperature, that affected the idea of using the beach not
just for fishing but also for touristic purpose. It is the condition of the environment that allows us not to
care about the situation. Modification changed a lot. The erosion produced by the sea was affected the
territory for example. From Ancona the railway is along the coast, there is one place when turn into the
inside, in the inland part. That is where the nature changed. The sea could not affect the railway. the
position is the key. Let’s think about the Roman Empire, the Roman Empire controlled Europe and Africa
and this organization managed a big size territory that means that the streets are not fundamental at local
scale but an empire scale. there are ancient ruins today but how come no one after that rebuild after that
period. There were abandoned because they were not safe because there was no organization anymore.
They didn’t have the Roman army coming and going, for this reason staying on top of the hill, it was safe for
the community. In the first half of the 20 th century, geographers used to write and say that you cannot
write a research paper without visiting the destination. Direct observation and examination were a must.
Traditionally in the rural area, especially in the Marche region, the leaves produced the silk. Cows were
fundamental for workforce, also for the milk. Nowadays the trees are abandoned because the branches
were not cutting anymore. They are traces, they are just history, they are not elements anymore. Using a
medical metaphor, we can say that reading the landscape is like auscultating and examining by listening.
We have to read the history we have. So, the landscape’s scholar observes its anatomy, gathers a
physiology, and eventually highlights a pathology. In the name of the Rose by Eco, with perceptive and
insightful observations, and by reading the tracks and signs left on the snow, William is capable to describe
the peculiarities of the horse just ran away from the monastery’s stable. Be able to read the details to tell
the story.

From a scientific point of view, this method is an inductive method learning by discovering and
experiencing. This methodology is a classical approach, and it is fundamental to underline the connection
between the elements. There are four steps:

1) Observe the reality: changing the point of view, changing the perspective, be clear with it. In
geographical terms, the reality is amplified to better understand it. Observing Macerata from top, it
helps to see the elements coming. From higher place we have a better perspective to observe the
reality. There are statics moments of observing like the photographers or painters. The difference
between photograph and drawing is that in the drawing I select elements. Doing it with a
photograph is not so easy. If things are far away, we can draw them closer even if it is not correctly
reproduced.
2) Describe and explain: to describe is putting together with observing. Choosing a point of view,
observing the reality, and in explain this reality. The first thing is the simplification process we go
through. I chose the elements I draw, some things are easier, but the idea is to understand the
connection.
3) Peculiarities: something that is quite different.
 4) Classify and categorizes: what are we missing here? I see a church, a chapel, I don’t know what is in
it, I can imagine it, I can guess the period, but we have to ask why this is part of the landscape.

Perceivable-emotional approach: this combination is perfect.

- Landscape arouses emotions and feelings. The individual perception people walking in the
landscape inspires a reading of the landscape, a reading related to personal experiences.

Descriptive approach: trough the landscape, the observer can encompass a wide stretch of space. Why is
that tower at the top of the hill? Usually, from a terrace, we find a good point of view. We need to select
elements. We need traces from the past.

1. Point out the structural and more important elements: the landlines, the shores, the waterways
(the organizational principle is the flowing of the waters toward the lower point), at-large the
topography and the vertical organization of the ecologic characteristics, and of the vegetation
distribution. In order to have an isolated dwelling, we need two factors: easy drinkable water
sources and safety. If I have in my isolated dwelling with my family and I move, most of the time I
need to produce what I need. Every plot was enriched with agricultural, there were cereals, grapes,
fruit trees, horticulture. You need everything to feed yourself. What do we see today? When we
drink wine, there is not the traditional one.
2. Point out a single element of the landscape (a small lake, an artificial basin, terracing etc.). Point
out the single elements of the landscape, if you like the architecture, the art, the industry, the
rafting, the trekking. Even the artificial basing is meant for many purposes, last is the touristic
attractiveness. The production of electricity is not very much in Marche region. The first
development is in Furlo. Not so common the agricultural lots, but the terracing is most. Today if
you go to Cinque Terre, this terrace was done to use the few agricultural land. Geology doesn’t care
about the humans. Volcanoes are attractive but they can be dangerous. It is a combination of what
you do and how you use it. Eugenio Turri will call Iconemi the fundamental signs of landscape that
influence our vision. They resume the identity of the landscape so you can perceive the city as a
tourist destination like Paris for the Tour Eiffel. They influence its vision.
3. Identify the formal area: the old city center, the industrial area, the cultivated hill slope, the
residential urban area. If the community uses the environment to satisfy the needs according to an
economic moment, it is like the tree growing season after season and in growing the raised can be
large or tiny little. Where it is densely populated or not densely populated, it is also a matter of the
product we use. When we visit north or south around the coast, the territory has been organized
according to touristic perspectives. There are wide places to be organized. Along the coast, the idea
was fishing for example, like Porto Recanati. It is time to read the general landscape to find the
specificities
4. The different elements are combined: it is time to read the general landscape organization. .
Landscape as a palimpsest, what we can observe is not just story but there are many productions.
The landscape is an evolution. Do not think about regional geography, but about a dynamic system.
Think about Macerata walls, the older the city walls the more are wider because they had to
protect from frontal attack; the more modern they are the more the shape are an angle but also
the shape itself is not rectangular. Thanks to some studies, contemporary landscape still control the
landscape evolution. When we buy something and it doesn’t work well, one of the things they said
to us is that “it is old”. One of the answers we receive is “it is better to buy a new one”. These
things happened over centuries, it means that traces are the result of better do something else, it is
easier, but it is not like this. When we will visit Urbisaglia, for example, we see something that tell
us how traces are not perfect because when the Romans built, they use bricks but also precious
stones, marbles and other rocks, they are not there anymore. So, the inhabitants of Macerata, they
took part of the ancient organization to build places and buildings like it was a source to resources
 to be reused. Reuse is not something modern, but ancient. About city walls. The less important
were the walls, more houses were built around the city walls. The more they were relevant,
nothing around, especially outside the city walls, because they want to see far away. Landscape is a
palimpsest. We can Landscape is then a palimpsest that we can read choosing a regressive method,
and that we can leaf through (browse) using the historian and archaeologist’s tools. Analyzing the
single layers helps retrace the palimpsest. Trough the drawing of the picture, we will be able to
break into different parts. We can obtain the knowledge of the landscapes using the graphic
instrument. This way we’ll be able to break into different parts (single morphological types) the
landscape’s forms.

