Design Strategies For Public Pedestrian Precincts-Ebook

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Design strategies for public pedestrian precincts
(and their application in the core area of Connaught place, New Delhi)
SANTOSH TIWARI
MANMOHAN NANGIA
Based on M.Arch Thesis, 2009, Integral University, : Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
1
Foreword:
Sitting pensively in my dirty hostel crammed room, choosing a
thesis topic was a great challenge being reminded of how that
gray-haired Professor (whom we, in our hearts of hearts, all
admired and loved) justified the monotonous rigid order of
&KDQGLJDUK¶V City Centre by being an order which could not be
spoiled by even we Indians (sic)! The comment travelled deep
down, more so, when I came face to face with the realities of the
heavenly St 3HWHU¶V Piazza of Rome and the City centre of
Sutton, two places, the memories of which always lingered, still
more with the perception that both of these are preserved by
people who are notorious for their clinical efficiency and guile.
From this an idea was born ± to take up a challenge, like
-RQDWKDQ¶V Livingstone Seagull to fly higher and still higher and
make a statement without any thought of its ever being sold.
Looking around, to me, Connaught Place, as an urban Place,
had an unforgettable nostalgic value - of far greater
significance than /XW\HQ¶V 3UHVLGHQW¶V House or the Central
Vista, because of its intrinsic beauty derived from: the serenity
of a uniform architectural order, the royalty of scale, the
magnificence of the great shopping arcade which I had
occasions to traverse, and variety of activities in which I had
subconsciously participated. Umpteen number of times, I had
visited its restaurants, shared for hours the leisurely gossip and
intellect of many a ³KDYHV´ and the ³KDG EHHQV´ sitting under
the roof of the Coffee House and enjoyed many a two-hour
peaceful naps under the cool shades of trees in its inner central
park.
In doing so, being one of the discerning few who go beyond the
apparent to lament the inhuman vastness of Connaught 3ODFH¶V
central enclosure, the far- too- many interruptions in the
continuum of the shopping arcade, the inaccessibility of the
2
Central Park and the spread of vehicular parking to every inch
of the FUHVFHQW¶V viewing foreground, I perceived it as a
pedestrian heaven in a city bulging at its seams which as the
popular saying goes has ³D glorious past but an aimless
future.´
Add to the aforesaid, the original connecting great visual vista,
between Central Secretariat and Jami Masjid, occupied by an
ugly railway over bridge; the order of the colonnades giving
way to chaotic neon hoardings; pedestrian pavements
encroached by parking bays; the curvilinear sophisticated
horizontal backdrop dotted with multistory buildings and the
tranquility of the place lost in the noise and pollution of ever
increasing vehicular traffic, Connaught Place, as of today, has
lost the grandiose and the romance associated with a Medieval
and Renaissance town &HQWUH¶V core such as St Marks, Venice
or St Peters, Rome.
There is no way the sketchy dream of Gordon Cullen of an
additional storey over the built shopping crescent to humanize
the scale of Connaught Place or Ram 6KDUPD¶V vision of inner
vehicular road, with adjacent parking, at a lower level to free
the area of vehicular traffic can be realized. Both have become
redundant in the present context of the location of the Metro
Station under the Inner Central
Park and the changed dynamics of traffic from outside-in to
inside-out. This thesis does not posit that in a contemporary
city, vehicular accessibility to an Urban Centre, and that too to
a Central Business District, can be denied but takes a position
that in addition, for Connaught Place is to be a forerunner as
an urban place of historic value, there is a need to revive and
add to Connaught Place all the qualities inherent in a
pedestrian precinct: be it freeing it from vehicular traffic; be it
its scale; the size of enclosure, addition of landmarks/markers
3
or addition of pedestrian friendly design elements irrespective
of pressures of various vested stakeholder groups.
Since the designs of large public pedestrian precincts vary to
suit context of people, place, climate, and activity, the thesis
concerns itself only with Development of Connaught Place as a
Pedestrian precinct of great historic value rather than evolution
of universally applicable strategies.
The term ³3ODFH´ comes from a Medieval Town ± an area
located in the heart of the city, in front of a church or a fort,
essentially meant for all major functions of the town: trade,
business, assembly, conversation and relaxation. Its other
counterparts are a Greek agora, a Roman Forum, a Renaissance
piazza, the Indian chowk or a maidan. Having attributes of size,
slope, enclosure, openness and orientation, in time, these
became living organisms responding to various socio-economic
and cultural patterns, including a place for exchange of ideas
and information and debates (Agrawein - Greek) of welfare of
community (Aristotle). In time to come, these places became
one the most evident feature of Urban plans from where all
types of successful urban life sprang and flourished.
With the important parameters of a contemporary town laying
emphasis on socio-economic (functional) and time preferences,
urban places of historic value are more vulnerable to losing their
aesthetic appeal and special character which for long have stood
the test of time. In Connaught Place, we, therefore, need to be
concerned not only with its preservation but also with its
adaptability to contemporary needs and demands if it has to
continue functioning as a living organism.
Towards the aforesaid end I strive.
With God Grace,
Santosh
4
CONTENTS:
Chapter-1: Introduction:
JUSTIFICATION
VALIDITY &
1.1 Preamble: Significance and importance of the 07-14

topic (Issues and concerns)
1.2 The Research Questions 15
1.3 Aims and Objectives 16
1.4 Scope & Limitations 17
Chapter-2:
Anatomy of Public cores (Pedestrian precincts)
Literature studies:
THEORIES OF
PEDESTRIAN
PRECINCTS
2.1 The philosophies behind environmental wants 18-21

2.2 The Theory of Designing exclusively Pedestrian 22-23
Cores
2.3 The theory of Pedestrian Movement 24-36
2.4 Design Parameters for analysis of Public areas 37-40
Chapter-3:
Pedestrian environment (city & public places),
LITERATURE STUDIES OF
A Historical overview
ENVIRONMENTS
3.1 Basis of Traditional Pattern of circulation 41

PEDESTRIAN
3.2 Pedestrian Environments before the advent of 42-45

Motor car
3.3 Introduction of automobile & Changing 46-49
structures : 1900-1950
3.4 Rise of new awareness (1950 onwards): Use of 50-54
urban streets from pedestrian point of view
3.5 Changing concepts of Pedestrianisation 55
(1970 onwards)
5
UNDERSTANDING THE
QUALITATIVE & Chapter-4:
QUANTITATIVE A Methodology for Study and Analysis of Pedestrian
ATTRIBUTES Cores
4.1 Study & Analysis of major physical 56-57

Characteristics 58-60
4.2 Identification of Major issues through survey
PEDESTRIAN PRECINCTS
STUDY OF PLANNED
CONTEMPORARY
Chapter-5:
Case Studies
5.1 Case study-1 (Sector-17, Chandigarh, India) 61-77

5.2 Case Study-2 (Nehru Place, New Delhi, India) 78-95
Chapter-6:
CONNAUGHT PLACE,
Design Demonstration:
RESEARCH AREA:
NEW DELHII
6.1 Criteria for site selection 96

6.2 Development of Connaught Place 97-103
6.3 Study of Connaught place Anatomy 104-117
6.4 Problem Identification 118-121
6.5 Design Criteria 122-130
6.6 Design Concept 131-138
6
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble: Significance and Importance of the topic
Inspiration:
Realization of need of exclusive
pedestrian precincts in towns
and cities despite the advent of
motor car
Familiarity of the author with the
romance of many a Medieval and
Renaissance Pedestrian Precincts
and the concern with the
degradation of many exclusively
pedestrian precincts with the
advent of motor car.
The concern with preserving the
dignity of the pedestrians in
public cores.
The concern for public areas
(exclusively pedestrian precincts)
responding to context of people,
The Piazza del Campo, Siena, place and time.
Source: www.red-travel.com
The Campidoglio, Rome; Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India;

Source: www.magichourtravelscapes.com Source: www.airpano.com
7
Chandani chowk, Delhi, India;
The major issues: Source: www. http:indian-holiday-pvt-ltd.blogspot.com
Advent of motorcar and loss of choices to commute;

Conflicts with the historical concept where form and space
had a symbiotic relationship with movement networks
integrating the city fabric;
Fragmentation of city fabric by fast moving traffic arteries
Breaking down of active, visually stimulating streetscapes into
loose incoherent sprawls;
Lack of pedestrian friendly environment that provides for
physiological comfort;
The resulting urban form becoming a liability on people and
pedestrians exist in a compromise situation.
Demonstration:
The demonstration of aforesaid is best exemplified by the

disturbing changes in the general layout fabric of public
commercial areas.
8
General Layout Patterns of Public areas
(Especially Commercial)
1. Bazaar Type (Indian Traditional)

Follow essentially a linear pattern - streets with shops and other
activities on both sides of the Bazaar streets punctuated by other
compatible land uses.
The dominant land-use is commercial ± mostly on the ground
floor; the upper floors are occupied by residential units which
slowly get replaced by service sector e.g. Chandni Chowk,
Delhi; Aminabad, Lucknow; Chawri Bazar, Delhi.
Chandni Chowk, Delhi, India Aminabad, Lucknow, India; Chawri Bazaar, New Delhi;
Source: www.mouthshut.com Source: www.ixigo.com Source: www.
maps.mapmyindia.com
2. District Type
A planned layout of commercial and other public land-uses
arranged in a pre-designated area. The ground floor uses
essentially are planned for commercial use; the upper floors are
for public uses. Such commercial districts are conspicuous by
the absence of residential land-uses, e.g. Nehru Place, New
Delhi; Sector ± 17, Chandigarh; City Centre, Panchkula.
Sector-17, Chandigarh, India; Nehru place, Delhi, India;

Source: www.chandigarhguide.com Source: www. wikipedia.org
9
3. Market Places in a Traditional City
The commercial areas in a traditional city, before 20th century,
developed around public nodes: in front of palaces, around
churches and around important buildings of public interest
where bigger public spaces were available. In such
developments, the buildings which stood out were of greatest
public relevance e.g. St Marks Piazza; Tripolia Bazaar, Jaipur;
Commercial Development around Golden Temple, Amritsar; etc.
St. Marks Piazza, Venice; Tripolia Bazar, Jaipur, India;

Source: www.planetware.com Source: www.bridgeandtunnelclub.com
4. Colonial Malls
Many of the British FRORQL]HUV¶ exclusive Malls in many of their
state capitals, through accretion, over a period of time, have
developed in shopping streets. These are characterized by the
nature of their eclectic architecture in uses and patterns and
revered as commercial Malls (commercial streets) even today to
deserve conservation and preservation e.g. The Mall, Shimla;
Hazratganj, Lucknow; MG Road, Bangalore.
M G Road, Banglaore-India; The Mall, Shimla-India;

Source: www.holidify.com Source: www.lenscraft.com
10
Charm and beauty of Traditional bazaars and Market
Places:
The unidirectional layout of a bazaar and the centrality of
market places in a traditional city make them extremely legible,
in spite of the ingress of a motor car.
Compared to the aforesaid, the legibility in a modern district
type commercial area, despite their being planned as purely
pedestrian, has lacunas relating to accommodation of land-uses,
similarity of construct forms, privacy and security.
Map of Delhi;
Source: www.mapsofindia.com
Degradation of Colonial Malls:
The absence of political will to preserve the pedestrian charm

and romance of the Colonial Malls have converted them from a
pedestrian heaven to chaotic architectural labyrinths under
economic pressures to raise doubts about their very existence
leave aside their architectural character.
It is purely the desire to find a via-media between the aforesaid

dichotomies which has led to choice of the thesis topic ³'HVLJQ
Strategies for Pedestrian Cores.
11
Major concerns:
Need for exclusive pedestrian precincts in towns

and cities despite the advent of motor car;
Need for developing strategies for development of

such pedestrian precincts;
Returning in these pedestrian precincts the ground

space to people;
Improvement of legibility and imageability of
pedestrian precincts through coherent, well
stimulated pedestrian movement system.
Le Marais -Place des vosges, Paris;

