ÇAKÜ – EEM 362 (Yarıyılsonu Sınavı - FE)

Öğrenci Ad Soyad : Tarih : 29.06.2021

Öğrenci No : Açık Kaynak Sınav

Sorular

1. (70 Puan) Bir mesaj sinyali, x  t  , (1.1)’de verilmiştir.

x  t   0.5sin 1000 t  0.25  (1.1)

A. x  t  Nyquist hızının (rate), beş katında periyodik dar dikdörtgenimsi sinyal ile örneklenecektir.
Bu dar dikdörtgenimsi sinyalin, x p t  , zaman eksenindeki matematiksel ifadesini yazın, Ts ’nin
(örnekleme periyodu) rakamsal büyüklüğünü belirtin.

B. x  t  ve x p  t  ’yi, xs  t   x  t  x p  t  ’yi zaman ekseninde çizin, aynı şekilde

X  f  , X p  f  ve X s  f  ’yi frekans eksenine göre çizin.

C. xs  t  ’yi L  8 seviye ile quantize edin. x  t  ’nin tam bir turu için quantize seviyeleri belirtin.
x  t  ’nin tam bir turu için örneklenmiş ve quantize edilmiş şeklini çizin. Quantize
yuvarlamasından oluşan hata için SNR saptayınız.

D. Quantize edilmiş örneklerden, PCM kodlanmış dalga şeklini ve M  4, 8 çok seviyeli

sinyalleri oluşturun ve çizin.

E. M  8 ’i ve c  t   cos 15000 t  taşıyıcısını alarak ASK, PSK and FSK dalga şekillerini çizin.

Solution :

A. From (1.1), we have, f m  500 Hz . The sampling frequency is to be the five times of the
Nyquist rate, i.e., f s  5 2 f m  5 kHz . Then from (1.11) of lecture notes entitled, "ECE
373_PCM_Sept 2013_HTE", we write for the corresponding x p  t  as follows

AT   nT 
xp t    sinc   exp  j 2 nf s t  (1.2)
Ts n 
 Ts 

where Ts  1/ f s  0.2 msec . This means that there are ten samples per unit cycle of x  t  .

B. The expressions of xs  t   x  t  x p  t  in time domain, similarly X  f  , X p  f  and X s  f  in

frequency domain are given below

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xs  t   x  t  x p  t   Multiplication in time domain
AT   nT 
Xs  f   X  f  X p  f   X  f    sinc     f  nf s   Convolution in frequency domain
Ts n 
 Ts 

X  f     f  nf s    X  f   f
1
 f1  nf s  df1  X  f  nf s 


AT   nT 
Xs  f    sinc  T  X  f  nf s  (1.3)
Ts n 
 s 

where X  f  is

X  f   F  x  t    F 0.5sin 1000 t  0.25  

j
 exp  j 0.25    f  f m   exp   j 0.25    f  f m   (5.11)
4

B. Plot x  t  and x p  t  , xs  t   x  t  x p  t  in time domain, similarly plot of

X  f  , X p  f  and X s  f  in frequency domain are given in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1 Time waveforms and the spectrums of message signal, sampling waveform and the
sampled waveform.

C. The quantization of xs  t  into L  8 levels and the quantization levels within (more than) one
complete cycle of x  t  is plotted in Fig. 1.2.

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 Fig. 1.2 Sampled and quantized levels of x  t  at f s  5 kHz and L  8 .

Sample
2nd 3rd 1st 4th 10th 5th 9th 6th 8th 7th
number
Sample
0.4938 0.4455 0.3536 0.227 0.0782 -0.0782 -0.227 -0.3536 -0.4455 -0.4938
level
Quantized
0.4375 0.4375 0.3125 0.1875 0.0625 -0.0625 -0.1875 -0.3125 -0.4375 -0.4375
level
PCM,
Encoded 111 111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000 000
sequence

Table 1.1 Sample and quantized levels of first eight samples of x  t  and their corresponding
PCM encoded sequence.

From (2.2) of notes, “ECE 373_PCM_Sept 2013_HTE”, assuming that the distribution of q
constitutes a uniform pdf as depicted in Fig. 2.3 of the same notes, we find the quantization error
as

q 2 0.0156
 e2    0.0013  13104 (1.5)
12 12

On the other hand, from Table 1.1, we calculate the quantization error as

1 
 t2  2   0.4938  0.4375   2   0.4455  0.4375   2   0.3636  0.3125 
2 2 2

10 
 2   0.227  0.1875   2   0.0782  0.0625    13  10-4
2 2
(1.6)


The results in (1.5) and (1.6) are in perfect agreement.

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 SNR  3L2  192 or 23.84 dB (1.7)

D. PCM encoded waveform, i.e., M  2 , and multilevel waveforms for M  4, 8 are displayed
in Fig. 1.3.

Fig. 1.3 PCM encoded waveform, i.e., M  2 , and multilevel waveforms of M  4, 8 for x  t  .
E. ASK, PSK and FSK waveforms based on M  8 multilevel signal of x  t  are displayed in
Figs. 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6.

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Fig. 1.4 ASK waveform for M  8 .

Fig. 1.5 PSK waveform for M  8 .

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Fig. 1.6 FSK waveform for M  8 .

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2. (30 Points) Answer the following questions as True or False. For the False ones give the
correct answer or the reason. For the True ones, justify your answer

a) Aynı şeritte arka arkaya giden iki araç fiziksel eksendeki çoklamaya iyi bir örnektir : False,
in such a case, physical lane (space) is the same, probably the speed (frequency) is the
same so that they remain one behind the other, the vehicle (code) is the same, so the only
option left is time, hence this is a good example of TDM.

b) FM’de, ihtiyaç duyulan band genişliği taşıyıcı frekansından bağımsızdır : True, but this
applies to any modulation type, not specifically to FM.

c) Nyquist hızından daha fazla hızlarda örnekleme band genişliği ihtiyacını azattır : False,
sampling above Nyquist rate demands more bandwidth, since time interval is more sliced.

d) Nonuniform quantalama örnekleme hızını azaltır : False, uniform or nonuniform

quantization have no effect on sampling rate.

e) Hat kodları (line codes) Mary seviyeleri yaratmak için kullanılır : False, as explained in
section 5 of lecture notes entitled, " ECE 373_PCM_Sept 2013_HTE", line codes serve to
eliminate DC level, facilitate synchronization and achieve bandwidth savings.

f) Spektral yoğunluk fonksiyonu, mesaj sinyalinin zamana göre değişimini gösterir : False,
spectral density shows the absolute value of the amplitude squared variation of a signal
along frequency axis.

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