The analytic- documentary approach: it is fundamental to do the field research, but I need to have
someone I can trust that know something more about it to sell to the tourists. This approach has to be
integrated to other instruments, like google earth, google maps, but also the geological math. The idea is to
use different sources. We should make a backward and forward of the field. The result is aiming to know
more things, it is hard because it took a long time to produce some tiny description and this kind of
description is not so readable unless I know something. Why should be read the landscape then? We have
three goals: study and pass the exam is the last; second is to study using methodologies, skills can be useful
in the work we are doing; the first thing is learning to read the landscape that is more important than to
promote it. This last goal is our goal, to read the landscape. First, reading the landscape allows to point out
the peculiarity of a place, and it is also a starting point for any type of architectural modification of a site.
At-large it allows to wonder about the landscape value of a place. 50.06

23/02

01/03

The spontaneous dwellings in rural environments

Project 1 deadline 20th march: Let’s say we go visit a destination, in-between there may be rural landscape,
be able to show the reality that can be useful also for the other tasks. Use the desk resources and the
sources we are capable to use, but not stick with the answer, we cannot look at today but also at the past
enlarging the point of view of the reality that is at the same time complex and currant in what I need to do
today. If you’re able to work in complex, we can come up with different solution. Be able to read the
complexity of the landscape. If we don’t have technology, we must be able to go back to books. Do not get
stuck in the middle of nothing. Use the past and look for the future, not just the technical activities of
today.

Spontaneous dwellings in rural space are interesting because they bring a traditional way of looking at the
landscape and producing the reality. Some of these cultural landscapes have been under protection,
they’re protected areas because their traces of the past. Look at the abandoned place (photo in Sicily). The
way of cultivated is different nowadays, the house is abandoned. Traditional roofs: the ones on the left are
similar but the material of stones is different. These kinds of material need to be on a solid base. Today we
use old technics with original ones. These are reconstruction made for the tourists and visitors. The noise of
pigeons made is familiar to the coppi (how they’re called). All the traditional ways of doing things were
difficult to manage for tourism. If I take the material. They need to be reachable, but they are not the
perfect material to build a house. They have to be reorganized eventually with specific knowledge about
learning by doing. Other traditional way of building is Cason with thatched roof (photo), we can notice the
fear of security, they fear the fire, it was fundamental for the wintertime. The other photo is different
because we can notice flat rooms on the roof to protect from the wind for example, dried the products in a
protected area and collect the water; we have the walls protecting like in a court because of animals,
strangers; most of the rural spontaneous dwellings that is like a village stuck next to one and other because
of the sense of community, to protect each-other form the potential enemies, they work together to avoid
harvest. Natural and cultural elements join. It is not easy to find drinkable water, we need to stay in the
village and search for common place close to the water. The last reason is cultural. Let’s get back to
property, who owns the land. If I’m the owner, I would rather stay there and control what I rented. If I
cannot rent or the organization of the society is just one person owning the land, everybody else is the
working force. We join villages because we need to be close to the place where work is offered. The plan,
the function, the organization of the houses are important. Reading the representation, the landscape and
we think about the concept that developed it.

- The shape of the house depends on the material tradition of the region. It is not very innovative
because the only way to produce spontaneous dwelling I have to be the farmer and dedicate time
to the building.
- The dominant techniques are important, stones, bricks, but we needed to invent them first.
- The wealthy farmers that reach harvesting they can gain more money to satisfy the needs of family
and to show their status in a society that is similar one another in enlarging the house. If today I
was participating in harvesting, I can do but just because my grandparents were farmers but I don’t
know how to do it. The more we depend on the natural and local environment, the more we
depend on others.

Shapes and planes can be:

- Simple (simple workers). Instruments that can be kept in house. We do not need storage rooms.
The house will be small just for the ones who live in it.
- Complex were prevail the properties. It is typical of these territories where they have to produce
everything that the family need. Security was okay. Religion became important to get to know each
other. Going to talk to the neighbors was the way to enjoy community. Farmers were custodians of
the tools. The mix farming is related to the weather condition but also because you could not go to
the market every day. In this system, they could take care of the elderly, not just a matter of
traditional and cultural approach, it is a matter of practical reasons too. Elderly was modern day
google; they own the experience that is a memory of the past. Do not focus on today because the
knowledge is ancient.

Plan of a cascina: what do we see? Main entrances, we need the spaces divided in two that are connected
to one to another but the area of the living room to sell the products, for example, is separated; in the
other part, we have the stockage, the chickens, the pagliai. The buildings are on the outside, we control the
access and we have walls all around. We need to create a protected area for tourists, we have physical
organization that is inside or outside (Cascina with internal courtyard)

The overall organization of dwellings and appliances: the ownership of the land the rural estate was built
on contributes, along with the type of running and the size of plots to determinate the organization.

- Open: where there was no social insecurity

- Close: internal courtyard as fortified system.

The spontaneous abode is the materialization of the needs and construction conditions in the given time.
We read the result trough looking at that house, we can read the history, the organization, the plot etc.
Industrialization modifies the needs.

Epoch-making changes:

- From landlordism to small farmer property

- From patriarchal to small families
- Abandonment of some crops and develop of new ones
The spontaneous rural house could be abandoned (building the new neighbors) or restored (losing the
original physiognomy or keeping it while changing its functions). Different solution (photo): there are three
traditional spontaneous rural dwellings: upper left is completely organized, completely new, even the trees
have been replanted in a position that fit better the organization a space; upper right even the street are
adapted for a family who live there, they reorganized making it more comfortable but the shape is the
same of the past; bottom center we could have a b&b with two entrances so I live near the other but I don’t
need to know who they are. Next photo is Spain, it is a restaurant. The colors, the lights, they are meant not
only for the ones who live there but also for the daily users. Eventually you can sleep there too.

Advantages and disadvantages of isolated rural dwellings:

- Close to farmland because I work in the factory, it facilitates the control and reduces the travel
cost.
- Far from other homes, reduces social contacts and it is not easy to defend.

Scattered settlement (case sparse):

- Safe condition. We do not need to stay side by side to someone who protect us
- Plenty of water sources
- Legal property: farmers sought to stay in their land

Centralized settlements:

- Insecurity condition from eventually outsiders or insiders in the community. If we see a city with
walls, there’s probably enemies. Think about the coast of Adriatic Sea, we have towers to control
who’s coming. Villages in town are not on the coast but few hundred meters from the coast.
- Scarcity of water sources
- Legal property: large estate as baronies in Sicily, in south America.

The aggregate rural settlement was created:

- To ensure the need for collective defense. We need to be close enough to the city wall, but in rural
village the crops are not in the village.
- Because of the land ownership non concerning the individual will. Farmers stayed in the village for
job.
- Due to the scarcity of essential resources (most of all water, electricity and gas accessibility by car,
internet). The elements are related to the time we are living into.
- For maintaining and developing social relationship. It is properly fundamental to be part of the
community and part of the story and culture. In the villages there are also committees, much less in
Europe because the properties were common.

The village’s plan has to do with the needs of the first builders or reflects ethnics’ culture. Think about the
Egyptians, it was important to have the pyramid there for the pharaons.