Source: www.parisianist.com
12
Elaboration:
Many a Medieval and Renaissance cores (town centers),
in European countries, brought back by making them
exclusively pedestrian e.g. St 3HWHU¶V Piazza (Rome), St
0DUN¶V Piazza (Venice).
Beyond the core areas, the residential areas are also
examples of this action e.g. Winchester in England and
the planning concepts of Clearance Stein and Henry
:ULJKW¶V - Radburn, in Maryland, USA, and a
completely pedestrian town of Milton Keynes.
Advent of motor car:

Positive aspects-
Exploration of the size of cities,
Removed barriers between city and rural areas,
Industrial revolution,
Shortening of distances
Negative aspects-
Conflict with the pedestrian movement;
Rise of traffic volumes,
Reservation of large public areas in cities as
parking lots;
Because of unprecedented speeds, the detailed
architectural fenestration, the ins and outs of
public spaces, the beauty of sculptural adorations,
and the conviviality of a leisure walk has became
superfluous;
And shrinkage of leisure/open spaces.
13
The examples of SODQQHUV¶ concern in this direction, by
designing exclusively pedestrian cores :
Nehru Place, New Delhi, India;
Bhikajicama Centres, New Delhi, India
Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India;
Dilli Haat New Delhi, India,
Nehru place, Delhi, India; Dilli Haat, New Delhi; Source: Pragati Maidan, New
Source: www. wikipedia.org ww.architectural-review.com Delhi;
Source: www.archdaily.com
The need of clear-cut design strategies for large pedestrian
precincts as in:
Connaught Place of Delhi, India
Chhoti and Bari Chopar of Jaipur, India
The Hazratganj of Lucknow, India
(FOR MAKING THEM PEDESTRIAN HEAVENS)
Connaught Place, New Delhi Chhoti Chaupar, Jaipur;

Source: www.commons.wikimedia.org Source: www.flickr.com
14
³7KH thesis does not posit for the reversal of the
mechanization trends (since the car is there to
stay) but only pleads for preservation of some
exclusive precincts to preserve the romance,
ambience and tranquility; inherent in pedestrian
precincts.´
1.2 Research Questions:
Inherent in the aforesaid concerns are the

research questions of:
a. The quality of pedestrian cores and the search for

design determinants which beget quality;
b. The search for determinants which refer to specific

context of people, place and climate.
15
1.4 Scope and Limitations:
The scope of the thesis shall include:
Study of essential philosophies behind environmental

wants with a view to set the FOLHQWV¶ brief for design of
public cores;
Familiarization with µWKH theories of designing
exclusively Pedestrian &RUHV¶;
Study of principles of Pedestrian Movement;
Listing of a methodology for experiencing large
pedestrian Cores;
Establishment of design principles for pedestrian
cores through analysis of chosen case studies;
Demonstration of design principles of pedestrian
cores on a live project (in the case of this thesis-
Connaught Place, New Delhi, India).
The limitations are as follows:
The scope of the thesis is limited to demonstration as

a conceptual design and within the time available
the detailed design of the chosen project is outside
the scope of the thesis;
The thesis shall accept the established theories for the
evolution of the design and in no way aims to check the
veracity of the existing theories.
17
Chapter-2
ANATOMY OF PUBLIC CORES
(Pedestrian precincts)
Objective:
To ascertain the need of public pedestrian precincts in

urban development.
To evolve a methodology for experiencing public

pedestrian cores.
To assess the need of pedestrian areas to make them

enjoyable for all groups of people.
To study the behaviour pattern of pedestrians.
18
2.1 The philosophies behind environmental wants:
Most essential Allow man to develop all his capabilities
objective for Design and propensities
of environment:
Goals of Design Primary objectives
Environment met Secondary objectives
through:
Primary Objectives Objectives which satisfy primary needs:
Physical (Food, drink, sleep, security)
Met through advancement of science and
Technology
Secondary objectives Objectives which satisfy psychical needs

1. The need for cognitive activity -
sensual aspect consisting of:
Reflective exercises:
xLearning,
xResearch,
xPhilosophy
2. The need for artistic creations -
Enjoyment of art
3. The need for many forms of
entertainment:
xWalking,
xTraveling,
xSightseeing,
xGames
4. The need for adventure
19
The main catalyst External Stimulation which is provided by
for fulfilling the shape of our environment for this also
psychical needs: forms our creative propensity
So while we talk about design strategies for public area
Important is to That public areas are needed to fulfill the

realize: both aims:
Physical needs
and psychical needs
Design of Public External stimuli cannot come about if the

areas: environment is:
Barren,
Boring,
Monotonous,
Anonymous,
Diffused,
Chaotic,
Or complicated
Here the problem lies in the unspecific as regards the

desirable requirements
The only specific A moderate degree of
is the need for Complexity
stimulants Novelty
fulfilled through: Surprise
Uncertainty
Which have to be multi-layered and
regularly renewable
20
Special Variety
properties which Change
characterize And Availability
stimulants
Design of Essentially their designs need to be different

Pedestrian because of addition of time dimension
Areas vis-à-vis
vehicular areas
Time Dimension The absorption of information requires time-

The shortest time for absorption by our
senses is 1/16 seconds
Time dimension plays an important part in
perceiving things, for impressions to be
absorbed
While driving a greater distance is covered in
the same time than while walking since the
absorption capacity remains the same
So Pedestrian areas are different than vehicular areas for the

simple reason that areas can be interesting and simulative to a
pedestrian only if in the same time frame a pedestrian is
provided with a much wider range of information
(stimulants)
And for better satisfaction of psychical needs Well stated
design strategies are required
21
2.2 The theory of designing exclusively Pedestrian Cores:
Humanization of is the product of behaviour pattern of

our constructed inhabitants rather than the visual
environment impression of the town design.
Residential vis-à-vis Public areas:
Residential world Individual subjectivity
characterized by
Public areas Collective objectivity
characterized by: Where PDQ¶V behaviour is very largely
bound to certain production or
organization processes, which should
rather be adapted to him.
Why? Because public zones, accessible to

majority of citizens, cannot have a one
sided behaviour, such as only leisure or
only traffic, etc.
They represent zones where anything and
everything, that characterizes a town,
happens
We should delineate this group of areas and illustrate it with

examples which should ideally form the basic stock of all
pedestrian zones.
Characteristics of a Allows the most varied form of behaviour
good pedestrian No definite target group
zone
22
Target groups differ Age, Education, Capacity,
because of: Profession
And personal attitudes
Boundaries of Child as one boundary
behaviour Patterns: Old People at the other end
Behaviour forms Because of their special features
which can be realized Window shopping
in exclusively Buying
pedestrian cores Sightseeing
Unspecific to show small items in the

behaviour fabric
Reading, Playing Discussing
Common to both can Sitting,
be: Standing,
Lying
Another distinction: By way of differing demands made on

our senses such as:
Sight - Sightseeing,
Sound - talking,
Touch - Texture
Taste - dining
And smell
AS A RESULT WE HAVE DESIGN ELEMENTS IN THE

EXCLUSIVE PEDESTRIAN ZONES TO SERVE THESE
VARIED BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS
23
2.3 The theory of Pedestrian Movement:
The way a scheme is perceived, as one walks through, depends

on how the other elements are assembled; buildings, walls,
plantings, roads, play and parking areas forming spaces and
defining territories. It also depends on the understanding of the
users, i.e. the way they observe and use the environment.
The movement pattern of pedestrians:

It is important to examine how and why people move around on
foot and what draws and keeps their attention for forming a
useful basis for realistic design.
The type and quality of movement is determined by the location,
the individual, site levels and contours and the purpose of the
walk.
LOCATION- The characteristics of any given
location are broadly the same for all individuals & age
groups.
In Urban spaces- Around walls and Park/ open space- Around trees, shrubs,
corners of buildings; Source-Author grass areas ; Source-Author
THE INDIVIDUAL-
HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT:
The children meandering- as objects on way

catch their fancy ; Source-Author
24
The adults- likely to be more purposeful The old people - Less purposeful, slower
and direct; Source-Author & stopping to rest; Source-Author
Levels-vertical movement:
Children- Up, down & Adults- Up & down Old people- Gentler
though; Source-Author steps; Source-Author slopes; Source-Author
THE PURPOSE-
Hurrying brisk Meandering out Resting at the Children- playing,

walk; for a stroll; stoppages-old people; running, skipping;
Source-Author Source-Author Source-Author Source-Author
Viewing- stopping to Seeking Socializing - Socializing-

admire the view; solitude; stopping for a chat; widening in path;
25
FLOW OF PEDESTRIAN:
Pedestrians do not naturally walk and change direction in
abrupt angles.
Pedestrian motion , like water, has a Following the line of least resistance,

IOXLGµPRPHQWXPVZHHSLQJZLGHRQ shortening distance by cut offs; Source-
curves; Source-Author Author
Eddying around obstacles; Forming pools above and below restricted

Source-Author channels such as stairs, corridors; Source-Author
The flow can be encouraged or deflected by-
Visual attraction; By openings; By change of levels;

Source-Author Source-Author Source-Author
The key to designing for

pedestrians lies in variety and
adaptation to the way people can be
expected to walk, in the context of
By treatment of the ground;
any specific site.
Source-Author
26
Leading people on...
One thing is important the footpath
should lead the way that people will
want to go. Taking people to their
destination in an unforced way.
People tend to move-
In logical sequence; Towards whatever pleases,; Towards change from sun to

Source-Author Source-Author shade,; Source-Author
Towards whatever excites; Towards points of entry;

Source-Author Source-Author `
They tend to work towards goals-
Room achieved; In harmony with circulation patterns;

Source-Author Source-Author
27
Through pleasant areas; Towards order Or Towards confusion if
Source-Author tired of order; Source-Author
People are repelled by-
Disorder; The unpleasant; Obstacles;

Source-Author Source-Author Source-Author
The uninspiring; Source-Author
The monotonous; Source-Author
28
They are directed/ guided by-
Arrangement of built form;

Source-Author
Arrangement of natural form; Implied patterns of circulation;

A sense of response is created by-
Comfort or enjoyment; Opportunity for privacy;

29
Inability to proceed; Opportunity for fuller appreciation;
Horizontal motion affects people by-
Making movement easier, freer, safer

but monotonous;
Source-Author
Going upwards is exhilarating;

Source-Author
Going downwards minimizes efforts, gives a sense of

refuge, confinement & privacy;
Source-Author
30
Serial vision:
A series of constantly changing views helps-
To heighten interest
To involve the viewer in consciously in the urban environment
To evoke emotions such as mystery, suspense and anticipation
To provide a sense of movement through space
Views change in relation to type of road/ street, the

building and the path alignment. For example:
Vista- little sense of movement when Medieval street - suspense about what is
walking through; beyond draws one on;
The positioning of the building is the single-most important

factor in effectively breaking long views. Change of level &
vegetation also helps.
Forward view changes once; Forward view changes many times;

The preceding variety of views makes

long view more appreciated;
Source-Author
31
Progressive towards a goal.......
Progressive realization- the journey Full impact- a strong sense of surprise can
continually arouses one's interest by be created if the goal is suddenly revealed
allowing glimpse of the goal; Source-Author without warning; Source-Author
Possibilities- which can contribute to the changing view of

urban areas
Narrows; Key hole; Picture frame; Dead stop;

Invitation; Deflection; Wings; Source- Y-trap; Folding screen;

Source-Author Source- Author Source- Source-Author
Author Author
32
Design for pedestrians:
The function of pedestrian areas should be self
evident, the layout, detailing and 3-dimensional form should
reinforce the activities which are likely to take place.
Footpaths can define territory, provide a view of activity

and opportunities for social contact, but for most others
they will be unplanned playgrounds.
An appropriate type of paving should be chosen for
each area.
For general pedestrians, prams & old people: smooth textured
surface;
For areas out of main flow of pedestrian traffic: Rougher
textured surface
Paving for Pedestrian movement; Preferable settings for sitting;

Source: Author Source: Author
Defining the edges

Role of the Edges of paths is more than the carrying
pedestrians only. It helps in:
-Maintaining slope with planting
-In changing level
-As retained sides/ retaining walls
Sitting places
Main requirement of careful designing of sitting
space is for comfort and an interesting view to look.
33
The location of sitting space should be appropriate and might
include:
-Protective enclosure behind the seat,
-On a route to the shops or transport, to provide a resting place
on the way,
-A secluded spot for privacy,
-An especially pleasant view, or one of activities.
Microclimate can be a leading factor, in selection of
sitting space (As per wind direction, sun radiation etc.).
Scale & size of sitting area: large areas will usually fill
up around the edges first & individuals sitting in the middle of
such spaces may feel exposed.
Type of seating:
Formal & informal
solutions all have their place
for people of different ages
and in different situations.
Types of informal seating;

