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EE055-3-2-RS RESERVOIR SIMULATION

LABORATORY REPORT
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TITLE: Bumper Car using Software (SOLIDWORKS)

NAME:
MOHAMED BAKRI OSMAN ABDEMAGED

STUDENT ID: TP058786

INTAKE: APU3F2211PE

LECTURER: DR. MUHAMMAD SYAHMI AFIF BIN MOKHTAR YAZID

DATE: 25 March 2023

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

I. LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………
II. LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………..................
III. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..............
IV. OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………….................
V. Scenario 1…………………………………………………………….........................
VI. Scenario 2……………………………………………………………….....................
VII. Scenario 3……………………………………………………………………………..
VIII. Discussion ………………………………………………...........................................
IX. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….............
X. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………..............

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: ……………………………………………………………………………...….
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Figure 12: ………………………………………………………………………………….
Figure 13: …………………………………………………………………………..….…
Figure 14: ………………………………………………………………………………....
Figure 15: …………………………………………………………………………………

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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INTRODUCTION

t-Navigator is the market's first and only solution that dynamically integrates a fully interactive
3D graphical user interface with a record-breaking parallel supercomputing engine.

Simulators for black oil fundamentally account for three phases: oil, water, and gas. The
pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) characteristics control the potential mass exchange between
the oil and the gas. Components, or more accurately, pseudo-components, are conserved in more
complicated simulation models. The interchange of oil fractions reduces interfacial tension and
improves sweep efficiency in multiple-contact miscibility. When dealing with waterflooding in
heavy to light oils, a black-oil composition may suffice.

Reservoir Modeling
Black oil, compositional, and thermal reservoir simulators are driven by universal fluid flow
equations, governed by physical principles, and augmented with cutting-edge current computing
technologies.
1. Value-chain integration modelling
2. Effective use of all available hardware (CPU+GPU engine)
3. Dual Permeability Dual Porosity (DPDP)
4. Geomechanics
5. Coupling models
6. Steam-flooding, Hydraulic Fracturing, and Unusual

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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For this tNAVIGATOR assignment we are given some Initial Conditions below:

Initial Conditions:
1. Initial pressure at 6000 ft: 3750 psia.
2. The oil-water contact is below the reservoir (6125 ft), with zero capillary pressure at the
contact.

Wells and Production schedule:

1. Drill your wells based on waterflooding pattern to design the best well scenarios that give
highest oil recovery and profit.
2. The inside diameter of the wells is 1.5’.
3. Produce at the gross rate of 3,333 STB liquid/day with a minimum bottom hole pressure limit
of 1500 psia. Note: Maximum production will be held constant at 3,333 STB liquid/day and
maximum production well will be 4 wells.
4. Inject 4,000 STB water/day with a maximum bottom hole pressure limit of 5500 psia. Note:
Maximum injection will be held constant at 4,000 STB liquid/day and maximum injection
well will be 8 wells.
5. Start simulation on 31st December 2023 and use time steps of 1 days each for 10 years.

OBJECTIVES

1. The objective of this assignment is to drill your wells based on waterflooding pattern to
determine the best scenario to obtain the highest oil recovery and profit on 30th December
2033.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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Insertion of data:

Porosity (%) Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5

In all Directions X, 16 19 19 19 8
Y, Z
Table A1: Porosity for Layer 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Permeability mD Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5

In X Direction 166 165 221 362 13

In Y Direction 166 165 221 362 13

In Z Direction 166 165 221 362 13

Table A1 Permeability in x, y and z Direction for Layer 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Pressure (psia) Bw (RB/STB) cw (psi-1) μw (cp)

3750 1.02 3.8 x 10-6 0.88
Table A3: Water PVT Data at Reservoir Pressure and Temperature

Pressure (psia) Bo (RB/STB) μo (cp)

14 1.35 0.88
150 1.30 0.93
300 1.25 1.02
6000 1.15 2.05
Table A4: Oil PVT Data

Depth of Bubble point Oil density at Water density at Compressibility

reservoir top (ft) pressure (psia) surface condition surface condition of rock at 3750
(lbm/SCF) (lbm/SCF) psia (psi-1)
6000 300 49.78 63.58 5.5 x 10-6