- The street villages are the ones built along the streets because the streets are important, they’re
the connection to other.
- Green village, buildings are located outside the streets. There are two parallel streets delimiting a
community managed green space.
- Liner villages: a line can be organized by a street. The buildings are arranged along a single road in a
non-compact and regular manner. It is common in medieval cities, where territories are rare. It
looks like the street village, but it differs for it because of the irregularity and non-compact of the
settlements.
 - Round village: housings are arranged around the square; the cultivated land is outside. Compared
to the others, here we have the idea of protection and community.
- Village agglomeration is the result of several layers. The buildings are not organized within a
geometrical shape but vey grouped.
- Expanded villages are widespread in the Po valley. It is a community at all levels, it is very complex
because there is plenty of space to be organized.
- The church buildings
- The town squares

02/03

As for the spontaneous dwellings:

- Rural society: rural and agriculture migration, changing social patterns, new crops
- Agricultural technology: it modifies the way of doing agriculture. Agricultural activities became
more and more producing copes for the market.
- Economy

The transformation has changed the shape of rural villages. Up until the 20 th century, changes were little as
the organization of the agriculture and rural society had remained more or less stable and static. They were
still reflections of the society that created them. Villages and houses and its structures, if not abandoned,
they are the most touristic places. Even the inhabitants have become technically advanced farmers from
being peasants.

08/03

Educational tourism (different approach to field trips)

Field research and direct observation: we have to involve the touristic in what she is doing, even the more
standard experience, it should be special. Being oriented, we do not have to be lost. The more the tourist
knows what she is doing, the better she will be free to orient herself. Field research is the key moments
that move from saying to doing. This the synthesis of what we are doing in the first task. There’s a symbol
that reminds the experience I did. I go visit Florence, I live the experience and I printed it in my memory,
the memories bring me back there. Research and discovery process is intentionally designed and planned.
Take the occasion, even the not expected one, but be prepared to discover. Do not be shy. Even the most
massive tourism project, if it has inside new research, this is part of the experience project. This way of
observing could be not resisted. The observation should include “what, when and how”

- What? Natural elements are attractiveness, fundamental for touristic perspective but there are
elements that are not so told that can be attractive, elements that are manmade. Can be spaces
not accessible that became accessible because it has built a road. This new road changes accessible
and make it interesting to visit it. Natural elements that bond with works of mankind.
- When? Physical concept of space and how to people uses the territory yesterday, today, and
tomorrow. Environment considered an anthropogenic-physical set. If we like the experience, we
want to do it again. We plan a new one. In order to do tourism, we have to be in good shape, like to
go skiing or to do Santiago de Compostela walk. The goal is to provide an experiential tourism with
an environmental reading keys.

First step is watching and learn how to observe. What are we looking for? Look for identifying the
components in a diachronic perspective and a touristic perspective (connection between elements that are
fundamental to organize our field trip). We have to learn how to perceive the landscape.
Reason of the lack of direct observation application:

- Organizational difficulties
- The traffic dangers is another reason. Traffic sometimes is attractive itself. In India, for example, it is
an experience.
- Responsibility for life and safety. Schools are scared about it, they asked someone outside to do
this organization. On the other hand, responsibility for life and safety is something we have to work
on.
- Time: it forces you to decide what to do and what not to do. Make sure to not use free time
improperly. Use that time for the special experience you are living. So not do in the reality what
you can do here. What’s the meaning of going somewhere if you can do it at home?
- Financing: how much money does it coast? We have to deal with it. Make the destination
accessible. If the cheaper the better, we have mothing in between. Try to work and use money
wisely. The tourist is satisfied g when we do good use of the money. It was worthy it for what I’ve
done.
- Burocracy: we need to do it for them. It is fundamental to get rid long standing in line and so on.
I’m Italy we have a lot of that.

Direct observation is a tool. Direct observation phases:

- Preparation: we have to select ingredients that do not come exactly for your purpose. We do not
use all the elements, but we have to select them according to the tourist, the time you have been
there, the attractions and so on. In selecting, you need to mix elements sometimes. I did not write
the song, but I’m using it to say something to you. With destination is the same. Florence was not
meant from the tourists; we use the layers of the city for out purposes. We need to organize the
destination, mixing what it is proper with what I like.
1. Planning is something general while programming is detailed.
2. There’s a process of continues research and selection according to the time and the goals we
have.
3. In selecting, something cannot be done but they can suggest something else to do or they
suggest to come back in a different season when the activity that they could not done, it could
be actually be done in a different moment. The organization is important.
4. Preparing the students and the tourists. We need to fit the expectations. We expect something
good, it is part of the deal.
5. In our case, assigning responsibilities we can have specific assignments during the day. Trying
to play comparing churches or something else, putting together and reorganize the maps. Make
them play, they like to have fun while learning. You have to know what kind of grout we have.
6. Travel-field trip
7. Processing: it is in class and in the way back

Programming and planning the field trip:

- How many field trip (scheduling)

- What kind of field trip (choose the itinerary)
- How long (check the availability of hours/days)
- With who (classes, teachers, experts, groups, nationalities, privileged witnesses (find peolle of the
city who knows something more about the destination)). The more different the group is composed
of expectations, the toughest is to managed it. When you do rafting, they group you, if I go there
with friends, we would like to be in the same condition, but if the one organizing the rafting, you do
not satisfy the needs of the clients if you mix different people who have different needs.
Search and selection: find ways to master the concepts and terms necessary to understand what we are
going to see.

- What we are going to observe

- Checking the time needed (travel, visiting, waiting)
- Opening/closing days/hours
- Contacts with responsible persons
- Costs (visit, services…)

Organization: dreaming and thinking about the activities, it is part of the organization. Goals must be clear
to be reached

- Questions, Authorizations to access specific areas

- Tools (maps, cameras, compass, recorders)
- Contingencies (equipment, schedule changes)

Preparing the students and the tourists: motivate them if necessary. We should prepare tourists at home
because it is part of the promotion and what I’m selling.

- Excursions reasons
- Objectives-goals
- Use of maps and itinerary
- Explore, learn and observe

Assign responsibilities: we need to share the process, we need to record what we see

- Cameras (select the proper ones, getting rid of the other ones, we can use the drawings also)
- Recorders
- Clipboards-notebook
- Questionnaires

Travel/field trip: step 1 personal. Observation and records (static moment), you get to look at what we visit
from a perspective point of view. Comment from an observation point (reality-maps comparison, compass,
orientation, distance, photographs,

- Fundamental elements of the landscape:

- Traces of past humans’ activities (position of the settlement and their use, center-agricultural
relationship, building material use)
- Reading (geographical or not)

To observe and record the main relationship connections and interdependences:

- Physical (morphology, vegetation)

- Climate (weather, snowfall)
- Forms (centuriation)

In rural areas:

- Organization
- Forms
- Territorial elements
- Transport infrastructure
Visiting the researched areas (dynamic moment). It allows a better understanding of the various
development models.