Source: Author
Social interaction
The design of sitting
areas and positioning
of benches can
encourage or inhibit
conversation.
Seating arrangement for social interaction;
Source: Author
34
Interesting and pleasant views
Views of water and vegetation, either in the distance
or close to hand are often most restful/ relaxing.
Unpleasant views like heavy traffic, flow of dirty
water etc. can be screened.
Enhance the visibility of pleasant view &

obstruct the unpleasant view; Source: Author
Details
Special attention
should be paid to the
immediate surroundings
because people will be close
enough, and will have time to
notice the detailing.
Color, form,
textures & fragrances are Opportunity to appreciate the details;
Source: Author
important.
35
Accessories at pedestrian precincts
Lighting
Boundary lines
Floor coverings
Seating facilities
Dis-positioned objects
Vegetation
Water
Object of arts
Playing objects
Information
Sign posting
Flag
Roof coverings
Sale stands
Kiosks
Tables & chairs
Waste bins
Bicycle stands
Clock
Telephones
Pedestrian friendly elements;

Source: www.pinterest.com
36
2.4 Design parameters for analysis of Public Cores:
The essential idea It should provide a democratic setting

behind design of
built environment:
Democratic setting Enrichment of opportunities
means:
Enrichment of Maximizing the degree of choice available
opportunities to people
comes through:
How does design affect choice?
It affects where people can go, and where they cannot: the
degree of permeability.
It affects the range of uses available to people: the quality of
variety.
It affects how easily people can understand what opportunities it
offers: legibility.
It affects the degree to which people can use a given place for
different purposes: the quality of robustness.
It affects whether the detailed appearance of the place makes
people aware of the choices available: the quality of visual
appropriateness.
It affects SHRSOH¶V choice of sensory experiences: the quality of
richness.
It affects the extent to which people can put their own stamp on
the place: the degree of personalization.
37
Consequently, the key issues The degree of permeability
are: The degree of variety
The degree of Legibility
The degree of robustness
The quality of visual
appropriateness
The degree of richness
The degree of personalization
Permeability in core areas: the major concern is

permeability to all functions
of public cores unlike domestic
places
Public places permeability Choice of routes ± physical

depends on: Choice of visible routes- visual
Variety in core areas: Variety increases choices

Two kinds of variety are
essential
Variety of forms
And variety of use
Variety of use automatically
leads to variety of forms.
The variety of choices is
possible through mobility
which is difficult for children,
parents, and disabled and aged.
Elements of pedestrian friendly design:

Source: Author
38
Legibility of People can take advantage of choices/ variety
core areas: only if they can grasp the site layout & type of
activity pattern are existing there.
Legibility in physical form,
Legibility in activity pattern.
Legibility can be achieved by:
Creating focus paths for landmark built forms,
The nodal areas-place for public relevance,
By creating edges through trees, fencing etc.
for limiting the boundary line of particular use.
The The quality of robustness of any public
robustness in precinct is important for creating that site more
core areas lively/ playful because of multiple use, rather
than a specialized space for particular activity.
Robustness in public areas is important,
because it:
Increases the interaction,
People like to enjoy variety of choices at a
same time.
The quality of :KHQWKHSHRSOH¶VLQWHUSUHWDWLRQDERXW
visual particular built form supports the
appropriatene responsiveness of that place, then this quality
ss is called Visual Appropriateness.
Visual appropriateness in public areas is
important to reduce confusion & increase
legibility.
This quality can be achieved by:
Legibility of form,
Legibility of use,
Variety in appearance.
39
Richness in core The quality of any environment-³7KH
areas YDULHW\RIVHQVHH[SHULHQFH´ZKLFKXVHUV
can enjoy is called RICHNESS.
Richness is not a purely visual matter:
other senses also have Design implications
The sense of motion, sense of hearing,
sense of touch, sense of smell etc
Personalization in It is important for user to personalize their
core areas existing environment.
It is helpful for users for creating/ leaving
their own stamps of like, dislikes & values.
Type of personalization-
Users personalization in two way:
To improve practical facilities
To change the image of place
40
Chapter-3
PEDESTRIAN ENVIRONMENT
(City & Public places), A Historical
overview:
Objective:
To trace the historical background of traditional
pedestrian environments giving way to loose
amorphous sprawls of present urban fabric
To familiarize oneself with the changing attitude of
people with the change in the circulation system
3.1 Basis of Traditional pattern of circulation:
Vocabulary RI´ Street & 6TXDUH´
Functions of a traditional Street and square:
Circulation (Access)
Community activities
Place of Assembly
Place of Business & trade
Place of Entertainment
41
3.2 Pedestrian Environments before the advent of
Motor car:
Period Example Design Concept & Design
Characteristics
Greek Greek Agoras Activities:
(Miletus, The Main Shopping
Priene) Centre/community space,
Meant for all activities
Planning Principles:
Located at the most accessible flat
land of town, near harbour,
accessible from all streets,
Plan developed from inside-out.
Design Characteristics:
Viewed by a pedestrian moving at
slow speed,
Organic masses articulating spaces,
Horizontal fenestration to give a
human scale.
Agora of Greek city Miletus; Source:

www.quadralectics.wordpress.com
Agora of Greek city Priene;

Source: www.alchetron.com
42
Characteristics
Roman Roman Forums Activities:
(Forum of The main parade ground/ market
Augustus, place/ community area
Forum of
Romanum, Forum Planning Principles:
of Trajan) Located at the intersection of two
major streets: Cardo and
Decumenus ± the processional
streets,
Forum of Away from the boundaries of the
Romanum
city for security,
Plan made from outside-in.
Ordered space more important,
Space articulating masses,
Formal,
Inorganic.
Forum Romanum;
Source: www. sites.google.com
43
Characteristics
Medieval Medieval Place Activities:
(Fatehpur Sikri Market,
Agra; Piazza del Foreground of an important
Campo, Siena) Building (Palace, Church, Fort,
Community Place.
Most strategic location in the
heart of the town,
Away from town walls for
security,
Approached through labyrinth of
streets,
Organic.
Organic,
Plan of Fatehpur Sikri, Agra; Human Scale,
Source: www.kamit.jp
Surprise element,
Plethora of buildings around
for variety of landuses,
Vertical character,
Sites of churches,
minarets acting
as landmarks,
Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India; Landmarks
Source: www.airpano.com
providing sense
of direction and associations.
Piazza del Campo, Siena

44
Characteristics
Renaissance Renaissance Activities:
Piazza Leisure
(St. Marks Assembly
Piazza) Parking
Landscape
Marketing
Display of public wealth
(streets and piazzas as exhibition
galleries),
Nodal points of a town to give
impression of orderly
development,
End points of vistas,
Punctuation points in avenues,
Foreground of buildings to
heighten their scale,
magnificence.
6W3HWHU¶V3LD]]D5RPH Formal & Inorganic,
Source: www.shafe.co.uk
Movement to be a part of space,
Movement around sculptures,
fountains, Urban in character,
Distinguishable floor-scape,
Inclusion of specially designed
design elements.
45
3.3 Introduction of automobile & Changing
Structures : 1900-1950
Tremendous increase of speed

Problem of distances not insurmountable
Increase in the road area (35-40% of city area)
Conflict with pedestrian
Need for pedestrian routes
%HWZHHQ¶VDQG¶VPDQ\SURJUHVVLYH
architects and city planners worked on the challenge
of accommodating automobile in the city fabric and
designed for speed and scale of the motorist.
The Challenge:
³(YROXWLRQRIGHVLJQVWRDFFRPPRGDWH
DXWRPRELOHLQWKHFLW\IDEULF´
46
Early Pioneers (1900-1950) :
Time Name of the Name of the Design Characteristics/

Architect Project Design Concept
1910 Engene City of Paris Multilevel arrangement of

Heanard city streets and traffic
overpasses,
Subsurface shopping
arcades
Predetermined points of
intense, leisure activity and
interchange activities.
City of Paris
Source: Autthor
47
Time Name of the Name of the Design
Architect Project Characteristics/
Design Concept
1914 Antonio Proposal for a Immense isolated
Sant'Elia new City structures,
(April 30, (A series of design Linked by tiered
1888- drawings for a channels of
October 10, futurist Città circulation
1916) An Nuova ("New (automobiles).
Italian City") that was
Architect conceived as
(Involved in symbolic of a new
Futurist age)
Movement)
A perspective drawing by Sant'Elia; Perspective drawing from La Citta Nuova;

Source: www.essential-architecture.com Source: www.essential-architecture.com
48
Time Name of the Name of Design Characteristics/
Architect the Project Design Concept
1920 Le City of Wide roadways for fast

Corbusier tomorrow automobile travel,
Multistory developments to
accommodate populations
up to 30 lacs
City of tomorrow-Le Corbusier;

Source: www.svwilson.tumblr.com
Main disadvantages:
In all these concepts, the mainstream investigation was into:
Ways for fitting an automobile in the city fabric
Pedestrians got a raw deal
Conventional concepts of public space (pedestrian areas) lost
Replaced by spatial expansiveness and visual clutter of

highway cities
49
3.4 Rise of new awareness (1950 onwards):
Use of urban streets from pedestrian point of view
PIONEERS:
Name Philosophy
Alison and Peter )RFXVRQPDQ¶VH[SHULHQFHRIWKHFLW\
Smithson as a participant,
City is not only a large scale
functional tool,
Review the use of urban street in
terms of levels of differentiation,
Streets to be designed in social,
sociological and anthropological
contexts.
Methodology to Segregation
improve
the quality of
pedestrian
environment:
50
Emerging concepts in design of off-grade segregation:
Time Name of Name of the Design Concept

the Project
Architec
t
Earl Louis I Circulation Concept of served spaces as
y Kahn plan for distinguished from serving
1950 Midtown spaces,
Philadelphia Served spaces: places of
pedestrian convenience where
intense and varied activity
takes place.
Serving spaces: are corridors
reserved for high volume of
fast traffic that are separated
from the served spaces with
specific identified points on
contacts.
Sufficient differentiation of
existing places and streets so
that conflicting spatial
demands of traffic and
pedestrian circulation are met
at grade in a practical manner
51
Characteristics
Baroque Foregrounds of Activities:
Building of relevance Display of power, wealth
Capital Complex, Exhibition galleries
New Delhi Movement
Landscape
Special town events
Inorganic
Formal
Huge scale
Vista planning
Avenue creations
Movement dividing space
Grandiose scale
Predominantly landscaped
Planned order
Inorganic
Formal
Huge scale
Vista planning
Avenue creations
Movement dividing space
Grandiose scale
Predominantly landscaped
Capital Complex. N Delhi;

