modifiers

For example:

Mary is a beautiful girl

Mary always dates handsome boys

Mary (Who is a beautiful girl) always dates handsome boys

Mary, a beautiful girl, always dates handsome boys

A beautiful girl, Mary always dates handsome boys

Built in 2001, Sampoerna building was the tallest building in Jakarta.

Sampoerna Building (which was built in 2001) was the tallest building in Jakarta

Sampoerna building, built in 2001, was the tallest building in Jakarta.

Poisonous and deadly, Mamba snakes kill many people in Australia.

Mamba snakes,Poisonous and deadly,kill many people in Australia.

She, who wanted to be left alone, refused to answer her phone

Wanting to be left alone, she refused to answer her telephone.

Adjective clause/ reduced adjective clause

The girl who stole his heart was his classmate (who is for noun subject)

The boy whom she gave her heart to was dead

The car whose rear windows are broken belongs to my dad.

My dad whose dog was dead was heartbroken

Jakarta where I spent my childhood is very dark in the evening nowadays.

Jakarta in which I spent my childhood is very dark in the evening nowadays.

The bag which i got for my birthday was stolen

The lady is sad

The lady who is wearing a red dress is sad

The lady who owns a big house is sad

The girl who gave me a purse for my birthday is my best friend whom I love dearly
The lady who stole the money was caught.

The lady whom the boy loves is his mom.

I know the man who built this monument.

I know the girl whom he loves very much.

The women were protesting against the injustice treatment

The women who were protesting against the injustice treatment wore black.

The women protesting against the injustice treatment wore black.

Hapus connector and change the verb into verb ing (active)

The man who robbed the bank was caught

The man robbing the bank was caught

The protesters who marched in front of the assembly were jailed

The protesters marching in front of the assembly were jailed.

My teacher punished the students who cheated during exam

My teacher punished the students cheating during exam.

The girl who stole his heart was beautiful.

The girl stealing his heart was beautiful.

The girl who cried on his funeral was his girl friend.

The girl crying on his funeral was his girlfriend.

The lady who wears black all the time is in mourning.

The lady wearing black all the time is in mourning.

The cat that stole the fish was a naughty cat.

The Woman who cheated on her husband felt remorse.

The cat stealing the fish was a naughty cat

My brother brought home a cat which always stole food.

My brother brought home a cat stealing food.

passive

The paintings which were painted by the famous painter are expensive (complete adjective
clause/passive)

Reduce it by erasing the connector and the verb be (was/were or is/are)

The paintings painted by the famous painter are expensive.

The man who was killed in the accident left behind a tortured family

The man killed in the accident left behind a tortured family

The bag which was given by my friend was expensive.

The nerve endings known as taste buds

Inverted subject

Starting with:

Not only, only, never, adverb of place, rarely, seldom, often, adverb of frequency.

The subject will be inverted, takes question form

Akan dimulai dengan auxiliary verb: do, does, is , are, were, can,have, has
On narrow patches of the forest are found poisonous mushrooms.

She has never disappointed me in my life

Never in my life has she disappointed me

She accepted my proposal only when I told her I had money.

Only when I told her I had money, did she accept my proposal

Often was she sad without any reason whatsoever.

In the deepest mountain are found the most exotic birds

She never liked Korean drama. did

Never did she like korean drama.

Phrasal verbs

Contribute to

Dedicate to

Be used to

Followed by gerund

She dedicates her life to saving the poor.

We are used to sleeping under the stars

We used to live in Pekanbaru

Gerund functions as a noun

Don’t forget to lock the door before you leave

Don’t forget to lock the door before leaving.

present participle functions as an adjective

Boring movies

I don’t want to watch another boring movie

Irregular plural
Singular plural

Hypnosis hypnoses

Datum data

Fungus fungi

Alumnus alumni

Phenomenon phenomena

Curriculum curricula

the bag which was bought in the dept store was expensive/

the man who stole the money was apprehended

silk fabrics are woven from the cocoons of silkworms

the leaves of mulberry provide food for silkworm

I got inspiration for my poems from my children’s laughter

My children’s laughter is very infectious

My children’s laughter from which I got inspiration for my poems is very infectious.

Type i

I will pass the test if I study hard

If I study hard, I will pass the test

Should I study hard, I will pass the test

If she is sad, he will comfort herd

Should she be sad, he will comfort her

If they are bullied, the teacher will protect them

Type 2

If I were a bird, I would fly away

Were I a bird, I would fly away

If she were pretty, he would date her

Were she pretty, he would date her

If he finished all the problems, he would be happy

(there’s an action verb)

Were he to finish all the problems, he would be happy

Verbs that are followed by adjectives

Linking verbs:

Appear, become

Sense verbs:

Seem, look, sound, taste, feel, smell

Example

The house looks magnificent

She seems sad

The music sounded bad

Article a and an

An apple

A student

An hour a hotel

A uniform an officer

Adverb:

Modifies verb

She dances in front of a crowd (verb)

She dances gracefully in front of a crowd (verb)

She reluctantly accepted his proposal

She is jailed for expressing her opinion.