- On foot, by bicycle, by bus, by boat, to better observe the “nature” of the area
- Observe the schedule
- Respect the place (visit and rest)

Travel field trip is divided in two stages:

- The visit: they are already organized

- The survey: questionnaires and interviews. This stage should be prepared carefully.

Elaboration and consideration: analyze the materials produced and collected through eh personal and
interpersonal phases of field work. Materials has to be examinated, selected, rearranged and processed.
We must retie the sequence of collected material.

- Own concepts and tools

- Acquire an observation method
- Understand the transition from panoramic vision to the cartographic representation

Field research allows to understand the different ways of adaption groups and human societies produced in
specific historical and geographical conditions and understanding the way a population plays its territory in
a given historical moment and on the basis to their culture.

Types of landscape:

- Industrial
- Rural
- Tourist
- Urban :The map structure, the shape, the layers that tell about the streets for example, the
characteristic of the town. There are regular, irregular, and mixed plans. The site

Urban voids are the result of the scariest places in our cities. Urban voids are environmental discomfort.
After the from and size, we have to understand the urban functions, activities that respond to both internal
and external needs, and that justifies the existence of the city itself. Activities capable of activating,
controlling, and maintaining cultural. Political, economic relationship of which the social life is made.

Different kind of functions:

- Cultural
- Directorial
- Productive
- Distributive
09/03

Cultural landscape and J.B. Jackson

What does landscape means? Out thoughts go to natural world.

(vedere video)
15/03

PORTARE FOTO DI LAGHI DEL MIO PAESE E SPIEGARE QUALCOSA

For the field trip project:

1 role: speaker, a guide for that day

2 role: something specific for the logistic

Italian landscapes: the landscape around the volcanos. We must be capable in constructing the field trip
telling something about the territory, looking at specific elements in a complex geological reality. I will sell
the spot but I need to put in a more complex reality. The landscape around the volcanos is scenography
lava is dangerous when it is hot but when it is cool down lava is very rich of minerals and helps the
agriculture and articulture. The problem is that lava is magmatic rocks, they drain water, we do not have
sources on the top of the volcanos but on the valley. We have natural environment, volcanos are natural,
but the result of the volcanos actions are relevant for touristic purposes. It is a resource, but it is also
dangerous, so we need to prevent. Not all volcanos are alive, we have Etna in Sicily, in Stromboli, we have
the sleepy one near Naples, when Vesuvio erupts it will not do the one in Sicily but it unexplodes, it will
explode somewhere else. It is important to check if the activity is recent and where the population is. Other
volcanos can be in the floor of the ocean. Landscape around volcanos: it is characterized by geysers, very
fascinating phenomena. A rare element makes something to be preserved. We have to be able to sell the
specific element but be able to put it in proper presentation. Geyser are fountains of hot water coming out
from the soil. In Italy, in the west cost in Tuscany, we have the fumaroles. Emission of gas without water. of
this kind we have solfataras in Campania, they developed when the volcano is off. They are emissions of
water vapor, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide which leaking settles as sulfur on the surrounding surface
and there’s no vegetation at all. The soffione boraciferi in Tuscany are fumaroles from which emerges
stream full of acid. Lastly, we must mention the hot spring that emitting gas-rich waters, sometimes
enriched with minerals. The river and the lake landscape: the water flowing on the surface of the soil flows
into a stream which becomes a brook. As the brook flows downstream, it receives water from other rivers
(tributaries) and flows into the groove (solco)e which trained and which is called bed or Riverbed.

Sant’Angelo in vado, le cascate del sasso: the river becomes slower and part of the transported material s
deposited: thus the Alluvial plan. The river can take more circuitous route, it can form such a serpentine
called Meanders. The river flows into a lake or into the sea.

River erosion: water is able to deeply shape the landscape, eroding the rocky surface, that scrolls, including
fragments eroded, transporting them and depositing them downstream. The erosive capacity of water
depends on its velocity, and it is higher when the channel is more pending and during the floods. An
example is the Candigliano, marmite dei giganti, that comes from the giants that built the shapes where
they were their pods. The water and the river curry: salts, inorganic and organic substance in solution;
suspended particles of clay, silt and sand; for rolling the bottom coarse sand, gravel and large blocks. This
from of erosion is called Abrasion and creates characteristic shapes: the giants’ skills where the flowing is
faster and the erosion cavity gradually becomes deeper; the canyons, narrow and deep incision that widen
upward are the gorges; the river valley, carving the riverbed. The shapes of the rivers: the braided river
consists of numerous small canals that divide and unite further downstream, the river carries sand; the
straight path rivers with this track are very rare, they continuously move and this forms the alluvial plains.
Rivers flowing into the sea: when it reaches the sea, if the river disperse the material, it forms an estuary,
as the river Themes. Pesaro: we have the mouth of river Foglia and the new enlarged harbor, the relation is
that the river was the harbor.
Lakes: they fill depressions of the heart surface and they have limited duration in time. they can be
classified into: fluvial, landslide and ice-dam.

Dedicate new hour to produce the final version of our potential field trip:

WHEN:

WHERE: two main stops, in the morning and in the afternoon,

16/03

Fear in the urban space

Fear is not a tangible thing, it is something in your head, sometimes it is necessary but most of the time it is
in our head. It is intense.

- Spiders, death, height

- Fear of not knowing what will happen next, dark places if I’m alone.

Landscape of fear: cultural landscape is tangible and intangible, dynamic, active, living, inhabited. Meaning
of landscape is related to events, activities.

Urban geographics of fear:

- Various image of the city: image of city as a celebration of difference

- Alternative image of the city: the city as unruly, unsetting, and disorderly place
- We understand the urban as a composite of images and experiences

Fear is the emotion of pain or uneasiness caused by the sense of impending nature as a state of anxiety
derived from the concern for the safety of someone or a thing. Wurff and Stringer defined fear as the
perception of a threat to some aspect of well-being. Fear is dynamic, diverse, and open to interpretation,
associated with one’s identity. Fear is understood through social markers: race, gender, class, ethnicity.
Social markers affect mobility, housing, access, employment, feelings of belonging to the city. It is related to
the construction of the ideal urban citizen. People spatially express their mental maps of fear trough paths
and actions. Cultural identity is also affected by who appears in public space. Feeling of insecurity is also
related to the boarders and boundaries. Fear is utilized for political power (wall to divide USA from Mexico).
In USA there is an increase fear of crimes and disorder may keep people off the streets. Fear discourses are
power laden. Fear is materialized in the landscapes and in concrete practices of regulation around the
globe.

The key to understanding fear of crime lies in direct experiences of crime, but rather in how people
experience and interpret urban space. Fear is in social and physical characteristics of place and the
familiarity of that space to the individual. Reporting of crime in the urban environment is part of the
picture: media sources often distort the objective picture of crime by not portraying all crimes, in all areas,
in a similar fashion.