Source: www.tripadvisor.in
52
Concepts and designs for on-grade segregation:
Time Name of Name of Design Concept

the the
Architect Project
1958 Buchanan TRANSP The cellular concept
ORT IN To solve the conflict between
CITIES- accessibility and environments
Report There must be areas of good
environment- urban rooms-
where people can live, work,
shop and move around on foot
in reasonable freedom from the
hazards of motor traffic.
And there must be a
complementary network of
roads - Urban Corridors ± for
effecting the primary
distribution of traffic to the
environmental areas.
Hence, the whole town can take
on a cellular structure
consisting, of environmental
areas set within an interlacing
%XFKDQDQ¶VFRQFHSWRIFLW\QHWZRUN hierarchical network of
Source: Author distributaries highways
53
Time Name of Name of Design Concept
the the
Architect Project
1961 Shadrach Nicollet STEM concept
Woods Mall in To achieve an acceptable social
Minneapol environment, he concluded that
is traffic and people must be
separated by design at points of
intense activity.
Costly and hypothetical
solutions dependent on
multilevel organization in a
built -up city were rejected in
favour of a simple pedestrian
mall called ³6WHP´.
³6WHP´ is a proposed organizing
principle where housing and
commercial activities are
integrally related, but the
pedestrian and automobile is
rigorously segregated.
Nicollet Mall in Minneapolis by Shadrach

woods;
Source: Author
Concept of Pedestrianization : The principle proposed by

woods is demonstrated partially and temporarily in experimental
closing of commercial streets to create pedestrian malls, in a few
multi use shopping centers and city enclaves.
54
3.5 Changing concepts of Pedestrianisation (1970
onwards):
Time Name of Name Design Concept

the of the
Architect Project
Early Christopher City ³6WUHHWV for 3HRSOH´
1970 Alexander centers It was realized that commercial
of enterprise, pedestrian activity
Vienna and urban vitality are best
mingled at grade, rather than
elevated pedestrian concourses.
Pedestrian districts were created
by eliminating vehicular traffic.
Creation of Special Zoning
Districts
Formulation of road.
Legislation for implementation
of special Zoning Districts.
According to him, segregation
of car and pedestrian is a
Concepts of City centres by Christopher
Alexander; common practice; but major
Source: Author activities happen where car and
pedestrian meet.
Arrangement of pedestrian paths and roads so that the two are
separate but frequently meet
Focal Points: These meeting points are focal points.
Requirement is for orthogonal networks, each connected and
continuous, crossing at frequent interval at right angles
55
Chapter-4 A METHODOLOGY
FOR STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF
PEDESTRIAN CORES
Objective:
Problem Identification (Quantitative and qualitative) of
Pedestrian Precincts
4.1 Study and analysis of the µVSHFLILF¶ major physical
characteristics of a pedestrian precinct having direct
/indirect bearing on pedestrian movement
Objective Through study of Data
source
Physical characteristics
Understanding the design concept & Matrix of
design constraints Development
Degree of Visual appropriateness Form of
including climate Development
Familiarity with attempts to solution Phases of
finding: incorporation of pedestrian Development
friendly design elements
Identification of major pedestrian Land-uses
]RQHVSHGHVWULDQV¶LQFRPSDWLEOH
land-uses; and variety & robustness
of spaces
Circulation characteristics
Test of Degree of permeability and Circulation channels:

legibility vehicular &
Pedestrians
Test of Degree of permeability Major Pedestrian
Linkages
Vehicular-pedestrian
segregation &
conflict points
56
Objective Through study of Data source
Degree of Legibility Landmarks and Photographs &

activity Physical layout
Degree of Legibility, Floor-scape, Photographs
visual streetscape & Edges
appropriateness
Degree of variety enjoyed Organization of Physical Layout
by spaces
pedestrians
Extent of Permeability & Scale of Development Photographs and
richness felt by and character of Sketches of
pedestrians spaces development
Extent of variety and Architecture Photographs and
visual Character of sketches of
appropriateness Buildings development
Degree of Personalization Allowed flexibility in
Design
Degree of Robustness Availability of Locational
Pedestrian Design diagrams
Elements and photographs
57
4.2 Identification of major issues through survey
Objective Through study Data source
of (available variables)
Familiarization with Background of the Name, age, sex, profession,
the respondent Person being place of residence
interviewed
Respondents Planning of the Initiated (Architect, Planner
Stratification into visit & occurrence familiar with area)
initiated, uninitiated of visit
Testing compatibility Purpose of Visit Employment or Business
of existing land-uses Shopping & window-
of a development shopping,
Entertainment (Amusement
± cinema, concert halls,
landmarks, fountains),
Leisure (Assembly, rest,
pass time),
Site Seeing (Tourists)
Test of availability of Duration of visit
leisure time for
passive recreation
(pedestrian movement)
Test of adequacy of Mode of Travel Private Conveyance (Car,
parking lots scooter)
Public Transport (Bus,
Metro, Taxi)
Any Other (Cycle, Walking)
Test of familiarity and Places of In channels leading to
pedestrian linkages: disembarkation pedestrian precincts (Radial
permeability Roads)
Adjacent to pedestrian
precincts (Outer Circle)
Inside pedestrian precincts
(Inner Circle) & Any Other
58
Objective Through study Data source
of: (available variables)
Identification Mode of travel By Car
of routes of within pedestrian or
pedestrian precinct and Walking
movement environs (after
disembarkation)
Establishment Places of Visit Business areas
of activity Shopping areas
centers Amusement Centers
Religious Buildings and activities
(Temples, churches, Mosques)
Resting Points (Steps to sit, shady
areas to lie down, Climate compatible
areas) & Traffic free areas
Establishment Places of Visit Landscape areas

of activity Architecturally rich areas
centers (Buildings of relevance, historical
buildings, fountains, etc.)
Festive Places (Illumination,
activities, hustle bustle, colour,
landscape)
Pedestrian compatible design elements
(Telephone booths, sitting places, sale
kiosks, objects of art etc.)
Identification Route of Travel Points of disembarkation/ embarkation
of channels of (Bus stands, Metro Stations, Parking
movement areas)
Activity Centers
(Shopping, areas of religion, eating
places, shopping areas, amusement
centers, festive areas)
Areas of Accessibility (Circulation
channels) & Parking Lots
59
OBJECTIVE THROUGH DATA SOURCE
STUDY OF: (Available Variables)
Test of Visit what all? Map of the site
permeability of
various activities
Test of Legibility Sequence of Circulation system diagram
activities visited
Photographs of activity areas &
Knowledge as map of site
regards location of
activities Photographs of specific constructs
& map of site
Identification of
Constructs
Test of variety Identification with Photographs of specific space &

Space map of site
Photographs of activity areas &
Identification with map of site
an activity
Degree of Allowed Flexibility Photographs of facade & plan of

Robustness and of Design site (Showing varied building
personalization heights, shop facades, shop sizes,
Economics of location of sign boards, verandah
development pavements patterns, illumination
etc)
Degree of Active- Passive Photographs of unplanned/
Robustness areas connections encroached areas such as
verandahs, streets, platforms etc.
Evaluating Sizes of Land-uses Land-use map of site
Robustness
Evaluating the Architectural Photographs of external façade,
quality of controls detailing of building elements,
Architectural landscape elements, floorscapes,
Richness etc.
60
Chapter-5 CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY-1 SECTOR-17, CHANDIGARH
THE CHOICE OF SECTOR-17, CHANDIGARH IS:
Primarily because it has developed as a good

pedestrian shopping precinct over the last
10-12 years.
It has developed primarily as a major

shopping complex attracting large
number of participants within its fold.
Over the last twenty years, it has consciously

made attempts to become pedestrian
friendly .
Sector-17 plaza, Chandigarh;

Source: www.chandigarhmetro.com
61
I N T R O D U C I N G SECTOR ± 17, Chandigarh
(Major Landmarks)
Introducing Sector-17, Chandigarh;

Source: Author
62
LEGEND
Functioning of Sector-17, Chandigarh;
Source: Author VEHICULAR MOVEMENT
SECTOR-17: FUNCTIONING PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT
63
LA N D U S E PA T T E R N
(Zone specific development: defined zones of public buildings,
central commercial cross, bank square, district courts, active
recreation area, bus terminus)
INFERENCES:
Variety of land-uses
attracts more people to
the city centre for
various functions
(commercial, transport,
business, recreation
etc.) And increases the
robustness
Concentration Of
Similar Activities In
Defined Zones Reduces
Pedestrian Travel
distances
Easily accessible by
vehicles, location of
high-rise office
EXLOGLQJVFLW\¶VEXV
terminus, bank square
and the district courts in
the peripheral area
restricts unnecessary
pedestrian cross-
movement
Defined commercial
area zone in the centre
reduces pedestrian
travel distances and
provides for intense
commercial activity,
conviviality and
appropriate urban scale
Enables serving of non-
pedestrian zones by
inner vehicular feeder
roads without disturbing
the cross pedestrian
spines
Large number of
incompatible-landuse
zones remain dead Land use pattern-Sector-17 Chandigarh;
during off-hours Source: Author
65
C I R C U LA T I O N PA T T E R N
(Cul-de-sac approaches)
ANALYSIS
Enables provision
of large parking
areas adjacent to
the main pedestrian
commercial spine
increasing
permeability
Vehicular traffic
free cross shaped
pedestrian
commercial spine
Takes care of
service needs of the
built-up areas by
providing them
roads in near
vicinity
Ideally suited for
provision of green
in the otherwise
hard landscape of a
city centre
Humanizes the
scale of the central
spine in which
pedestrian
movement is better
enjoyed
Pedestrian
Approach To
Commercial Areas
Through Cul-de-
sacs (Dull Parking
Areas)
Entry to
commercial spine
from the rear
Circulation pattern-Sector-17 Chandigarh; THE SHADY PEDESTRIAN SPINE

Source: Author 66
ARCHITE CTURAL CHARACTER OF
B U I L D I N G (Strong architectural control)
ANALYSIS
UNITY IN DEVELOPMENT
DIFFICULT TO DISFIGURE
DEFINED PLACES FOR PUTTING
UP SIGNBOARDS AND
ADVERTISEMENTS
LACK OF VARIETY FOR
PEDESTRIANS
LESSER DEGREE OF LEGIBILITY
OF FORM FOR USERS
REDUCED ARCHITECTURE
RICHNESS
LACKS SENSE OF PLACE
Strong architectural control of commercial buildings

difficult to manipulate;
Source: www.chandigarhguide.com
Variety provided by dynamism of special constructs;

Source: www.chandigarhguide.com
67
FORM OF DEVELOPMENT
(CROSS PLAN)
ANALYSIS
Easy accessibility from all
directions.
Large shady areas for
pedestrian comfort
Spread over greater area to
accommodate more
commercial functions
Natural plan form for creation
of cul-de-sacs
Easy vehicular accessibility for
most functions
Central cross spine defines
main movement channels
Location of landmarks at
intersection points
Provides shady areas for
pedestrian movement
Provides different experience
in traverse channels ±
(quantum of light, shades and
shadows)
Despite cross plan, puts more
emphasis on one channel (ne-
sw)
Longer pedestrian travel
distances
Form of development of Sector-17 Chandigarh;

Source: Author
68
C I R C U LAT I O N C H A N N E L S
(Central pedestrian spine)
ANALYSIS
Defines area of intense
commercial activity
Gives sense of place
Fixes location of landmarks
Establishes main direction of
pedestrian movement ± linear
(commercial street) intent
Commiserates with best
orientation
Introvert in concept
Movement, at times, dull and
boring
Large expanses of concrete
floor-scape (climatically very
harsh)
Dilution of the sense of place
Circulation channels pattern of Sector-17 Chandigarh;

Source: Author
69
AVA I LA B I L I T Y O F P E D E S T R I A N
F R I E N D LY D E S I G N E LE M E N T S
Incorporated Design elements to make Sector-17 more
Pedestrian friendly are:
grade separation to segregate vehicular traffic and
maintain pedestrian continuity;
adequate landscape to provide shaded areas for
relaxation;
incorporation of water bodies to provide cooling
effects; and
addition of public use infrastructure to develop in
these a sense of µSODFH¶ through special DFWLYLWLHV¶.
Shady pedestrian spine Water fountain, colourful Hard landscape elements like
facilitating pedestrian banners, light poles etc as raised platforms as garden
movement at day time; design elements; Source: furniture and Beautiful paving as a
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VSKRWRJUDSK\ $XWKRU¶VSKRWRJUDSK\ visual attraction;
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VSKRWRJUDSK\
Contrasting building façade to break Hard landscape as street Shady areas to give resting
the monotony of architectural control furniture; Source: places in central spine &
Source: www.chandigarhguide.com $XWKRU¶VSKRWRJUDSK\ soften the hard concrete floor;
Source: $XWKRU¶V photography
71
ANALY S I S T H R O U G H S U R V E Y
Interviewee Initiated person
(Architects, Planners, Academician, Journalist,
Shopkeepers, Employees, Buyers)
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Question Total
1. Purpose of visit
1.a Employment or Business Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
1.b Shopping & Window shopping Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 310
1.c Entertainment (Amusement ± cinema, Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
concert halls, landmarks, fountains
1.d Leisure (Assembly, rest, pass time) Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
1.e Site Seeing (Tourists 0/10
2. Duration of visit
2.a For 0-1 hour Ɣ 1/10
2.b For 1-2 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
2.c For 2-4 hour Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
2.d For 4-6 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
3. Mode of travel
3.a Private Conveyance (Car, scooter) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
3.b Public Transport (Bus, Rickshaw, Taxi, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
Auto)
3.c Walking Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
4. Place of disembarkation
4.a At cul-de-sac leading to pedestrian Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
precincts
4.b Adjacent roads V3 & V4 Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
4.c Inside pedestrian precincts 0/10
4.d Any Other 0/10
5. Mode of travel within the sector
boundaries
5.a Vehicular Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
5.b Pedestrian Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
72
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Question Total
6. Point of attraction during visit-

