FACTORS

AFFECTING
CLIMATE
QUARTER 3 WEEKS 5-6
MELC
• Explain how each factor affects the climate of
an area (S9ES-IIIe-30)
Objectives

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. Distinguish climate from weather.

2. Describe the factors that affect climate.
3. Explain how each factor affects the climate
of an area.
What is weather?

•A day-to-day temperature and

precipitation activity.
•It varies from time to time.
What is Climate?

•A pattern of weather in a certain area

over a long period of time.
• According to PAGASA, the
climate of the Philippines is
tropical and maritime, which
is characterized by relatively
high temperature, high
humidity and abundant
rainfall.
• Every January of the year,
you experience the coldest
temperature, while every
May, you feel the warmest
temperature.
Factors Affecting Climate

•Latitude
•Altitude
•Bodies of water
•Topography
•Ocean currents
Activity 1–When the Sun’s Rays Strike
• Objective: Explain how latitude affects climate
• Procedure: Study the illustration below and answer the
following questions.
Activity 1–When the Sun’s Rays Strike
Guide Questions:
• Q1. How much is the tilt of the Earth’s axis?
• Q2. Which part of the Earth receives most of the sun’s rays?
• Q3. Why does the amount of heat received by places far
from the equator become less?
• Q4. Why are the coldest places on Earth found near the
poles?
• Q5. Why are places with high temperatures found at the
equator?
• Q6. How does latitude affect climate?
 Latitude
• the measurement of
distance north and south of
the equator.
• These are imaginary lines
that form circles around the
Earth’s east - west regions
parallel to the equator.
 Latitude
• Latitude influences the
climate of a region
because different latitudes
receive different amounts
of solar radiation.
 Latitude
• the sun’s rays strike vertically
in places near the equator
which makes the
temperature in these areas
higher. This causes a warm
climate in the region near
the equator.
• Places that are not vertically
hit by the sun’s rays,
experience cold climate.
 Latitude
• As the latitude increases, the
smaller the angle of the sun’s
rays striking the surface.
• Therefore, when the area is
farther from the equator, the
air temperature is lower.
When the place is closer to
the equator, the air
temperature is higher.
 Latitude
• The closer the place is to the equator,
the warmer the climate is; the farther
the place is from the equator, the
colder the climate is.
Activity 2 – The Higher, the Colder
• Objective: Explain how altitude affect climate
• Materials: Pencil or ballpen, Ruler
• Procedure: Study the data presented on Table 1 below
then answer the following questions.
Activity 2 – The Higher, the Colder
Guide Questions:

• Q1. Which place is the coldest?

• Q2. Which place is the hottest?
• Q3. Based on the data, what is the relationship
between altitude and temperature of a
place?
Altitude
• The elevation of a place above
sea level.
• The altitude of a place will
affect the air temperature.
• Climate conditions become
colder as altitude increases
because the air temperature
decreases as the altitude
increases.
Altitude
• For every 1000 m, there is
a drop of 6.50C. At higher
elevation, there is less air.
The air molecules are
farther apart, thus making
the air less dense. Lighter
air cannot absorb much
heat.
 Altitude
• Ultimately, the decrease in
temperature is due to the
decrease in air pressure.
• This explains why Baguio,
Mountain Province, Tagaytay,
and other highlands have colder
climates as compared to
Bacolod, Manila and Tacloban
which have lower altitudes.
 Altitude
• The air temperature decreases
as the altitude increases. Places
with higher elevations have
colder climates.
Activity 3. Which Should I Choose,
Windward or Leeward?
• Objective: To differentiate windward and leeward
sides of a high land; and to explain how
topography affects climate
• Materials: pencil or ballpen, An illustration of the
windward and leeward sides of a mountain
• Procedure: Study the illustration below and answer
the guide questions that follow.
Activity 3. Which Should I Choose,
Windward or Leeward?
Activity 3. Which Should I Choose,
Windward or Leeward?
Guide Questions:

• Q1.What happens to water vapor as it rises over the mountain?

• Q2. Which side of the mountain experiences low temperature?
• Q3. Which side of the mountain experiences high
temperature?
• Q4.What happens when air becomes warmer and drier as it
moves down the leeward side?
• Q5. What dry region forms at the back of the mountain?
• Q6. How does topography affect climate?
Topography

• Mountain is an example
of topographical
features of the land.
• The picture shows the
two sides of the
mountain. One side is
facing the wing and has
low temperature.
 Topography

• Clouds are forming here due

to the condensation of
water vapor. This formation
of clouds develops to
become rain.
• On the other side of the
mountain, there is no cloud
formation. The temperature
is high and precipitation
does not happen. This results
in the formation of a dry and
warm region.
Topography