- The walls we build as economic and social enclosures: in the pre-modern city, walls and gates
played a vital role in generating feeling of safety and security but at the same time walls embody
processes of inclusion and exclusion.
- CCTV cameras is a surveillance system in Britain as an attempt to halt the erosion of the economic
role of these areas in the face of competition from the relatively safe and secure out-of-town retail
parks.
- Fear of social differences arises having a financial impact.
Diverse and multiple faces of fears: the range of fear experienced in the city are as diverse and multiple as
the people and spaces that composes the urban fabric. Fears are social, economic, cultural and political.
Fears are associated with one’d identity and social markers. 3 case-study on 3 social-markers:

- Homelessness: they’re excluded from prime city space. The revanchist city is the vengefulness of
the middle class against the poor. Homeless people have to become “walking exiles”. There’s
charitable organization who take care of the homeless. Day centers, shelters, and soup kitchen
increase. These centers are fragile spaces. Day care center vary greatly, but the staff is untrained
most of the times. Sometimes center have not the necessary resources and people living around
the center don’t like the fact that homeless could be there. The staff is extremely stressed because
it is not trained properly, and they have to serve homeless that not stable or they have mental
issues. These spaces became spaces of controlling with cameras watching everything and this make
the process uncomfortable. These centers are not homogeneous communities. Homeless people
are considered as the good and the bad homeless, the deserving and the undeserving etc..
sometimes it became exclusionary.
- Religious belief: life changed after 11th September for Muslim people in urban environments
shifted for the worst. Generalizations are the worst. Fear is not simply reactive. It is situated in
complex individual and collective emotional topographies and everyday experiences. Self-imposed
restrictions as censorship of the self to fit in and to avoid fearful situations and places. Fears of
crime influenced the meaning of a place.
- Gender: sports and being outdoor are both related to how hegemonic masculinity is defined and
maintained. Women constantly must negotiate contradictions as they respond to their fears of
objectification, harassment, violence, while recreating and playing sports. Urban wilderness parks,
urban outdoor parks can be places if conflict for women who use them. Sport is increasingly active
allows women to be in their bodies in ways that can be qualitatively different from their traditional
sexual and reproductive constructs of female physically. Research on South Mountain Park includes
surveys, and open-ended in-depth interviews with women recreationists in the park. The majority
of women were white, middle class, college educated. The surrounding area of the park is not
inhabited by white people. Most of the women were more comfortable in using outdoor spaces.
40% of the women experienced harassment and 2.4% experienced physical assaults. Women took
precautions to avoid isolated places and they took altered routes to minimize their feeling of
vulnerability.

22/03

Varano Lake: Varano Lake is an Apulian lake belonging entirely to the province of Foggia divided between
the municipalities of Cagnano Varano, Carpino and Ischitella. With an area of about 60.5 km² it is the
largest Italian coastal lake, as well as being the seventh lake in the peninsula and the largest in southern
Italy.

Located on the northern coast of the Gargano peninsula, it is traditionally called lake, even if it is a lagoon
and it is therefore a saltwater basin, although it has a salinity of about a third lower than that of the nearby
Adriatic Sea.

Dug out of the Gargano limestone mass, it has a trapezoidal shape that extends for a width of about 10 km,
being embedded within the Gargano promontory for about 7 km. The formation of the lake took place due
to the sea currents and winds that carried the debris from the rivers that have their mouths in the middle
Adriatic that closed this marine inlet, thus giving birth to the "lake" of Varano.

Lesina Lake: Lesina lake is a brackish lake located in the north of Apulia, between the Tavoliere of Puglie
and the Gargano promontory. About 22 km long and 2.4 km wide on average, it has an area of 51.4 km². It
is the 9th Italian lake and the second in southern Italy. The lake, of coastal origin, was formed in part by the
allochthonous accumulation of lake sediments coming from the rivers located upstream of the basin and in
part by the accumulation of lake deposits coming from the edges of the same lake.

Through two channels, the Acquarotta and the Schiapparo, the lagoon communicates with the Adriatic Sea,
from which it is separated by a dune, the Bosco Isola, between 1 and 2 km wide and 16 km long. Numerous
streams ensure the lake a fair supply of fresh water, while the underground contribution of the
groundwater is not secondary. Its waters are mainly populated by eels, a significant source of income for
the municipality of Lesina.

It is possible to practice some sports like windsurf or kitesurf or canoeing. From the lake, you can taste
Salicornia, an seaweed that grows spontaneously on the shores of this lake, also called sea asparagus,
excellent mullet fillets, and of course eels, both roasted and fried.

Lakes: they filled depressions of the earth’s surface and have a limited duration in time.

- Fluvial lakes occur when the flood plain of a river is filled or when it forms a dead branch of a river
that later detaches completely.
- Landslide and ice-dam lakes (in the norther part of Italy) are barrier lakes, when a landslide or lava
flow interrupts the flow of a river. It can also occur due to the rock material deposits carried by a
glacier.
- Tectonic lakes are formed (Trasimeno lake) in depressions created as a result of crustal
movements. Examples can be the Dead sea, Lake Baikal and the Caspian sea.
- Crater lakes formed inside or extinct volcanoes as the lake of Bolsena.
- Karst lakes when a layer of clay has accumulated above carbonate rocks, so that it makes the rocks
waterproof like the Lake Shkoder in Albania
- Artificial are built by men for irrigation, to produce energy or for touristic purposes.

The evolution of lake: the life of lakes is not long because they tend to be filled with sediments and to be
overgrown by vegetation. The first transformation leads to the formation of the POND mostly shallow;
subsequently to the formation of a SWAMP.

- The marsh-wetland: the swamp is a land covered with a thin layer of water. These waters may be
rich in natural substances, that promote the proliferation of vegetation.
- The Karst landscape: it comes from the name of a region, Karst, that goes underneath the rocks, as
the limestone of dolomites, and evaporite rocks. They are easily shaped by rainfall. The erosion in
karst area is called corrosion, it is a chemical modification. The dark red color of karst terrain is due
to oxides and to the clayey calcareous rocks. There is no vegetation, rain is needed. The visible signs
are the sinkholes, deep funnels shaped and depressions 1 to 30 meters wide and up to hundreds of
meters. The POLJE can accommodate small lakes. POLJE is visible in Italy where they are called
PIANI. The karst landscape we can observe is an area without a permanent hydrographic network,
streams, and rivers. Underground karst is formed by caves and channels crossed by underground
streams.
- Glacial landscape: a glacier is a mass of ice on the move. This movement has an erosive action
shaping Earth’s surface in cold climate regions. They deeply modify the surface of the land
preventing the vegetation from growing and forcing animals to migrate to the south. In warmer
period, ice caps melted and the glaciers retreat the north leaving behind deposits that create
smooth rocks.
- Glacial valleys appear to be extensive as the big U, while the valleys carved out for action of a
stream or river are narrow and the shape of a V.
- Fjords are typical glacial valleys from ocean water. They are U shaped valleys carved out by glacial
moving from the near mountains during the glacial eras.
Forms of accumulation:

- Moraines when the ice of glaciers melts and disappears.