6.a Business areas Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
6.b Shops or showrooms Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 810
6.c Temporary shops (Rehris) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
6.d Amusement Centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
6.e Recreational spaces at Cross spine (Fountain, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 9/10
seating places, shady corridors)
6.f Resting Points (Steps to sit, shady areas to sit, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 9/10
Climate compatible areas)
6.g Traffic free areas Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
6.h Landscape areas Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
6.i Architecturally rich areas Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
(Buildings of relevance, fountains, etc.)
6.j Festive Places (Illumination, activities, hustle Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
bustle, colour, landscape)
6.k Pedestrian compatible design elements Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
(Telephone booths, sitting places, sale kiosks,
objects of art etc.)
7. Visit what all?
[Showing location of Neelam theatre, KC
Theatre, Jagat cinema, Central fountain, RBI
bldg, Handloom house, Pantaloom Showroom,
food court, M.C. Office, Post Office bldg at site
map]
7.a 0-25% of important centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
7.b 26-50% of important centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
7.c 51-75% of important centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
7.d 75-100% of important centers 0/10
8. Knowledge as regards location of activities
[Asking location of various activities (like:
Cinema Piccadly, Income Tax Bldg,Hotel
James Plaza, Anand Theatre, cultural activity
ground, parking space for brick bldg, football
ground ) at site]
8a Identified 0-25% locations Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
8.b Identified 26-50% locations Ɣ 1/10
73
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Question Total
8.c Identified 51-75% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10

8.d Identified 76-100% locations Ɣ 1/10
9. Identification of Constructs
[Showing photographs of various constructs
(Like:hotel James Plaza, Post Office bldg,
toilet block, DM office, Bank of India, Income
Tax Bldg, Godrej showroom, Underground,
PNB Bank, Jagat cinema ) & asked about their
familiarity with interviewee]
9.a Identified 0-25% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
9.b Identified 26-50% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
9.c Identified 51-75% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
9.d Identified 76-100% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
10. Identification with Space
[Showing photographs of various spaces (Like:
Bank Square, post office bldg, Football
Ground, ISBT, Bata Showroom, DM office,
MC Office, United colors of Benetton
showroom, Income tax building) & asked to
identify these spaces]
10.a Identified 0-25% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
10.b Identified26-50% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
10.c Identified 51-75% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
10.d Identified 76-100% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
11. Identification with an activity
[Showing photographs of various activities
(Like: front piazza of Jagat, Neelam & Anand
cinema, location of Zarista showroom in one of
the two Brick bldgs, parking lots of bank
squares, cul-de-parking lots, commercial conc.
Bldgs at main spine) & asked to identify &
differentiate these activities]
11.a Identified 0-25% activities Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
11.b Identified 26-50% activities Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
11.c Identified 51-75% activities Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
11.d Identified 76-100% activities Ɣ 1/10
74
Interviewee Uninitiated person
(Visitors)
Y11
Y12
Y13
Y14
Y15
Y16
Y17
Y18
Y19
Y20
Total
Question
1. Purpose of visit
1.a Employment or Business 0/10
1.b Shopping & Window shopping Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
1.c Entertainment (Amusement ± cinema, Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
1.d Leisure (Assembly, rest, pass time) Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
1.e Site Seeing (Tourists Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
2.a For 0-1 hour Ɣ 1/10
2.b For 1-2 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
2.c For 2-4 hour Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
2.d For 4-6 hour Ɣ 1/10
3. Mode of travel
3.a Private Conveyance (Car, scooter) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
3.b Public Transport (Bus, Rickshaw, Taxi, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
Auto)
3.c Walking Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
4.a At cul-de-sac leading to pedestrian precincts Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
4.b Adjacent roads V3 & V4 Ɣ 1/10
4.c Inside pedestrian precincts 0/10
4.d Any Other 0/10
5. Mode of travel within the sector
boundaries
5.a Vehicular
5.b Pedestrian Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
6.a Business areas 0/10
6.b Shops or showrooms Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 8/10
6.c Temporary shops (Rehris) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
75
(Visitors)
Y11
Y12
Y13
Y14
Y15
Y16
Y17
Y18
Y19
Y20
Total
Question
6.d Amusement Centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
6.e Recreational spaces at Cross spine (Fountain, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 9/10

6.f Resting Points (Steps to sit, shady areas to sit, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 9/10
6.i Architecturally rich areas Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10

6.j Festive Places (Illumination, activities, hustle Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
7. Visit what all?

[Showing location of Neelam theatre, KC
Theatre, Jagat cinema, Central fountain, RBI
bldg, Handloom house, Pantaloom
Showroom, food court, M.C. Office, Post
Office bldg at site map]
7.a 0-25% of important centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
7.c 51-75% of important centers Ɣ 1/10
Cinema Piccadly, Income Tax Building,Hotel
James Plaza, Anand Theatre, cultural activity
ground, parking space for brick bldg, football
ground ) at site]
8a Identified 0-25% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
8.b Identified 26-50% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
8.c Identified 51-75% locations Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
8.d Identified 76-100% locations 0/10
76
(Visitors)
Y11
Y12
Y13
Y14
Y15
Y16
Y17
Y18
Y19
Y20
Total
Question
(Like:hotel James Plaza, Post Office bldg,
toilet block, DM office, Bank of India,
Income Tax Bldg, Godrej showroom,
Underground, PNB Bank, Jagat cinema ) &
asked about their familiarity with
interviewee]
9.a Identified 0-25% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
9.b Identified 26-50% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
9.c Identified 51-75% Constructs 0/10
9.d Identified 76-100% Constructs 0/10
[Showing photographs of various spaces
(Like:Bank Square, post office bldg,
Football Ground, ISBT, Bata Showroom,
DM office, MC Office, United colors of
Benetton showroom, Income tax building)
& asked to identify these spaces]
10.a Identified 0-25% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
10.b Identified26-50% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
10.c Identified 51-75% Spaces 0/10
10.d Identified 76-100% Spaces 0/10
(Like: front piazza of Jagat, Neelam &
Anand cinema, location of Zarista
showroom in one of the two Brick bldgs,
parking lots of bank squares, cul-de-parking
lots, commercial conc. Bldgs at main spine)
& asked to identify & differentiate these
activities]
11.a Identified 0-25% activities Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
11.b Identified 26-50% activities Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
11.c Identified 51-75% activities 0/10
11.d Identified 76-100% activities 0/10
77
CASE STUDY-2 NEHRU PLACE, NEW DELHI
THE CHOICE OF NEHRU PLACE, NEW DELHI IS:
Primarily because of, despite being made 20 years

after Chandigarh, its failure to have an ambience
to project itself as the main District hub/commercial
hub;
Despite having a design which separates pedestrian

and vehicular traffic completely, its failure to
attract people in large numbers;
The only image it has is that of a complex which

has a large no. of offices ± it is primarily an office
complex sans any pedestrian compatible design
elements.
Nehru Place, New Delhi;

Source: www.thetimelock.photos
78
B U I LT FO R M S
ANALYSIS:
Hierarchy in heights of
buildings (4-16 storey) create
variety in spaces
Introvert planning around

piazzas creates dedicated spaces
for pedestrians
Cut out off parking which characterizes the plaza;
Source: www.thetimelock.photos
There is a series of experiences
by achieving a variety of
enclosures, i.e., by terminating
the linear bazaar into a number
of piazzas
The differences in plaza levels

are of a human scale, thereby
maintaining continuity
Entrances in many building

blocks, surrounded by parking Built forms at Nehru Place;
Source: www.en.wikipedia.org
lots, are awkward for
pedestrians.
The narrowness of its

pedestrian spine creates a
claustrophobic effect and is
unsuitable for incorporation of
any pedestrian friendly design
elements and act as wind
tunnels
Built forms at Nehru Place;

84
ARCHITE CTURAL STYLE
ANALYSIS:
A similar type of façade treatment

have been followed in all office
buildings to achieve unity in the
complex, but it looks monotonous.
Different type of façade treatment in

hotels & cinemas improves the
legibility of space & acts as
landmarks.
Few recent constructs do not seem to

be a part of this complex because of
major variation in façade treatment &
material used.
Architectural style of built forms at Nehru Place;

85
LA N D M A R K S & N O D E S
ANALYSIS:
Due to strict architectural controls, all

row office blocks are similar. Only the
16 storey towers, the cinemas and the
hotel have no particular controls
because of which, these stand out.
In contrast to the other high-rise office

buildings, which are grey in concrete,
the international trade tower and the
hotel Park Royal act as strong
landmarks. This is because of the
sandstone cladding and the red grills.
Cinemas are major nodal areas of this

site, by virtue of their functions.
Central commercial spine also acts as

nodal point.
Landmarks & Nodes at Nehru Place;

87
ANALY S I S T H R O U G H S U R V E Y

Question Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9 Z10 Tot
al
1. Purpose of visit
1.a Employment or Business Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
1.b Shopping & Window shopping Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
1.c Entertainment (Amusement ± cinema, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
1.d Leisure (Assembly, rest, pass time) 0/10
2.a For 0-1 hour Ɣ 1/10
2.b For 1-2 hour Ɣ 1/10
2.c For 2-4 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
2.d For 4-6 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
3. Mode of travel
3.a Private Conveyance (Car, scooter) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
3.b Public Transport (Bus, Rickshaw, Taxi, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
Auto)
3.c Walking Ɣ 1/10
4.a At parking lots/cul-de-sac leading to Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
pedestrian spine
4.b Adjacent main roads (Link Roads & ring Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
road)
4.c Adjacent service roads 0/10
4.d Inside pedestrian area 0/10
4.e Bus terminus at site Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
5. Mode of travel at commercial spine

5.a Vehicular
0
89
Question Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9 Z10 Tota
l
6.a Business/ office areas 0/10
6.b Shops or showrooms Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
6.c Temporary shops (Rehris) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
6.d Amusement Centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
6.e Recreational spaces at Cross spine (Fountain, 0/10
6.f Resting Points (Steps to sit, shady areas to sit, Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
6.g Traffic free areas Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
6.h Landscape areas 10/1
0
6.i Architecturally rich areas Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 610
6.j Festive Places (Illumination, activities, hustle Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
6.k Pedestrian compatible design elements Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
7. Visit what all?

[Showing location of Hotel Park Royal, Bus
Terminus, Paras Cinema, Satyam Cinema,
Desu, Outer Ring Road, Service road,
Religare office, Dena Bank, Canara Bank at
site map]
7.a 0-25% of important centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
7.c 51-75% of important centers 0/10

[Asking location of various activities (like: all
three cinema halls, Bus terminus, Cultural
Centre, circular cut in slab for parking,
parking lot for hotel bldg, location of cyber
cafe) at site]
8a Identified 0-25% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
8.b Identified 26-50% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
8.c Identified 51-75% locations Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
90
Question Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9 Z10 Tota
l
(Like: Hotel park Royal, cultural centre,
Paras, Satyam, , Desu, ) & asked about their
familiarity with interviewee]
9.a Identified 0-25% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
9.b Identified 26-50% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
9.c Identified 51-75% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10

(Like: Bus terminus, Ring Road & Link road
Entry Point, Three Cinemas, Cultural Centre,
Entry points for basement parking) & asked
to identify these spaces]
10.a Identified 0-25% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
10.b Identified 26-50% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
10.c Identified 51-75% Spaces Ɣ 1/10

(Like: Nearest piazza of Satyam & Paras, The
heighest Piazza, the main shopping spine,
service road parking, Desu building, piazza of
Modi Tower) & asked to identify &
differentiate these activities]
11.a Identified 0-25% activities Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
11.b Identified 26-50% activities Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
11.c Identified 51-75% activities Ɣ 1/10
91
(Visitors)
Question Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Total
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1. Purpose of visit
1.a Employment or Business Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
1.b Shopping & Window shopping Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
2.a For 0-1 hour Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
2.b For 1-2 hour 0/10
2.d For 4-6 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
3. Mode of travel
3.b Public Transport (Bus, Rickshaw, Taxi, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
Auto)
3.c Walking Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
4.a At parking lots/cul-de-sac leading to Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
pedestrian spine
4.b Adjacent main roads (Link Roads & ring Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
road)
4.c Adjacent service roads 0/10
4.d Inside pedestrian area 0/10
4.e Bus terminus at site Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
5. Mode of travel at commercial spine

5.a Vehicular

6.a Business/ office areas 0/10
6.b Shops or showrooms Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
6.d Amusement Centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
6.e Recreational spaces at Cross spine 0/10
(Fountain, seating places, shady corridors)
6.f Resting Points (Steps to sit, shady areas to Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
sit, Climate compatible areas)
92
(Visitors)
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
6.h Landscape areas 10/10
6.i Architecturally rich areas Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
6.j Festive Places (Illumination, activities, Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
hustle bustle, colour, landscape)
6.k Pedestrian compatible design elements Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
7. Visit what all?