• Mountainous areas greatly

affect the amount of
precipitation in a certain
region. The area in which
the wind blows is called
the windward side.
• Here, the wind is blocked
by the mountain, forcing it
to move upward. As it
moves up, the water vapor
condenses and forms
clouds.
 Topography
• This will result in precipitation of
the windward side. The air moves
down towards the opposite
region called leeward side.
• The cold air mass starts to absorb
heat and becomes warm and
dry. As the result, the area near
the leeward side becomes dry
and has less precipitation. The dry
region on the leeward side is
called rain shadow. Vegetation in
this region includes desert plants
and grassland.
 Topography
• Mountain is an example of a
topographical feature of the land.
Topography is another factor that
affects the climate of a certain
place.
Activity 4 – Ocean Currents

• Objective: Explain how ocean currents affect

climate
• Materials: pencil/ballpen, map that illustrates
ocean currents, ruler, short bond paper
• Procedure: Study the map below and answer
the guide questions that follow.
Activity 4 – Ocean Currents

• Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current
Activity 4 – Ocean Currents

Guide Questions:

• Q1. What are the different ocean currents that carry warm
water? Give at least three examples.
• Q2. What are the different ocean currents that carry cold water?
Give at least three examples
• Q3.What kind of air does Greenland Current take along? Explain.
• Q4. How do the Kamchatka and Kuroshio Current affect the
northeastern part and southern part of Japan?
• Q5. How do ocean currents affect climate change?
Ocean Currents
• created by wind, water
temperature, salt content,
and the gravity of the
moon. It has the role of
keeping our planet warm.
• can increase or reduce
the temperatures of the
nearby landmass.
Ocean Currents
• The majority of radiation
from the sun is absorbed
by the ocean, particularly
in tropical waters around
the equator, where the
ocean acts like a massive,
heat-retaining solar panel.
Ocean Currents
• Land areas also
absorb some
sunlight, and the
atmosphere helps
to retain heat that
would otherwise
quickly radiate into
space after sunset.
Ocean Currents
• The figure shows
different loops and
gyres of surface
currents around the
world. In the Northern
hemisphere, the
current flows in a
clockwise direction.
 Ocean Currents
• On the other hand, in the
Southern hemisphere, the
current flows in
counterclockwise direction.
These clockwise and
counterclockwise of ocean
currents are caused by the
Coriolis effect.
 Ocean Currents
• Ocean currents that flow
away from the equator carries
warm water. The air above
the water has higher
temperature.
• When ocean currents that
bring cold water move
towards a coastal region, the
temperature of the area
decreases as warmer air from
the land flows to the sea
resulting in a cold climate.
 Ocean Currents
• When warm ocean currents
that take long warm water
go to a land mass, the
temperature of that place
increases as warmer air
above the water flows
inland, resulting in a warm
climate.
 Ocean Currents
• They affect the temperature of the
nearby landmass. Warm currents
that move from the equator towards
the pole carry warm water. On the
other hand, cold currents that travel
from the poles toward the equator
carry cold water.
Bodies of Water
Bodies of Water
• Bodies of water also affect
the climate of the nearby
landmass. Large bodies of
water such as oceans, seas,
and large lakes affect the
climate of an area.
• Water heats and cools more
slowly than land. Therefore,
in the summer, the coastal
regions will stay cooler and
in winter warmer.
Bodies of Water
• Land absorbs heat faster than
water. At the same time, land
releases heat faster compared
to water. This nature of water
greatly influences the climate.
Bodies of Water
• If there are no bodies of water
to moderate the climate the
same conditions follow as with
vast, flat plains. The climate
condition is continental with
more extreme temperatures, a
larger range, and less
precipitation.
Bodies of Water
• Places that are near the oceans
have moderate climate as the body
of water regulates the temperature.
Even as both land and water
absorb the same amount of heat,
the temperature of water rises
more slowly than that of land.
• Because land heats up faster than
water, air temperature above the
sea is lower than above the ground
during daytime.
Bodies of Water
• Warm air thus moves out from
land to sea, slowing down the
rise of air temperature above
the land. Thus, places without
a body of water nearby tend to
have higher temperature
during daytime.
Bodies of Water
• At night, land cools down
faster than water, so the air
temperature above ground is
lower than that above the sea.
Warm air then flows from sea
to land, so the drop-in air
temperature above the ground
is moderated.
Bodies of Water
• Places that are far from the
bodies of water have extreme
climates, as there are no
immediate bodies of water that
will help circulate the movement
of cold and warm air.
Bodies of Water
• The reason why the
temperature of water rises and
falls more slowly than land is
that water has higher heat
capacity. Because of this, water
also absorbs more heat in warm
days and slowly releases it in
cold days.
• That is why during summer,
places that are near a body of
water will have moderate
temperature because water
absorbs more heat.
Bodies of Water
• Similarly, during winter,
surrounding water slowly
releases heat causing the
cooling effect to become
lesser than normal in the
nearby landmass.