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Module 1 and 2: LIPUNAN, Binubuo NG LIPUNAN Ang TAO"
Module 1 and 2: LIPUNAN, Binubuo NG LIPUNAN Ang TAO"
Kabutihang Panlahat
● Ito ay ang kabutihan para sa bawat
isang indibidwal na nasa Lipunan.
● Ito ang pangkalahatang kondisyong
pantay na ibinabahagi para sa
kapakinabangan ng lahat ng kasapi ng
isang lipunan.
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Module 3 Lipunang pang-ekonomiya
● Ang lipunang ito ay nagsisikap na
Lipunang Pang-ekonomiya pangasiwaan ang mga yaman ng
bayan ayon sa kaangkupan nito sa mga
Pagkakapantay-pantay pangangailangan ng tao.
● Pantay-pantay ang lahat dahil likha ● Ito ay ang mga pagkilos na masiguro na
tayo ng Diyos. ang bawat bahay ay magiging
● May mga nagsasabi namang hindi tahanan.
pantay-pantay dahil may mga ● Pinapangunahan ito ng estado na
mayayaman at may mga mahihirap. tumitiyak na maayos ang
pangangasiwa at patas ang
pamamahagi ng yaman ng bayan.
Max Scheler - “Bahagi ng pagiging tao ng tao
ang pagkakaroon ng magkakaibang lakas at
kahinaan. Nasa hulma ng ating katawan ang
kakayahan nating maging isang sino. Dahil na
rin sa hindi pagkakapantay-pantay na ito, “Kung maunlad ang bansa, higit na
kailangang sikapin ang pagkakapantay-pantay mamumuhunan ang mga may kapital na syang
sa pamamagitan ng pagbabahagi ng yaman ng lilikha ng higit pang mga pagkakataon para sa
bayan.” mga tao – pagkakataon hindi lamang
makagawa, kundi pagkakataon ding tumaas ang
Prinsipyo ng Proportio antas ng kanilang pamumuhay.”
● Hindi man pantay-pantay ang mga tao,
may angkop para sa kanila. Kailangang “Sa lipunang pang-ekonomiya, ginagawa ng
maging patas ayon sa kakayahan, ayon mga tao na malaking tahanan ang bansa –
sa pangangailangan isang tunay na tahanan kung saan maaaring
● Sto. Tomas de Aquino: “Ang angkop tunay na tumahan (huminto, manahimik,
na pagkakaloob ng naaayon sa pumanatag) ang bawat isa sa pagsisikap nilang
pangangailangan ng tao.” mahanap ang kanilang mga buhay.”
Hanap-Buhay
● Ang hinahanap ng gumagawa ay ang
kanyang buhay. Hindi siya
nagpapakapagod lamang para sa pera
kundi para ito sa buhay na hinahanap
nya.
● Ang kanyang pag-aari ay hindi lamang
tropeyo ng kanyang pagpapagal. Ito
rin ang mga gamit nya upang
matulungan siyang mahanap ang
kanyang buhay.
● Ang mga gamit at yamang
pinagbabahaginan ay hindi iniipon para
higit na palakihin lamang ang yaman.
Nariyan ang mga ito upang umayon sa
mga layunin ng tao.
Ekonomiya
● ▪ “Ekonomiya” galing sa mga griyegong
salita na “oikos” (bahay) at “nomos”
(pamamahala)
● Ang ekonomiya ay tulad lamang din ng
pamamahala sa bahay. May sapat na
budget ang namamahay. Kailangan
itong pagkasyahin sa lahat ng gastusin
upang makapamuhay nang mahusay
ang mga tao sa bahay, maging tahanan
ang bahay
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Module 4
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Research Week #1 Predicting
● Prediction is based on both good
Basic Science Process Skills observation and inferences made about
observed events.
● Science process skills arise in our minds ● Making predictions is making educated
automatically and involuntarily. guesses about the outcomes of future
events.
● We can utilize these skills to determine ● The ability to make predictions about
how to answer our questions about how future events allows us to successfully
the world works by coherently breaking interact with the environment around us.
the steps in our thinking.
Communicating
● Science process skills are also ● Communication is the use of written and
applicable in any situation that needs spoken words or graphic symbols to
critical thinking. describe an action, object or event
● the use of written and spoken words,
There are six basic science process skills: graphs, demonstrations, drawings,
1. Observing diagrams, or tables to transmit
2. Classifying information and ideas to others.
3. Measuring and Using Numbers
4. Making Inferences
5. Predicting
6. Communicating
Observing
● Observing is the primary science
process skill.
● Using all our five senses
● Observations that involve a number or
quantity are quantitative
observations.
Classifying
● Classifying is the use of observation by
recognizing similarities and
differences between things, and how
they relate to one other.
● This is an important step towards a
better understanding of the different
objects and events in the world.
Making Inferences
● Inferences are interpretations or
explanations of observations.
● When we are able to interpret and
explain events around us, we have a
better awareness of the environment
around us.
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Research Week #2 Experimental questions
Require explanations, prior knowledge, and are
Identifying Research Problem and Writing a testable.
Testable Research Question
Examples are:
The research problem guides the research ● Experimental questions require a more
questions and processes, and produces the in depth answer that requires testing.
framework for understanding the research Experimental questions are what
findings. researchers use.
● If salt is added to water, would the
1. A good scientific question is one that can solution still boil at the same
have an answer and be tested. For example: temperature?
● Suntan lotion is put on ultraviolet
➔ “Why is that a star?” is not as good as detecting beads, will the beads still
➔ “What are stars made of?” change color?
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Research Week #6 Qualitative data collection methods
1. Interviews: Asking open-ended
Qualitative Data and Quantitative Data questions verbally to respondents.
2. Focus groups: Discussion among a
Data collection group of people about a topic to gather
It is the process of collecting, gathering opinions that can be used for further
and measuring information on variables of research
interest or from all the relevant sources in an 3. Ethnography: Participating in a
established systematic fashion that enables one community or organization for an
to answer stated research questions, test extended period of time to closely
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. observe culture and behaviour..
4. Literature review: Survey of published
The data collection component of research is works by other authors.
commonly use to almost all fields of study like
physical and social sciences, humanities,
business, etc.
Research Week #7
1. Primary Data
Collection methods can be divided into Graphs and Data Tables
two groups: quantitative and
qualitative. Types of Graphs
1. Data table
2. Secondary Data 2. Bar graph
Is a type of data that has already been 3. Pie graph
published in books, newspapers, 4. Line graph
magazines, journals, online portals etc.
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Research Week #8