- Boulders

The wind landscape: it is not so evident in Italy; the arid region is the most expose to the action of the wind.
It doesn’t have the strength of a glacier, but the speed can vary. Compared to water, the wind landscape is
carried lighter fragments of rocks sands and silts. The fine particles are kept by the turbulence.

Deserts and regional deserts: characterized by drought.

The erosion, the glacial ecc, come up with 2 pictures of something effective for touristic purposes.

23/03

Reading the urban landscape

The purpose of the project is to pay attention and ask questions: Small group project at the end of April (29
April). Reading of an urban landscape of Macerata or surroundings. Chose a specific location in the city to
spend time at. Chose 3 themes to focus on from our lecture today, working and documenting your chosen
location. Individually, spend at least 2 or 3 hours taking at least 5 photos and take notes. On April 6 come to
class with your individual notes and photos. We will do a workshop where you can share what you have
done, talk to people, take notes. After the workshop, works in group to deliver an analysis/report based on
the themes of your choice and also chose photos and write a paragraph explaining why you chose these
photos that they represent and how they are connected to the themes you studied (or not).

Themes:

- Legacy landscape: historical sites; tourist maps; museums; souvenir shops; postcards; memorials;
historic preservation; demolitions; architectural styles; restoration.
- Sensory geographics: sounds; smell; how a place make you feel; immersing yourself; listening to
people’s conversation; bird sounds; traffic flows; noise pollution; air pollution; fears and desires
attached to the place; green areas.
- Invisibility: what is hidden/concealed/ erased from the city’s past; find a new location to look down
and around the city space from a panoramic view; make a note of what you see and don’t see;
where does the city’s waste go; where are the sewer; how does the city treat the waste; where are
the animals; what kind of animals share the city space; challenges to construction growth; how the
city is designed.
- Food: stroll through markets; local farms; what do you see in the markets; eat traditional food
and describe the taste and the culinary traditions of the city; drinks some alcohol; where are the
bars located; who frequents them; are there different types of bars for different types of people;
what about coffee shops; are there historical photos of the bars and the restaurants; go eat with
your friends.
- Boundaries: are there natural or man-made boundaries; how are walks and paths structured
around buildings and other types of boundaries; where does the city begin/end; does it; are
boundaries permeable; do they have environmental reasons to existing; who are the power or the
ability to cross the boundaries; explore beyond the city limits; what surrounds the city; does it
sustain the city; is it rural; if so, what grows; do you notice some nature or natural elements that
surprised you.
- Contemporary change: read the city’s profile; how did the city change over the years; look up and
around; notice side streets, high buildings; who keeps the city clean; who gets to enjoy the city’s
cleanliness; what documents you see around the city; food containers; shopping bags; leaves or
pollen; compare these documents.
 - Power: signs that categorize or divide various city spaces; any language barriers; can everyone
understand the signs; do you see rent signs; some store closed; green spaces; who can afford to live
in the city; do you see class markers in the city; what can you tell about the social position of the
city’s inhabitants.
- Flows: how does the city flow; follow the people, the water source; the boarders, and the walk
around; are there key streets with unique characteristics; does the flow feel different in different
times of the week; is there any industrial area; how is the city connected to other cities; how do
people travel within and outside of the city space; how does travel tell us about the way the city
is built and changed over time.
- Social markers: race, gender, ethnicity, religion. Spaces more comfortable or not comfortable based
on gender, race and so on. If you’re alone, you feel safe or not. Is the city safe or not? Why? How?

Weekly schedule: 30 march, you will have time to make decisions about the projects and work together.
Plus time to talk to each other

April 6th: each group will do a very short brief presentation on what they have worked on so far.

End product: a written report, pull together the individual notes. 5 photos chosen by all of you together
that best represents your experience in the city, and it would be great if they also connect to themes in you
chose, what story can tell. A paragraph or two about these photos. Why did you choose them? What they
represent for you. Send all via email damlaii@gmail.com due date 29th April.

1) 4 months, 3 years, from 2016; Nehad many times as a tourist; my sister working at the hospital,
Nehad has friends
2) University, markets, Sferisterio, Palazzo Buonaccorsi,
3) Nehad: similiar attitude, people, culture in general; difference: Macerata is quitter and smaller than
Alessandria. Nehad likes that it is quite, history and nature mix. She dislikes “not much to do”
4) Nehad: transports, shops, activities in general. She pays attention about the cleanness, safety for
girls, affordability, history. What to see: museums, natural landscape, local activities, art (concert,
opera and son on). Why? To know the culture of the place and to experience like a local. Attention
to: transports and safety and how much the culture makes you comfortable, attention to purpose
of travel.
5) Piazza della Libertà con l’orologio.
- Theme 1: Food (Bar centrale, magacacao, ristorante, market)
- Theme 2: Legacy landscape (visita alla torre, tour guidato, teatro)
- Theme 3: Flow (mercato, giovedì sera)

Foto:

1: Foto piazza+orologio

2: Foto where we can see Bar centrale (night)

3: Foto where there’s the market

4: wide photo

5: photo from the clock (

 29/03

Stuðlagil canyon

Stuðlagil Canyon is a place in east Island that, despite its incredible beauty, remains under-the-radar for
the majority of tourists until 2016 because of its lack of accessibility. The canyon is dominated by
stunning hexagonal basalt columns. These columns are unerringly uniform in appearance. They look
manmade, rather than the result of solidified lava and formation of centuries. The canyon was
completely submerged under the river Jökla. A few years ago, the water level of the river fell and
revealed the canyon in all its glory.

Grotte marine Vieste

Large cavities created by the incessant action of the wind and the sea on the karst rock, the white
limestone typical of the area.

Grotte di Castellana

The genesis of the Castellana Cavesis one of the most striking aspects of the Apulian karst phenomenon.
Castellana caves are a vast system of caves that extends for about 3 kilometers at an average depth of 70
meters. The eluvial water of intense rainfall, percolating into the subsoil, had then formed an extensive
underground aquifer, such as to gradually dissolve the limestone and widen the fractures.

Certainly, the most fascinating aspect of these caves is their concretion, that is the coating of the bare
walls of the caves by limestone deposits which, over a very long time, have been brought into suspension
by rainwater in its slow crossing of the rocky layers above.