[Showing location of Hotel Park Royal,
Bus Terminus, Paras Cinema, Satyam
Cinema, Desu, Outer Ring Road, Service
road, Religare office, Dena Bank, Canara
Bank at site map]
7.a 0-25% of important centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
7.c 51-75% of important centers 0/10
8. Knowledge as regards location of

activities
all three cinema halls, Bus terminus,
Cultural Centre, circular cut in slab for
parking, parking lot for hotel bldg, location
of cyber cafe) at site]
8a Identified 0-25% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
8.b Identified 26-50% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
8.c Identified 51-75% locations 0/10
[Showing photographs of various
constructs (Like:Hotel park Royal, cultural
centre, Paras, Satyam, , Desu, ) & asked
about their familiarity with interviewee]
9.a Identified 0-25% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
9.b Identified 26-50% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
9.c Identified 51-75% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
93
(Visitors)
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

(Like:Bus terminus, Ring Road & Link
road Entry Point, Three Cinemas, Cultural
Centre, Entry points for basement parking)
& asked to identify these spaces]
10.a Identified 0-25% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
10.b Identified 26-50% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10

(Like: Nearest piazza of Satyam & Paras,
The heighest Piazza, the main shopping
spine, service road parking, Desu building,
piazza of Modi Tower) & asked to identify
& differentiate these activities]
11.b Identified 26-50% activities Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
94
INFERENCES FROM CASE STUDIES
AVAILABILITY OF PARKING LOTS ADJACENT TO

COMMERCIAL SPACE IS PREFERABLE.
NEED OF TRAFFIC SEGREGATION- SEPARATION

OF VEHICULAR TRAFFIC FROM PEDSTRIAN
MOVEMENT
NEED OF SERVICE ROADS
NEED OF LANDSCAPED AREAS AS LUNG SPACES
NEED FOR HUMANIZING THE SENSE OF

ENCLOSURE
ARCHITECTURAL RICHNESS OF SPACE HELPS IN

CREATING PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY
ENVIRONMENT
PROVISION OF GATHERING/INTERACTIVE
PLACES AT COMMERCIAL AREAS HELP IN
MAKING THAT PLACE MORE VIABLE.
95
Chapter-6
DESIGN DEMONSTRATION
6.1 SLECTION OF THE PROJECT:
Chief reasons for selection of Connaught Place as the
Demonstration area for application of Design Strategies for
Pedestrian Cores (Precincts):
Its being a prominent city core of the Capital of India;
Its being a city core visited by a very large number of
stake-holders: shoppers, businessmen, visitors, and for
leisure activities;
Its being a city core whose intrinsic charm of being a
pedestrian heaven has been lost due to its changing
dynamics over time: advent of motor car; tremendous
increase in vehicular traffic volume; and more recently
the location of the Metro-Station in its central Park .
Consequently, the
application of Design
Strategies for
Pedestrian Cores
(Precincts) in
Connaught Place
requires a vision
much beyond the
short -sighted routine
solutions which have
failed to see the day
of light because of
their inherent
Study model of Connaught Place- New Delhi;
Source: Author
drawbacks
96
6.2 DEVELOPMENT OF CONNAUGHT
PLACE (Brief History)
1. The Original Plan:
In /XW\HQ¶V axial Plan for Delhi, Connaught Place (inspired by
Royal Crescent, Bath) was an important focus. Fitted into the
matrix of Renaissance vistas and axis, and located on a direct
axis from the Central Secretariat to Jama Masjid, it was
conceived as a circus 1100 ft in diameter bounded by seven
colonnaded four-storey structures of unified designs.
Connaught place, New Delhi, India; Royal Crescent Bath, Europe;

Source: www.goibibo.com Source: www.beckford-house.com
/RFDWLRQRI&RQQDXJKWSODFHDW/XW\HQ¶V1HZ'HOKL,QGLD
Source: Author
97
Like most of the Baroque designs,
the enclosure was not full but
partially developed ± acting as an
important focus in which the
circus opens outwards. The
movement was not a part of the
space but divided it. If the width
of the traffic arteries was large, it
was for the sake of scale rather
than the volume of traffic.
Anatomy Connaught place;

Source: Author
With the shifting of

Capital of India to Delhi
in 1911 and completion of
the major components of
the new city in the early
thirties, Connaught Circus
In the original plan of Connaught place, the roads started functioning as an
pierce into the very core, dividing the green space
and the building structure into different parts; important element of
Source: Author /XW\HQ¶V ³*UDQG 0DQQHU´
concept.
Prominent axis of Connaught place;

Source: Author
98
VISION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CONNAUGHT
PLACE :
1. C.A.T. Group recommendations:
C.A.T. (Contemporary Architects and Town Planners) Group
drew attention to the fact that the proposed commercial
extension of Connaught circus in the bell shaped form was
totally unrelated to the axial form and concept of /XW\HQ¶V
New Delhi.
By seeing present rate of growth, they anticipated that the
central park of Connaught Place would become inaccessible
because of the intensity of traffic.
Stressed the advantages of comprehensive development for the
whole area which included control upon architecture style,
landscape patterns, movement of pedestrian & vehicular
traffic, parking spaces, public amenities etc.
Suggested drastic changes in the zonal Plan for better
integration with the axial structure of /XW\HQ¶V New Delhi
Plan. It proposed commercial area on both sides of Janpath on
Govt. owned land, terminating at Rajpath intersection with the
proposed commercial complex.
Emphasized that the proposed extension would bind the
scattered elements of the city into a unified and
comprehensive design and offer the possibilities of creating a
lively and integrated centre for the city of New Delhi.
100
2. N.D.R.A.C. Recommendations:
Development as per CAT Group recommendations continued to
be chaotic and consequently, at the behest of Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi, NDRAC (New Delhi Redevelopment Advisory
Committee) recommendations came about.
Major recommendations of NDRAC were
³3('(675,$1,6$7,21 OF CONNAUGHT 3/$&(´
through:
1. Creation of specified
disembarkation points for
pedestrians coming into
Connaught Place on the
periphery.
2. Removal of extraneous traffic
from Connaught Place.
3. Creation of a By-pass road
(Desh Bandhu Gupta Road)
to divert the extraneous traffic
using Connaught Place as a
rotary.
Base plan of Connaught place; 4. Treatment of School Lane
Source: Author
Road as a distributor.
Some of these recommendations 5. Provision of multi-level
were only partially effected. parking at the end of each
The proposal of the radial roads radial road to free the inner
terminating into car parks at circle from parking and traffic
grade levels had to be
completely shelved as it would
movement.
have disrupted the continuity of
the shopping colonnade and
corresponding pedestrian
movement.
101
3. Rites Plan for decongestion of Connaught Place:
With time with Connaught Place becoming the central and the
busiest City Centre of Delhi, the estimated users expected to
visit Connaught Place rose to 12 lakhs passengers (2003). It
was also assumed that the figure will rise to 50 lakhs by 2021.
Without a proper control, this means
its conversion into a most
congested place.
Consequently, Rites Plan
(under the auspices of New
Delhi Municipal Council)
for decongestion of C.P.
suggested the following:
Rites Plan for decongestion of Connaught Place;

Limited entry of Source: Author
vehicles into inner circle with entry from Janpath and
exist from Baba Kharag Singh Marg;
Increase in the pedestrian space by provision of
pedestrian walkways;
All intersections of the middle circle to be provided with
coloured zebra crossing to ensure slower vehicular
movement;
Middle circle to be enforced by raised walkways on
either side;
Creation of more pedestrian subways;
Reduction of buses in the congested places;
Multi-level parking to be added on Kasturba Gandhi
Marg and Baba Kharag Singh Marg.
102
INFERENCES:
Although the Rites Plan, C.A.T. group, NDRAC & others
seems to have taken cognizance of incorporation of recent
development (Like Metro Station at central park,
overcrowding of vehicular & pedestrian traffic, upcoming
multistoreyed built structures etc.) in Connaught Place,
but their development vision of Connaught Place seems
to be limited only to decongestion of Connaught Place.
Besides solution to its traffic problems, Connaught

Place always, to an architect, means much more.
As architects, we will always have to be
concerned with the quality of architecture it will
contain which is concerned with its:
Magnificence,
Antiquity
Conviviality
Quality of Place
A Heaven for shoppers
and so on and so forth«««««««««.
The thesis is regarding the quality of pedestrian precincts we

wish to visualize.
103
6.3 STUDY OF CONNAUGHT PLACE-ANATOMY
INTRODUCING CONNAUGHT PLACE

(Major Landmarks)
Palika Bazaar; Janpath Road;

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶V3KRWRJUDSK\ Source: www.makemytrip.com
LIC Building;
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶V3KRWRJUDSK\
Base plan of Connaught place;

Source: Author
Statesman House Building;

Source: www.avanta.co.in
104
MATRIX OF DEVELOPMENT
(Centrality in the radial system of New Delhi)
ANALYSIS:
Very good
accessibility(permeability)
from all parts of the city
Strong legibility with all roads
leading to the center
Permits formation of vistas
and avenues
Fixes location and direction of
vistas and avenues
Reduced travel distances from
all major parts of the city
Planning shows feudalistic

intentions
Ignores site characteristics
Concentration of all traffic to

the fixed centers
Gives odd shaped plots
Impossible to manipulate
Ignores orientation
Matrix of Development of Connaught place;

Source: Author
106
FORM OF DEVELOPMENT
(Circular form)
Cross section of CP;

Source: Author
Conflict points at CP;