Table A5: Other Relevant Data

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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Step 1:

After writing the code and open in T-navigator software you can see the reservoir

Step 2:

Produce at the gross rate of 3,333 STB liquid/day with a minimum bottom hole pressure limit of
1500 psia. Note: Maximum production will be held constant at 3,333 STB liquid/day and
maximum production well will be 4 wells. You can add any number of wells be they should not
be more than 3,333

before we add your injection and production well you cannot do it in the 3D, it needed to measure
under 2D. because whenever you moving your mouse cursor the coordinate will change that why
you have to change to 2D.

I going to be adding 2 production well, The diameter of the well is 1.35, and
the state it is open because the perforation your reservoir area is up until 3650.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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Incerting the data of the first well

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After inserting

the data of two well (each well of 1666.5)

After click on run, you can change it to become a 3D. So you can see the pressure and the
saturation of the oil.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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Without any injection wells. We will be unable to maintain the oil production and it will drastically
drop.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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Step 3:
In step 3, I add two injections wells

Scenario 1

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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Here I added one well of 3333.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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I was able to maintain the well without incjections well untill 11/9/2028

After I added two injections well of 2000.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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This is the subtraction of oil after adding the 2 injections wells.

Here are the changes in oil saturation from the beginning untill the end.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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The changes that happened in the pressure at the end.

Scenario 2

For Scenario 2 I added 3 production wells. Each production well is (1111).

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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I was able to maintain the well without injection well untill 25/4/2028

After I added two injections well of 2000.

This is the subtraction of oil after adding the 2 injections wells.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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Here are the changes in oil saturation from the beginning untill the end.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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The changes that happened in the pressure at the end.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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Scenario 3

For scenario 3 I added 2 producting wells of 1666.5 the total is 3333.

And then I added 2 injection wells of 2000, total is 4000.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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Here are the changes in oil saturation from the beginning untill the end.

The changes that happened in the pressure at the end.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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COST OF PRODUCTION AND INJECTION WELLS

The atypical rig market circumstances, well depth, diameter, casing design, well type (i.e.
exploratory, development, etc.), and well location are the key elements determining drilling well
costs (i.e. onshore, offshore, and geographic proximity to infrastructure and resources).
Moreover, there are other secondary factors that influence drilling costs. Among the factors are
the overall depth of the well, the kind of rock formation, the hole diameter, the casing program,
and the remoteness of the drilling location. Several of these variables are critical because they
have a significant impact on other drilling variables.
In general, the cost can be defined as the driller's direct expenses (such as equipment, labor,
materials, consumables, loan repayments, taxes, offi ce overheads, and legitimate and other
transaction costs). Drilling expenses, by definition, include all resources necessary to create a
hole for hydrocarbon production. They comprise the capital expenses, fixed costs, and variable
costs associated with drilling a well.

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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EE055-3-2-RS Individual Assignment Page 1 of 10
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Scenario 1

In scenario one, there are one production well of 3333 STB liquid/day each total of 3333 STB
liquid/day, and two water injection wells of 2000 STB liquid/day each, total of 40000 STB
liquid/day. One vertical well cost 50 252 USD a day, thus I utilized one of them, each for ten
years:

Each vertical well costs 50 252 USD per day to dig, and the process takes 2.5 months
So 50 252 USD X 75 days which is 2.5 month
50,252 USD x 75 = 3,769,400 USD
So the result of this calculation is 3,769,400 USD.
3,769,400 USD X 1

=3,769,400 USD

Scenario 2
In scenario two, there are 3 production well of 3333 STB liquid/day each total of 3333 STB
liquid/day, and two water injection wells of 2000 STB liquid/day each, total of 40000 STB
liquid/day. One vertical well cost 50 252 USD a day, thus I utilized one of them, each for ten
years:

Each vertical well costs 50 252 USD per day to dig, and the process takes 2.5 months
So 50 252 USD X 75 days which is 2.5 month
50,252 USD x 75 = 3,769,400 USD
So the result of this calculation is 3,769,400 USD.
3,769,400 USD X 3

=11308200 USD

Scenario 3
In scenario one, there are 2 production well of 3333 STB liquid/day each total of 3333 STB
liquid/day, and two water injection wells of 2000 STB liquid/day each, total of 40000 STB
liquid/day. One vertical well cost 50 252 USD a day, thus I utilized one of them, each for ten
years:

Each vertical well costs 50 252 USD per day to dig, and the process takes 2.5 months
So 50 252 USD X 75 days which is 2.5 month
50,252 USD x 75 = 3,769,400 USD
So the result of this calculation is 3,769,400 USD.
3,769,400 USD X 2

=7538800 USD

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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COST OF CRUDE OIL

According to Trading Economics global macro models and analyst forecasts, crude oil is
predicted to trade at 79.47 USD/BBL by the end of this quarter. Going ahead, we expect it will
trade at 88.47 in 12 months.

Historically, crude oil peaked at 147.27 dollars a barrel in July of 2008. Crude oil data,
projections, and historical charts were most recently updated in March of 2023.

The oil production in the three scenarios was projected to be 3,333 STB liquid/day:

APU Level 3 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 20230127

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· 3,333 X 365 = 1,216,545 STB liquid/day o 1,216,545 STB liquid/day X 10 years = 1,216,5450.
STB liquid/day

Discussion

The primary goal of water injection is to keep the reservoir pressure above the bubble point
pressure (at which all gas present is dissolved in oil), because pressure drop is the driving force
of oil flow from the reservoir to the surface. The injection is also intended to sweep the residual
oil back to the producers.

The usage and performance of waterflooding are affected by a number of elements, including
rock wettability, rock and fluid characteristics, formation heterogeneities, flood patterns,
injection water composition, water injection rate, and fluids production rate. Rock wettability is
concerned with how the reservoir rock's surface interacts with the fluids. The presence of
connate water in the reservoir that is more wettable than the injected water can make this
technique less efficient Water must be treated with polymers to improve viscosity and facilitate
the circulation of oil inside the reservoir.

Waterflooding efficiently necessitates a careful design pattern. Waterflood patterns are

determined by the placement of injecting and generating wells. The arrangement is made to
reduce the number of new wells drilled while increasing water injection and improving oil
recovery. Direct line drive, staggered line drive, five spot, and nine-spot patterns are the most
commonly used patterns. Both the production and injection wells immediately offset each other
in a straight line drive configuration (i.e. the distance between adjacent row of wells is the same
as the one of like wells in a row). Both injectors and producers are situated in staggered line
drive so that they do not offset each other.

The primary distinction between the first and second patterns is that when the distance between
injectors and producers is minimal, straight line drive may result in an early breakthrough,
whereas the second arrangement may decrease it. One producing well is flanked by four
injection wells in the Five Spot arrangement. It is the most commonly utilized pattern due to its
high areal sweep efficiency.

Similarly, in the nine spot design, one producing well is surrounded by nine water injection
wells; however, the key difference between this design and the five spot is that it is mostly
employed in low permeability reservoirs where a high water injection rate is necessary. Water
injection is used in reservoirs holding heavy oils by injecting hot water into the reservoir.

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REFERENCES

1. Robson, D. (2014). Rock Flow Dynamics. [online] ROGTEC. Available at:

https://www.rogtecmagazine.com/rock-flow-
dynamics/#:~:text=The%20industry%2Dleading%20reservoir%20simulator [Accessed 24
Mar. 2023].

2. www.sciencedirect.com. (n.d.). Black-Oil Simulator - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.

[online] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/black-oil-simulator
[Accessed 24 Mar. 2023].

3. www.linkedin.com. (n.d.). EOR Techniques: Water Flooding. [online] Available at:

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/eor-techniques-water-flooding-faustin-hategekimana/
[Accessed 24 Mar. 2023].

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