Once you reach the voids of the caves, the dripping water falling to the ground leaves a deposit of calcium
carbonate that allows the growth of the stalactites, the formations that hang from the ceiling, and of the
underlying stalagmites. With the passage of time the progressive growth of the stalactite and the
stalagmite will create a column.

Tourism and political geography: in Italy 20 years ago the government proposals was to put tourism in the
field of economic geography. Geography has been the most important course in this country for tourism.

Relation with political aspects:

- 1936: Nazi regime was dominating Germany. It was something complete new, for the first time the
ceremony and the stadium became an opportunity to present the importance of the nation.
Preparing something, you put the best dress and you rebuild the urban landscape in terms of
skylines. Hotel, facilities. One great example of the economic impact is Barcellona. Television was in
and it changed the audience. In 1933, Hitler came to power and many nations advanced the
proposal to change the city, but the committee refused. Joseph Goebbles was the ministry of
propaganda convinced Hitler. Who was not happy about hosting the Olympics, that it would be a
great opportunity to prove that was an effective propaganda.
- Political geography and geopolitics are not synonymous. Political geography investigates on the
governance of the territory-population binomial. Exceptional events as wars, natural phenomenon,
famines and so on, such as the coin changes, create new hierarchies within the movement:
 different destination look to the markets, new vacation patterns but the movement keep
increasing. The holiday is no longer the regeneration period of the workforce, but it is essential
component of the path and cultural growth. Rest is not the only need, it also needs experiences, in
particular the ones travelling allows to accumulate. This means that the vacation has become
structural in advanced society and is affecting layers of the world’s population. Political geography
and tourism is quite relevant even in terms of borders. Geopolitics is the study of the states
regarding as geographic organism as it manifests itself in space. A first geopolitical factor for the
dynamic evolution has consequences on tourism is the political-economic system adopted by a
country. Other major factors are conflicts and terrorist attacks that can influenced tourism.
Alliances and tensions between different powers can also cause a rise or fall in international tourist
flows. Yet another geopolitical factor that has serious consequences on tourism flows in the
political administrative choices (military areas, casinos, decisions). Most of the casinos are in a
special protected area. Think about the importance of favorable exchange rate of national currency
with another to generate large flows of shopping tourists between two countries. In 2009 there
was the global crisis, tourists increased in Greece. Critical approach: Dalby has the merit of defining
the geopolitical discourse as a process of spatial exclusion (division between ours and theirs, its
political function is to regulate “us” as “equal” and distinct from “them” as “different”). Geopolitical
discourse is the set of categories, concepts and meanings of meaning through which we make
sense of the world as it is politically organized within an intellectual building that tell us who we are
and who are the “others”. Examples of borders are separation walls that become attraction
elements (muro di Berlino). A specific case is Belfast that wants the division between Catholics and
protestants. This wall was called “peace lines”. It became an attraction. Another example is Robben
island experience were Mandela was prisoned there, so it became and attraction for tourists.
Another political perspective is Social tourism between political and economic geography. The
whole of the relationships arising from participation in tourism movement of the population’s
strata with low income, which is possible by recognizable social measures. An example are the
summer camps in Italy, they were not in the most important part of the beach (Cattolica and
Chiavari), they were built to use the roads, not the beach. What was initially used from the beach
was the perpendicular part to the city center. Summer camps were built south or north, far away
from the valley. The social characteristics of tourism are not considered on the men side, but on the
supply one. Most of the hotels are not open yet because the season is not started yet but if you
look at the hotels, they start in May or April for educational trip for students. It is even the local
community of a tourism region that gives the opportunity to reactive undere served
accommodation facilities, they are not 5 stars, but 3 or 2 but they are looking for the elderly or they
readapt the dwelling for agritourism, bed and breakfast and so on. Local tourism systems are
defined as an area where the activity for tourism is integrated. In political geography relation with
tourism can be brought up according to different organization of the space related to tourism as
academic research. Gender has influences tourism like sex. Colonialism is another aspect. in the
colonial perspective, the organization was from the port to somewhere else. European tours
operator in non-European spaces is a kind of colonization. Tourism and volunteering: we volunteer
where we believe in the country, in the activities and in the political aspects.

Field trip: 2 maggio 2022

30/3

Social markers, climate, and environment (landscape of challenge and change)

Climate change and gender:

 - Anthropological change has uneven and uncertain impacts. Climate change and its effects on
landscapes are contextual and very specific
- Men and women understand and live with climate change quite differently
- Climate change affects everyone, but effect is heterogeneous and linked to other factors such as
gender, race and class
- if we focus on gender, we can understand something more about climate change. Women control a
lot of resources. They are most workers farmers for example. If we don’t talk about gender, we
cannot have a specific view on climate.
- No climate justice without gender justice (if they face violence, they are abused, that affects the
community and the family space)
- We need to pay attention to gendered differences in perceptions, responses, priorities (like in
South Asia)
- We have to pay attention to put all women under the same umbrella and we have to understand
that gender is a social construct. We do not essentialize women as a homogeneous group because
all women are different with different situations.

Covid 19/ climate and gender:

- The pandemic is not just a health emergence, but also social and economic crisis and women and
men are affected differently (about work and job security) occupational health is currently being
compromised.
- Women in Asia and Pacific have higher dependency on direct service jobs and informal work. Being
forced to stay at home, may increase the risk of domestic violence for women.
- In developing country women are involved in informal economy
- Discriminatory gendered social norms make it more difficult for women to prevent climate change.
One sector that has been affected is tourism sector and the majority of tourism sector have female
workers.
- Agriculture is vulnerable to climate impacts, 58% of female in Asia or Pacific works in agriculture.
They do not have control about the land even if they’re working in that land. Women do not have a
say in the decision-making process. Women who are farmers cannot access to finances, energy and
water, they do not have infrastructure, or they cannot use technology. They do not own the land so
they’re invisible and they do not have access to these resources. Women are also provider for the
families and if they are affected, all family will be affected. They have more child deaths, mortality
and so on.

South Asia: climate change and gender

- Societies are heavily dependent on natural resources are affected directly to climate change.
- Both overwhelming amounts of water and inadequate water at the same time, they affect
agriculture production
- Transformation: socioecological transformation attributes to climate change; historical patriarchal
societies facing challenges in gendered power structures
- Women also face health problems, because when they come back, they also have to work. They
have a lot of care work.
- These issues compounded by migration and displacement
- More women died during floods due to lack of swimming skills for example.

Case study: Reclaiming land in The Gambia

- Environmental managers “reclaim” land resources by rehabilitating them, but in doing so, may
erase old claims to land and properly rights while advancing new ones.
 - Different types of initiatives: small scale gardens managed by women; fruit tree controlled by men;
rice plots managed by women for joint family consumption purposes
- Things started to shift because women were having more power. Women started controlling the
land without renting it from men.
- In a short period of time, the situation changed again. Men took the power, they kicked out women
and they the control on the land.
- Gender equity pitted against environmental programs.
- The second controversy was that the land was productive as soon as women worked on them, they
couldn’t harvest the rice as they should. Harvesting rice is a men skill job, in fact they wanted
women to collect rice and not harvesting it. The problem is about skilled or not skilled differences
between women and men. It’s about gender.
- Developed economic have to pay attention to gender and how it works.