Source: Author
ANALYSIS:
Formation of introvert enclosure:
activity node
Ordered pattern of peripheral
development
Unhindered clockwise movement
of vehicular traffic
Ability to accommodate large
volumes of vehicular traffic
Enables accommodation of large
number of radial roads
Continuity of pedestrian
movement
Association of pedestrian
movement with built form
Formation of large landscaped
central island
Rigidity of form ± difficult to
break/manipulate
Concentration of traffic in the
central node
Separation of adjunct areas
(pedestrian linkages) from the
central node
Loss of sense of enclosure and
Diagram showing large no. of vehicular-pedestrian scale
conflict points & Discontinuity in pedestrian
movement due to many cross junctions;
Source: Author
107
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER & ALLOWED
FLEXIBILITY IN DESIGN
(ARCADED FACADE) ANALYSIS:
Provides sense of grandeur by
height of columns
Defines architectural character
Provides shaded areas (both inside
and outside) for pedestrian
movement
Enables continuity of pedestrian
movement
Ensures visual continuity in the
inner circle
Colonnaded façade giving a sense of grandeur; Orders placement of sign boards
Source: Author and hoardings
Impedes encroachments
Provides flexibility for
manipulation of inner facades
Rigid in intent ± lacks variety
Rigid in intent ± lacks legibility
Rigid in intent ± difficult to
manipulate
Non-sympathetic to agenda of
climate
Very strict pedestrian movement
channels
Difficult to logically follow in
modern buildings (new
construction)
Architectural
character of
Connaught Place;
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶V
Photography
108
ORGANIZATION OF SPACES
(Introvert planning)
ANALYSIS:
Creates Central Node (Main
Activity Area)
Defines main enclosure
Provides central disembarkation/
embarkation points
Increases accessibility of
vehicular traffic close to activity
areas
Ensures visual linkages between
activities
Concentrates pedestrian
movement along the inner circle
and thus more humane
Better permeability & legibility
Offers possibility of being an
exclusive pedestrian precinct
Provides a climax
Rigidity of Size
Difficult to extend
Pedestrian linkages from many
radial roads
Good definition of inner
enclosure
Makes the outer ring less
important
Pedestrian incompatible landuses
get located in the outer ring
Visual linkages broken in the
outer circle because of its convex
plan profile
Organization of spaces at Connaught Place;
Inner ring gets preferential
Source: Author & Base plan from Google
treatment by pedestrians because
Earth
of lesser travel distances
109
CIRCULATION CHANNELS & VEHICULAR -
PEDESTRIAN CONFLICT POINTS
(Formation of traffic arteries on both sides of the
circular form/ development)
ANALYSIS:
Easy accessibility to all areas of
outer and inner circle
Demarcation of the outer road
for µWKURXJK¶ traffic
Reduced traffic volumes on
roads because of splitting of
traffic
More number of shops face
accessible arteries
Provides greater surface area
for advertisements, sign-boards
Circular development exists as
an island between outer and
inner circle
Land-uses in the outer and inner
circle get unnecessarily
differentiated
Resulting in large no. of
vehicular-pedestrian conflicts
points
Formation of major activity
areas in the radials linkages
connecting outside artery and
inside artery
Rigidity of size: no scope for
extension
Circulation channels & vehicular - pedestrian conflict points;

Source: Author
110
LANDMARKS AND ACTIVITY NODES
(Positioning of the leisure park in the center)
ANALYSIS:
It creates a large green (lung
space) in the urban-scape
Gives a µVHQVH of SODFH¶ &
boldly marks its own position
Increases the size of the rotary
to accommodate larger
volumes of vehicular traffic
Provides a good embarkation/
disembarkation central point
(being effectively made use of
by metro station)
Increases the size of the
circular development to
accommodate large no. of
shops and commercial area
Restricts/directs
pedestrian/vehicular traffic
along the periphery
Possibilities to reduce &
extend the width of inner road
& park, both as per needs
A place to see & appreciate
the richness of architectural
excellence of façade
Large size of the leisure green
reduces sense of enclosure
Converts inner green into an
µLVODQG¶
Increases pedestrian distances
Landmarks and nodes at Connaught Place;
Source: Author
111
EVOLUTION PATTERN & CHARACTER OF
SPACES
(Colonnaded arcade along one side of movement
channel )
ANALYSIS:
Enlargement of visual envelop
permitting awareness of
totality of form
Greater legibility of shops,
signboards, markers and
landmarks
Enjoyable inside spaces-
outside landscape relationship
Comfortable light and
ventilation of the colonnaded
pedestrian arcade
Heightening of sensual variety
of light and shade effects in
the colonnaded movement
channel
Affords greater flexibility for
integration of pedestrian
design elements in the
development
Involves longer travel
distances
Monotony of the pedestrian
movement channel
Concentration of activities in
zones of comfort (climate-
wise)
Colonnaded side of movement
channel is appealing for illegal
encroachment of hawkers
Fragments the whole site into
pockets
Evolution pattern & character of spaces at CP;

Source: Author
112
IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES THROUGH
SURVEY

X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
X10
Question Total
1. Purpose of visit
1.a Employment or Business Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
1.b Shopping & Window shopping Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
1.e Site Seeing (Tourists) 0/10
2.a For 0-1 hour 0/10
2.b For 1-2 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
2.c For 2-4 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
2.d For 4-6 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
3. Mode of travel
3.b Public Transport (Bus, Taxi) Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
3.c Metro Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
3.d Any Other (Cycle, Walking) Ɣ 1/10
4.a In channels leading to pedestrian precincts Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
(Radial Roads)
4.b Adjacent to pedestrian precincts (Outer Ɣ 1/10
circle)
4.c Inside pedestrian precincts (Inner circle) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
5. Mode of travel inside the circus
5.a Vehicular

6.a Business areas Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
6.b Shops or showrooms Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
6.d Amusement Centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
6.e and activities (, churches, Mosques) Ɣ 1/10
6.f Resting Points (Steps to sit, shady areas to Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
lie down, Climate compatible areas)
113
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
X10
Question Total

6.i Architecturally rich areas Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
(Buildings of relevance, historical buildings,
fountains, etc.)
6.j Festive Places (Illumination, activities, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
6.k Pedestrian compatible design elements Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 9/10
7. Visit what all?
[Showing location of Palika Bazaar, PVR
cinema, METRO Station, SBI Bank, , Hotel
Alka, Nirulas, LIC office, Hotel Marina, &
Janpath Market at site map]
7.a 0-25% of important centers Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
7.b 26-50% of important centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
activities
[Asking location of various activities at site
as: RR4, Rr6, Rivoli Cinema, Regal cinema,
Mc Donalds, Nirulas CCD, Shanker
Market, Hotel Marina, ]
8a Identified 0-25% locations Ɣ 1/10

8.b Identified 26-50% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
8.c Identified 51-75% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
8.d Identified 76-100% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
(Like:Staesman House, LIC Building,
Reliance bldg, Fire station, NDMC
Building, RR2, Block-C & E) & asked about
their familiarity with interviewee]
9.a Identified 0-25% Constructs Ɣ 1/10

9.b Identified 26-50% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
9.c Identified 51-75% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
9.d Identified 76-100% Constructs Ɣ 1/10
114
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
X10
Question Total
10.a Identified 0-25% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10

10.b Identified 26-50% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
(Like:RR4 &6, Restaurant Nirula, Mc
Donalds, CCD, Janpath market, Shanker
market, Hotel Alka, Hotel Marina, Block C
& D, Central Park & park over Palika
bazaar, NDMC bldg & Statesman house) &
asked to identify & differentiate these
activities]
11.b Identified 26-50% activities Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10

X11
X12
X13
X14
X15
X16
X17
X18
X19
X20
Question Total
1. Purpose of visit
1.a Employment or Business 0/10
1.b Shopping & Window shopping Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
1.c Entertainment (Amusement ± cinema, Ɣ 1/10
1.d Leisure (Assembly, rest, pass time) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
1.e Site Seeing (Tourists) Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
2.a For 0-1 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
2.b For 1-2 hour Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
2.d For 4-6 hour 0/10
3. Mode of travel
3.a Private Conveyance (Car, scooter) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
3.b Public Transport (Bus, Taxi) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
3.c Metro Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 4/10
3.d Any Other (Cycle, Walking) 0/10
4.a In channels leading to pedestrian precincts Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
(Radial Roads)
115
X11
X12
X13
X14
X15
X16
X17
X18
X19
X20
Question Total
4.b Adjacent to pedestrian precincts (Outer Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10

circle)
4.c Inside pedestrian precincts (Inner circle) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
5. Mode of travel inside the circus

5.a Vehicular
6.a Business areas Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
6.b Shops or showrooms Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 8/10
6.c Temporary shops (Rehris) Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 8/10
6.d Amusement Centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 5/10
6.e and activities (, churches, Mosques) Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
6.f Resting Points (Steps to sit, shady areas to Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 10/10
lie down, Climate compatible areas)
6.i Architecturally rich areas Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 6/10
(Buildings of relevance, historical buildings,
fountains, etc.)
6.j Festive Places (Illumination, activities, Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
7. Visit what all?
[Showing location of Palika Bazaar, PVR
cinema, METRO Station, SBI Bank, , Hotel
Alka, Nirulas, LIC office, Hotel Marina, &
Janpath Market at site map]
7.a 0-25% of important centers Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
7.b 26-50% of important centers Ɣ Ɣ 2/10

activities
[Asking location of various activities at site
as: RR4, Rr6, Rivoli Cinema, Regal cinema,
Mc Donalds, Nirulas CCD, Shanker
Market, Hotel Marina, ]
8a Identified 0-25% locations Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 8/10
8.b Identified 26-50% locations Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
8.c Identified 51-75% locations 0/10
116
X11
X12
X13
X14
X15
X16
X17
X18
X19
X20
Question Total
(Like:Staesman House, LIC Building,
Reliance bldg, Fire station, NDMC
Building, RR2, Block-C & E) & asked about
their familiarity with interviewee]
9.a Identified 0-25% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 8/10
9.b Identified 26-50% Constructs Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
9.c Identified 51-75% Constructs 0/10
(Like:Hotel Regal, Odeon Cinema, RR5,
United Coffee House, Palika Car parking,
Gandhi Ashram, Palika Market, Petrol
Pump, Fire Station, Janpath Market) &
asked to identify these spaces]
10.a Identified 0-25% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 7/10
10.b Identified 26-50% Spaces Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 3/10
10.c Identified 51-75% Spaces 0/10
(Like:RR4 &6, Restaurant Nirula, Mc
Donalds, CCD, Janpath market, Shanker
market, Hotel Alka, Hotel Marina, Block C
& D, Central Park & park over Palika
bazaar, NDMC bldg & Statesman house) &
asked to identify & differentiate these
activities]
11.a Identified 0-25% activities Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ 8/10
11.b Identified 26-50% activities Ɣ Ɣ 2/10
117
6.4 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
1. The scale of the inner

1. Pre-Metro enclosure (1:11) is
incomprehensible
2. The inner vehicular circle
makes the approach to
the central park very
difficult
3. The parking lots adjacent
to the inner vehicular
circle impede the free
pedestrian movement
4. the pedestrian continuum
in the shopping arcade
is broken by radial
roads
5. The middle ring has very
little traffic volume
6. Any proposal
envisaging the removal
of the inner circle to
connect shopping
Connaught Place; arcade with central park
Source: Author would have to contain
to proposals for
alternate parking spaces
7. Major pedestrian
embarkation points are
outside the outer ring
from where pedestrians
linkages need to be
118
created
2. Post-Metro
The location of the Metro

Station has changed the
whole dynamics of traffic
movement in Connaught
Place. Among other things,
the key issues are:
Connaught Place;
Source: Author
1. Compared to earlier traffic movement when pedestrian traffic was

generated on the periphery, very large traffic volume, both
pedestrian and vehicular, is generating in the Inner Park or say,
Connaught Place has become µ,QZDUG RXW¶ from µ2XWZDUG LQ¶ after
introduction of Metro.
2. As proposed by Rite, the inner circle can not be completely
dispensed with for pedestrian movement but needs vehicular
access to the metro Station in the Inner Park which is going to be a
major embarkation point
3. There is a much greater need to connect the Inner Park with the
Shopping Colonnade to take care of the increased volume of
pedestrian traffic disembarking at the Inner Circle
4. The proposals of NDRAC regarding multi-level parking lots at the
end of the radial roads will break the continuity of the pedestrians
in the colonnaded arcade
5. The discontinuity of the vehicular traffic from the Inner circle will
mean incorporation of large parking lots in any proposals
6. Removal of the Inner Circle is further going to enlarge the visual
size of the inner enclosure and need to be made pedestrian friendly
It is possible to sort out many of the aforesaid issues analytically.
119
3. CIVIC CONCERNS issues:
Maintain & improve the image of Connaught Place as a

city level public space & Delhi's biggest District centre.
Create an opportunity for art & culture to flourish at the
heart of the capital of India.
Make it entirely µ'LVDVWHU and safety UHVSRQVLYH¶
Creation of a Barrier free and users friendly built
environment
Diversion of through traffic & suggestion for alternate
route for vehicular traffic from nearby places
Connaught place- :DONHU¶VSDUDGLVHRUDFRPPHUFLDOKXE

Source: www.asianage.com
120
4. Architectural issues:
But in addition to this, once the aforesaid issues are
sorted out, we will still be concerned with:
Magnificence,
Antiquity
Conviviality
Quality of Place
A Heaven for shoppers
DQGVRRQDQGVRIRUWK«««««««««
Where the key issues will revolve around;
Strategies to stop the disfigurement of