She is jailed for expressing her opinion freely.

Modifies adjective

They are angry about the result of the election

They are extremely angry about the result of the election

Modifies another adverb

She is very pretty

She is so very pretty

fast, hard

She works hard……adverb

She is a hard worker….. adjective

She learns fast

She is a fast learner

She powerfully empowered her followers.

She very powerfully empowered her followers.

adverbs menerangkan : verbs (kata kerja) She powerfully declined the proposal.

adverbs menerangkan : adjective (kata sifat) She is extremely angry

adverbs menerangkan : adverbs (kata keterangan) The sad music very powerfully influenced the
audience’s emotion,

She is a fast learner (adjective menerangkan kata benda “learner”)

She learns fast (adverb menerangkan kata kerja “learns’)

not adverbs, end with -ly (adjective)

deadly

costly
Pronoun possessive adj. possessive pronoun

I my (book) mine

You your yours

They their theirs

We our ours

He his

She her

It its

Neither…nor

Either..or

Not only…but also

Both…and

Example:

She doesn’t like either cooking or cleaning the house

She likes neither cooking nor cleaning the house

Both my mother and I like to go shopping

She is not only good at math but she is also excellent at everything else

Because of, in spite of, despite are followed by noun {phrase},

I didn’t go to the office yesterday because of the rain

Because of my sickness, I was absent yesterday

He still loves her despite her flawss

Because, although, eventhough are followed by clause/sentence

I was mad because she lied to me

Because she was late, I left her behind

Although it rained yesterday, I still went to the office

the beautiful girl across the

Adjective clause yang memiliki phrasal verb

The money which was stolen had been found by the police

She spends most of her time in her garden

The garden is very beautiful

The garden in which she spends most of her time is beautiful

She is known for her artworks

Her artworks are very exquisite

Her artworks for which she is known are very exquisite

Noun…. of …. noun

the beauty of the land

noun can be modified by adjective

the magnificent beauty of the beautiful land

adjective can be modified by adverb

the extremely magnificent beauty of the really beautiful land

the voice of the singer

the beautiful voice of talented singer

the wonderfully beautiful voice of the really talented singer

CAUSATIVE ; MAKE, HAVE, LET + BARE INFINITIVE

I let my brothers borrow my bike.

I make my friends do my homework

GET + TO INFINITIVE

He got his girlfriend to pick him up.

phrasal verbs : contribute to, dedicate to, look forward to, be used to + v-ing/noun

she contributes her life to helping the poor

I look forward to seeing you

i am used to eating at home during the pandemic

we used to live in Tebet

conditional “IF”

type 1

present tense + future tense

If I study hard, i will pass the test

type 2

past tense + would

If I skipped school, my mom would kill me

If she were pretty, he would ask her out.

the difference between ‘ a number’ and ‘ the number’

both are followed by plural nouns

a number of students are protesting in front of the dean’s office.

the number of students is protesting in front of the dean’s office.

a number of books were destroyed because of the flood.

the number of books was stolen.

few….. a few

sedikit… banyak

John F. Kennedy was the first president who resided in the white house.

John F. Kennedy was the first president residing in the white house.

John F. Kennedy was the first president to reside in the white house.

noun clause

subject of a sentence

that,what

That she left without saying goodbye broke his heart

what you did was unbelievable.

object of a sentence

I know what you did last summer

I hate what she did to him

object of preposition

I’m in love with what you’ve done to my room.

She is known for what she contributed to the poor.

adjective: pure adjective

lazy, beautiful, angry, reluctant

adjectives which are formed from verb

active meaning akhiran ing

to bore

boring = membosankan (awalan -me)

to care

caring

to excite

exciting

passive meaning akhiran -ed/ v3 ( ada awalan-di/ pure adjective)

to bully

bullied

to bore

bored = bosen

Built in 2004, Sampoerna building was the tallest building in Jakarta

Despite, in spite of are followed by a phrase

Despite the rain, The weather was very pleasant yesterday

Although is followed by a clause

Although it rained yesterday, I still went to the office

My children are creative children

I get my inspiration from my children.

My children from whom I get my inspiration are creative children.

My children from whom I get my inspiration are creative children.

Her cooking is delicious.

She is known for her cooking.

Her cooking for which she is known is delicious

Despite

In spite of

they are followed by a phrase

Despite the rain, I still came to the office.

In spite of the cruelty, She survived the ordeal.

In spite of my sickness, I still went to the office yesterday.

Despite the hardships, he managed to be successful.