Race, racism, and environmental justice

- Environmental racism was used to emphasize the disproportion burden of environmental hazards
on minorities.
- Historically people color has had hazardous, unskilled jobs, face rigid occupational segregation.

Progetto:

1) Scegli un titolo che attiri i turisti.

05/04

Tourism and economic geography:

- In the 90s the main idea was to bring together economic geography and tourism in the university
system. geography in this country is the main source of academic development but to be clear, we
can state that geography is not equal in tourism. We take advantage of many fields in geography
and use them for touristic purposes. There are not touristic geographical sciences. There is a
relationship between geography and tourism, but geography of tourism is not just a descriptive
geography. Tourism was the last to be born as an economical activity but the most impacted on
landscape. The traditional way of producing was very similar in many fields. This concept was
impacted by mass tourism.
- Before WWI the approach was ideographic based on the examination of the particular. We discuss
the exceptional elements, and it was referring to the attractive elements (Louvre, Colosseum,
naming the single elements was the element attracting the tourist. Even though many decades
have gone since that, we keep narrating and telling tourist destination with ideographic approach.
We keep the elements. We are using the resource to offer and manage a good experience in terms
of tourism. First academical piece of research in Taormina. It became a mass phenomenon. They
started studying it as an ideographic approach. Also Cattolica was the first impacting activity in that
territory with beaches.
- After WWII, there’s been a era based on nomothetic approach, it formulates interpretation and
analysis from functional perspective. Thinking about schemes and theories, we connect many
elements (train station, airports, hotelier, transportations).
- What is geography? It is studies the different distribution and combination, where things are and
why. Combination is important because phenomenon can occur. Ruocco was focusing on
 combination that affect human life and working life. The visual impact of mass tourism was what
first brought the attention in economic and geography in dealing with this phenomenon.
- What is tourism? In 1996, Zanetto says that consumers can back to reuse the service of a city. The
quality and quantity of services change with the touristic activities, it changes also the culture.
- We must not confuse tourism with leisure time. if I’m living in Macerata, in leisure time I go for
walk, for theater and so on. They were distinguishing the touristic perspective.
- What is a tourist region? It is a patch of territory capable because of its natural and human
characteristics to attract flows of people who spend their time off work in the place and their
income earned elsewhere. So that the level and type of consumption and organization of service
are not expected to find, the traditional was put aside. The more you are cosmopolitan, the better
it is. Here the attractiveness is the element, not the relation.
- Dialogue between tourist region: 4 types of relationship between demand area and touristic area:
1 supply and demand concentrate in two poles
2 concentrated demand and dispersed supply
3 dispersed demand and concentrated supply (the best for tourism because it means the
average, the mobility, the social conditions were getting better)
4 supply and demand both dispersed (the non-frequent scenario is the most popular today)
- What is geography of tourism? Ruocco says that geography saw tourism as expression and
measure of men’s ability to organize the space, putting the best in the services while respecting the
nature’s essential elements.
- Post-modern consideration: to move to the idea of place creating the image of the place and its
space. We give name and sense to the place. Think about the population who live there, building
and rebuilding we organize not only physically and economically but in terms of identity what the
place is. The attractiveness changed over time.
- Regions no longer exist. There is no longer a regional passive tourism, because there are many
touristic sites as the number of subjects that perceive touristic the same place. We do not want
standard anymore. Not even exists anymore the active destination tourism region.
- The tourist place is primarily-mainly image. The one that touristic develop and the image that
organizers of holiday give. The image is shared with the community because we have the necessity
to tell where we have been through souvenirs, pictures and so on.
- Who droves the image? Created by the dominant culture because we want to narrate. The image
of place stands as an intermediary between tourists and tour operators. The main object in this
reification is investigation.

Geografia sportiva del Nordamerica: la geografia delle magliette

Final project: propose a trip that brings together the natural elements, the sport tourism, and arts (music,
painting, literature). A real fusible trip. The proposal is to start from something that exists to relate to
others.

Environment: in this case we consider north America environment. We have macro forms. If we think about
sports, some characteristics that the players must have are discipline, passion, sportsmanship, resistance.
Thinking about natural environment fit better and worst. Sports team in America deal with natural
elements: Lakers comes from Los Angeles, but lakes are not there. They have this name because they’re the
result of moving the team. Something peculiar is that the team can be not promoted. The first process was
of westernization. In the west coat there was a concentration of economical activity. In this process, a
winning team was born in Minnesota: the Lakers, where there are many lakes. It was very territorial
expression. The Rockies is an expression for rocky mountain that are from Colorado where there are many
mountains. The nuggets are gold tiny pieces and Denver was famous for these, that’s why the team has this
name.
Associate a team with animals that are from or are not from the territory. The Grizzly bears decided to
make it international selling the image and gadgets but also bringing in players from around the world.
They opened two teams, one in Toronto and one in Vancouver because they have grizzly bears, but they
moved to Memphis. Much more territorial there are the Panders for example, because they have them
there, and the Dolphins. The Pelicans is the image of delta itself. They killed themselves to feed the
children, so it is a Christiane image.

Population:

- Colonization for marketing

- Process of cultorization

Sports name of the team easily connected to natural experience and arts.

06/04

12/04

The potential relationship between sports and arts for the 4th project. Connect the events to arts and
territory.

Stereotypes can be strongly related to tourism. In Texas

The 3 from NY:

- One remembers the shape of the island; the colors are orange and blue (colonization by province of
Netherlands)
- The Mets, contraction of metropolitan, the skyline is the logo, and it says where we are, the bridge
- The Nets, the font they chose was the one for the metropolitan. The nets is a connection between
the game and the city.

Economy:

Traditional activities: Orlando magic, magic is the tour and touristic logo for Orlando, many amusement
park are in Orlando. This is way it is related to Disney.

The Indiana paesers take the name from the cars. The idea there is not just the production of cars, but the
raising activity related to the team.

The Chicago bulls is related to economy because Chicago before being the gateway to the Midwest, was
the gate for the animal’s production.

The mule walking, there’s beer production

The green packers, the Huston rockets is interesting because the name came from different place in San
Diego; the Oilers came from the oil production of the golf coast.

In the secondary industry, we have the red wings.

The red socks took the name from an other team. The Cincinnati reds, during the 50s, being communists
was not considered good in USA. During the mericrotism era, the Chicago red legs have to cut mustaches
and they changed the name because they were accused of being filo-communists.

Fantasies:
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At home: My task in managing and guiding, what have I done specifically.