Connaught Place
Proposals to give pedestrians a better
understanding of Connaught Place by
identifiable markers,
Proposals to bring in greater conviviality to place
by removal of vehicular parking
Design of floor-scape, landscape, levels and
incorporation of activities (places of assembly,
amusement etc) to make Connaught Place more
pedestrian friendly
And last but not the least, a pedestrian heaven
where crowd can be controlled in emergencies.
121
6.5 DESIGN CRITERIA
Design objectives:
1. HUMANIZING SIZE OF ENCLOSURE
2. &5($7,1*$µ6(16(2)3/$&(¶
3. VEHICULAR-PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC SEGREGATION
4. CONNECTING SHOPPING ARCADE WITH INNER

PARK
5. BRINGING PEDESTRIAN CONTINUITY IN THE

SHOPPING ARCADE
6. RELEASING SHOPPING ARCADE FROM

ENCROACHMENTS
7. CREATION OF ALTERNATE PARKING LOTS
8. IMPROVING ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER OF

CONNAUGHT PLACE AS A PEDESTRIAN PRECINCT
BY ADDITION OF PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY DESIGN
ELEMENTS
122
$&7,213/$1«««
Objective-1 HUMANIZING SIZE OF ENCLOSURE
Central park of Connaught

place-View;
Source: www.new-delhi-
hotels.com
Central park of Connaught

place- 3D Model;
Source: Author
New Construct
Central park of Connaught place- Cross sections;

Source: Author
Introduction of additional construct in the form of a new ring

at inner circle as additional shopping area
123
$&7,213/$1«««
Objective-&5($7,1*$µ6(16(2)3/$&(¶
By pedestrianizing inner circle & radial roads (middle circle

onwards)
By providing markers in form of column, roofs, canopies, flags
etc.
Creating a sense of place- 3D Model;

Source: Author
By incorporating pedestrian friendly design elements; like:

water bodies, green Parks, flags, sculptures etc.
By giving space for KDZNHUV¶ in a planned/designed manner
By creating a gathering place in form of O.A.T. At central park
for cultural activities
124
$&7,213/$1«««
Objective-3
VEHICULAR-PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC
SEGREGATION
By diverting of through traffic at another bye-pass roads to
minimize the vehicular traffic at Connaught Place (This aspect
is outside the scope of this thesis)
Complete pedestrianization of the inner circle, by stopping

vehicles at middle ring.
By removing maximum surface parking from Connaught

place.
After removal of vehicular traffic from inner ring, the
commuters generating from metro station would be able to get
public transport at the radial roads & onwards.
Additional multistoried parking lots might be proposed at

outer-side of Connaught circus for remaining parking
shortfalls. (As per NDMC proposal- this aspect is outside the
scope of this thesis)
125
$&7,213/$1«««
Objective-4
CONNECTING SHOPPING ARCADE WITH
INNER PARK
Existing road side parking & vehicular traffic at inner circle
have to be removed for connecting shopping arcade & central
park.
Additional landscape elements & public conveniences like
green areas, street furnitures, water bodies, toilet blocks etc.
need to be provided at inner circle to create an pedestrian
friendly environment.
Few informal shopping areas would help to make the
movement a part of activity.
Traffic segregation at Connaught Place;

Source: Author
126
$&7,213/$1«««
Objective-5
BRINGING PEDESTRIAN CONTINUITY IN THE
SHOPPING ARCADE
5HPRYDORIKDZNHUV¶HQFURDFKPHQWVIURPFRUULGRUWRPDNH
the blockage free movement.
Pedestrianization of shopping arcade at Connaught Place;

Source: Author
Removal of surface parking & vehicular movement from

inner circle & radial roads.
127
$&7,213/$1«««
Objective-6
RELEASING SHOPPING ARCADE FROM
ENCROACHMENTS
After releasing shopping arcade from KDZNHUV¶
encroachments for creating free movement, there is a need for
relocation of these at CP itself, to maintain the conviviality of
the place.
For rehabilitation of hawkers and catering future growth,
there is a need of a new construct at Connaught Place.
The new construct at inner circle would also help in
improving the sense of enclosure.
Facade upliftment & de-enchroachment of shopping arcade at Connaught Place;

Source: Author
128
$&7,213/$1«««
Objective-7
CREATION OF ALTERNATE PARKING LOTS
After removal of maximum surface parking from Connaught

Place, there is a need of getting maximum usage of Palika
parking and an additional provision of underground parking
spaces below the inner circle & outer circle ±for approx. 5000
cars (i.e. Sufficient for inner ring, middle ring & outer ring for
next 25 years)
Additional multistoried parking lots might be proposed at

outer-side of Connaught circus for remaining parking
shortfalls. (As per NDMC proposal -this aspect is outside the
scope of this thesis)
Creation of floor plates for additional parking at Connaught Place;

Source: Author
129
$&7,213/$1«««
Objective-8
IMPROVING ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER OF CONNAUGHT PLACE AS A
PEDESTRIAN PRECINCT (BY ADDITION OF
PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY
DESIGN ELEMENTS)
Pedestrian movement channels are devoid of pedestrian

friendly design elements (water bodies, water fountains,
sculptures, flag poles, sitting benches etc.), so necessary to
give the huge central enclosure the ³VHQVH of SODFH´ and make
it climate friendly
The presence of public conveniences (toilets, drinking water
facility, ATMs, etc.) are necessary at pedestrian precincts.
There is need of more landscaped areas & provision of
gathering places like band stands, amusement, exhibitions and
for festivities.
.Improvement in façade treatment & signage placement is
required.
Need of SHRSOHV¶ assistance/ information kiosks/sign
boards/maps to make the Connaught place a safer place.
Need of landmarks and punctuations (markers) to improve
legibility and associations
Provision of crowd control measures (like: CCTV cameras at
high level, creation of barrier free movement etc.) to avoid
creating disastrous conditions in case of emergencies.
130
6.6 DESIGN CONCEPT
ANNEXURE-1 EXISTING PLAN OF CONNAUGHT PLACE
ANNEXURE-2 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF

&211$8*+73/$&(%LUG¶V(\HYLHZ
ANNEXURE-3 CONNAUGHT PLACE PARKING PLANS

BASEMENT-1 & BASEMENT-2
ANNEXURE-4 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF

CONNAUGHT PLACE (Ground floor plan)
ANNEXURE-5 PROPOSED ARRANGEMENT FOR

SIGNAGES/HOARINGS
ANNEXURE-6 PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT: TIME SCALE
ANNEXURE-7 PROSTECT OF CONNAUGHT PLACE

FROM LIC BUILDING
ANNEXURE-8 DETAIL OF MAIN CENTRAL PARK
ANNEXURE-9 ENTERING C.P. FROM RADIAL ROAD

(Panchkuian Road)
ANNEXURE-10 INCORPORATION OF PEDESTRIAN

FRIENDLY DESIGN ELEMENTS
131
ANNEXURE-1
EXIXTING PLAN OF CONNAUGHT PLACE
(Ground floor plan)
Existing Ground floor plan of

Connaught Place;
Source: Author
ANNEXURE-2
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF
&211$8*+73/$&(%LUG¶V(\HYLHZ
Proposed development plan of

Connaught Place- 3D Model;
Source: Author
132
ANNEXURE-3.1
CONNAUGHT PLACE PARKING PLANS
BASEMENT-1
Proposed parking plan- Basement-1

at Connaught Place;
Source: Author
ANNEXURE-3.2
CONNAUGHT PLACE PARKING PLANS
BASEMENT-2
Proposed parking plan- Basement-2

at Connaught Place;
Source: Author
133
ANNEXURE-4 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
PLAN OF CONNAUGHT PLACE
(Ground floor plan)
Proposed development plan of Connaught Place;

Source: Author
134
ANNEXURE-5 PROPOSED ARRANGEMENT FOR
SIGNAGES/HOARDINGS
([LVWLQJYLHZRIEORFNµ&¶RI&RQQDXJKW3ODFH,QQHUFLUFOH
3URSRVHGYLHZRIEORFNµ&¶RI&RQQDXJKW3ODFH,QQHUFLUFOH
Source: Author
135
ANNEXURE-6
PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT: TIME SCALE
Pedestrian movement- Time scale;

Source: Author
ANNEXURE-7
PROSTECT OF CONNAUGHT PLACE FROM
LIC BUILDING
Prospect of Connaught place

from LIC Building;
Source: Author
136
ANNEXURE-8 DETAIL OF MAIN CENTRAL PARK
Detail of main central Park;

Source: Author
ANNEXURE-9
ENTERING C.P. FROM RADIAL ROAD
(Panchkuian Road)
Entering C.P. from radial road (Panchkuian Road);

Source: Author
137
ANNEXURE-10
INCORPORATION OF PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY
DESIGN ELEMENTS
Incorporation of pedestrian friendly design elements (Like: street

furniture, trees, floorscape etc) elements at pedestrianized Inner circle
Source: Author
138
NOTES:
139

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1.1 Preamble: Significance and importance of the 07-14

2.1 The philosophies behind environmental wants 18-21

3.1 Basis of Traditional Pattern of circulation 41

3.2 Pedestrian Environments before the advent of 42-45

4.1 Study & Analysis of major physical 56-57

5.1 Case study-1 (Sector-17, Chandigarh, India) 61-77

6.1 Criteria for site selection 96

The Campidoglio, Rome; Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India;

 Advent of motorcar and loss of choices to commute;

The demonstration of aforesaid is best exemplified by the

1. Bazaar Type (Indian Traditional)

Sector-17, Chandigarh, India; Nehru place, Delhi, India;

St. Marks Piazza, Venice; Tripolia Bazar, Jaipur, India;

M G Road, Banglaore-India; The Mall, Shimla-India;

The absence of political will to preserve the pedestrian charm

It is purely the desire to find a via-media between the aforesaid

Need for exclusive pedestrian precincts in towns

Need for developing strategies for development of

Returning in these pedestrian precincts the ground

Le Marais -Place des vosges, Paris;

 Advent of motor car:

(FOR MAKING THEM PEDESTRIAN HEAVENS)

Connaught Place, New Delhi Chhoti Chaupar, Jaipur;

Inherent in the aforesaid concerns are the

a. The quality of pedestrian cores and the search for

b. The search for determinants which refer to specific

 Study of essential philosophies behind environmental

The limitations are as follows:

 The scope of the thesis is limited to demonstration as

 To ascertain the need of public pedestrian precincts in

 To evolve a methodology for experiencing public

 To assess the need of pedestrian areas to make them

 To study the behaviour pattern of pedestrians.

Secondary objectives Objectives which satisfy psychical needs

Important is to That public areas are needed to fulfill the

Design of Public External stimuli cannot come about if the

Here the problem lies in the unspecific as regards the

Design of Essentially their designs need to be different

Time Dimension The absorption of information requires time-

So Pedestrian areas are different than vehicular areas for the

Humanization of is the product of behaviour pattern of

Why? Because public zones, accessible to

We should delineate this group of areas and illustrate it with

Unspecific to show small items in the

Another distinction: By way of differing demands made on

AS A RESULT WE HAVE DESIGN ELEMENTS IN THE

The way a scheme is perceived, as one walks through, depends

The movement pattern of pedestrians:

The children meandering- as objects on way

Hurrying brisk Meandering out Resting at the Children- playing,

Viewing- stopping to Seeking Socializing - Socializing-

Eddying around obstacles; Forming pools above and below restricted

The flow can be encouraged or deflected by-

Visual attraction; By openings; By change of levels;

The key to designing for

In logical sequence; Towards whatever pleases,; Towards change from sun to

Towards whatever excites; Towards points of entry;

#$$%&'()$(*$

.& ! /

Advent of motorcar and loss of choices to commute;

Advent of motor car:

Study of essential philosophies behind environmental

The scope of the thesis is limited to demonstration as

To ascertain the need of public pedestrian precincts in

To evolve a methodology for experiencing public

To assess the need of pedestrian areas to make them

To study the behaviour pattern of pedestrians.

Footpaths can define territory, provide a view of activity

Defining the edges

Tremendous increase of speed

Ways for fitting an automobile in the city fabric

Pedestrians got a raw deal

Conventional concepts of public space (pedestrian areas) lost

Replaced by spatial expansiveness and visual clutter of

Establishment Places of Visit Landscape areas