Although

is followed by a clause

Although I was sick, I still went to the office yesterday.

Although he encountered hardships, he managed to be successful.

My mom got an expensive bag for my birthday.

A. She was given a luxurious bag for her birthday

when there is a phrase “ the first”, the sentence that allows will use ‘ to infinitive

The first man to land on the moon was Neil Amstrong

Noun of Noun

The concept of musical harmony

The beauty of Indonesia

The incredible beauty of magnificent Indonesia

The extremely incredible beauty of excellently magnificent Indonesia.

Active voice

S + V +O/compliment

She bought some flowers

Passive voice

O—Subject + verb be(is,am, are/was, were) + V3

Some flowers were bought by her.

number of

A number of students were punished for smoking.

The number of students increases.

Eka is inviting you to a scheduled Zoom meeting.

Imagery and rephrasing are rich in Lamia, Isabella and the Eve of St agnes.

Lamia, Isabella were written by english poet, John Keat.

Lamia, isabela and the eve of st. agnes in which imagery and rephrasing are rich, were written by English
poet, John Keats.

Macam2 modifiers (sisipan)

Present participle (v-ing)

The red-haired girl, *trying so hard to swim to the shore,* was a survivor.

Main clausenya adalah: The red- haired girl was a survivor.

Modifier bisa diletakkan di awal

*Trying so hard to swim to the shore* the red-haired girl was a survivor.

*Past Participle*

The badminton players, *tired with all the routines,* decided to have some fun.

*Tired with all the routines,* the badminton players decided to have some fun.

*Appositive*

Mary, *the most beautiful girl in the class,* has many suitors.

*The most beautiful girl in the class*, Mary has many suitors.

*Adjective Phrase*

*Poisonous and deadly*, Mamba snakes kill many people in Australia.

Mamba snakes, *poisonous and deadly*, kill many people in Australia.Macam2 modifiers (sisipan)

Present participle (v-ing)

The red-haired girl, *trying so hard to swim to the shore,* was a survivor.

Main clausenya adalah: The red- haired girl was a survivor.

Modifier bisa diletakkan di awal

*Trying so hard to swim to the shore* the red-haired girl was a survivor.

*Past Participle*

The badminton players, *tired with all the routines,* decided to have some fun.

*Tired with all the routines,* the badminton players decided to have some fun.

*Appositive*

Mary, *the most beautiful girl in the class,* has many suitors.

*The most beautiful girl in the class*, Mary has many suitors.

*Adjective Phrase*

*Poisonous and deadly*, Mamba snakes kill many people in Australia.

Mamba snakes, *poisonous and deadly*, kill many people in Australia.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

She is a woman

She is a woman who knows everything.

She bought a bag

She bought a bag which was very pricey.

My father, whose car was stolen, was furious.

He gave some flowers to his girlfriend whom he loved very much.

He gave some flowers to his girlfriend who loved him dearly.

sentence structure

S+V

She cooks

s+V+O

He bought some flowers

S + Verb be + adjective/ noun

She is clever

He is a doctor

She is an actress

She is a beautiful actress

She is a beautiful actress who plays in box office movies.

She is a beautiful actress playing in box office movies.

She, who plays in box office movies, is a beautiful actress.

She, playing in box office movies, is a beautiful actress.

The cat which stole the fish was naughty.

hapus relative pronoun (which, who, that…), ganti verb menjadi V-ing

the cat stealing the fish was naughty.

The man who robbed the bank was caught by the police.

The man robbing the bank was caught by the police.

The paintings are expensive.

One of the paintings was stolen

The paintings (which were painted by the famous painter) are expensive.

The paintings painted by the famous painter are expensive.

Hapus relative pronoun, hapus verb be, sisaan v3

the girl who was left by her boyfriend was broken-hearted.

the girl left by her boyfriend was broken-hearted

The house which was burned down by the arson was demolished.

the house burned down by the arson was demolished.

parts of speech

verb

take, buy, enlighten, clarify….

is, are, was, were

Noun, pronoun

book, woman, she, he, cooking , fishing

Adjective modifies noun

beautiful, sad, angry

boring (membosankan)

soothing music ( menenangkan)

abducted victims

adverbs menerangkan : verbs (kata kerja) She powerfully declined the proposal.

adverbs menerangkan : adjective (kata sifat) She is extremely angry

adverbs menerangkan : adverbs (kata keterangan) The sad music very powerfully influenced the
audience’s emotion,

Subject + who

The woman who likes flowers is my mom.

The man who was sick on the train passed away.

Subject (noun) + which

The bag which was bought in Paris is expensive.

The flowers which grow in her garden are beautiful.

She gave the man who repaired her car some money.

She gave the man whom she loved, her heart.

The man whose wife is beautiful gives all his attention.

The author whose writing is famous passed away last night.