Measurements (English) by Raman Sir

FA
LNGAGAKAMO
ENGINEERING ACADEMY
JUNIOR ENGINEER
MEASURENMENT AND
INSTRUMENT
English
Hand Written Notes
Classes Taken By - RK, Raman

ENGINEERING ass | Karapur, HO: Shimla bypass road noar Government polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
Centre-Prthuwala
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.co.in
ACADEMY Eemail:engineeringacademydanUgmal.co
GASTC 0F MEASUREMENT
o.oUN)
1 INSIAUMENT * I is a dvica Or mechanism 4sed

or
dater wiming the Valus or magmiuda
Of a quamtiu mder measurëmum*
2 EASUREMENT
I:
amo
is a proass of dutermining
dagrea Capadty by comparism
T
with e aceptad standards of Jhu System units
bemg used.
D.DUN
3 ACCURACY+ T is the cdlosness valuu do dhs rue

Vaua, can say that
MLams we tha
imstrument in shich dhe measued valuu il he much
closer do the rue valu is callud more accuTae
instyument
4 PRECISTON+ Pecisionof reprookucibi

is dhe masurt
-ity of dhe measurtmet or e com
Say that preciSi
om
is dhe masure of dhgTu to
ohich dh sucusive measurements are difterent Arom
eadh othar Oma NG
D.DUN
buk not
Accurate but mot* ecise acuTae oomd
Precise accurate Prècise
ENGINEERING India's Best Institute for Junior Engineer
ACADEMY
EA-01
Pithuwala Dehradun
11K): Shimla bypase rond noar Goverament polyechníc
ENGINIEERING Can Contre-Pithuwala | Karanur; Web: www.engneenngacIdemy.co.in
Mob:08449597123JPMIIAG012
ACADIEMY_ eDRIAEEIIDIACAeOYOknunall.n-
SENST TIVI TY + is .thu raio o? chomge in output

mput but the
with respeck do chomge in
wwt ot oukput amd input should lu differ-
im aupu corouspondirg
T also represendts dhe chomg
to dhe chomg im input
Quput
sensiivit8 inpd
*For valtemeter Vold
For ammeler - C
ww allelectricalnotes
ohmmerer *
De flecim tacoa
Sensitivity
Stability Semsiivity
AESOLUTION+ Iis dhe wimimum chomge in inpuk

which dadectable at output
Measuring instrume shoudd hawe highly sensitivity
Sensitivitg
aINGN
D.DUN)
Lheve Is = tull scala curomt
D.DUNG
So S
so mit of sensitivity = -/valk

LACADEMY
EA-02
ENGINEERINGclass Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur HO: Shima bypass road near Qovemment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
ACADEMY Moo:054497123.0941 1340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.co.in
maiengineerngacademyddin@gma)l.com
ERROR+ I is dhe dilferena butuean ruu valuu dto

muasured valus.
LErroT measured Valuu- ruL Valus J
RELATIVE LIMITING ERROR
It is dhu rahio of absalute er do

dhu trua valut .
Telaive error= abseluhe enor (GD.DUN
tru valus
peramtagR Teladive erros m measured valuu--rus vau

ruu vaua
(iD.DUN
Telaiue erot Rm- x1oo
RT
PERCENTAGE ERROR AT DESIRAOLE SCALE*
erTos at dusirabla scale= tull scals alu X. eror in tudl sala

da sired scale
A valtmuer howing tull scau valus amd

Quustion +
(Peruntaga] . accuray
200y
at full s cals is l. . Find enor

at i400v ii 5ov lii 25vN
Hnsloer+ i) eror at looy= 20O X 1
2
D.DUN
I esor at 5oV 4
ersor a 25v = 87
ENGINEERING
India's Best Institute for Junior Engineer
ACADEMY
EA-03
Mermer polylechnic PHthuwala Dehradun
near Jovernment
ENGINEERINGClar Contre-Pithuwala Karanpur; J1(): Shimla bypaas rod
|
Mob:0H449397123,09411340612 Web: www.cnnoeringcaOCImy.co.l

LACADIEMY na,ongeerinACAdenydonUgmal,cu
ARBhion A measuring Instrument having a tull scali yalu

dha eror at tud scaa is 27/. Nous
4oo V amd
find dhu' eror a
i200 ii SoV
Pmser+ valunx err in tud scale

scall tull
- scal
emr at desired =
dasirab Scas
eror a 2o V = 400 X 27
20
aING
D.DUN
(i eror at loo v o0X 2: = 3

(1 eor at Soy= Hoo 27
So
16
T full scals is ge half thenm thi eror sil doubl

*A System oosk s acurade at td Scalu.
A System soyks accuratly at higher 8cale
Oues hian + A vatmeker has a g0uramtend accuray

0-25ov
of i1 full scale Teading Tha total voltage
MLasured by dhis inshrumemt is ioov Tha dimitinga
eos wiul be
msLer Scale X7. emr at tll scale
erro at dasirable scale= Tu
dasired 8cal
RING
(D.DUN ) 25oX1 2.5
uastion* A O-30V volmuter has om erov of t27

f ful scals dafuchiom What is dhe ramg of
Teadung
itr Volkage is 3oV
ACADEMY
EA-04
Dehradun
Karanpur. HO:Shimla bypass
road near Govennent polytechnic Pithrwaa
ENGINEERING Class Centre- Pithuwala
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineengacademy.co.ln
ACADEMMY E-maikeDgineeringcademyddnN@gmai.com
eror =3aX= 207

So Voltags is 3o V amd erros is 207.
So romg i ka 20/
NG
3Dox 20 D.DUN
So To8 uil 6
Tomgi ll ba 24 t 36V
DEAD ZONE4 When input is given but output is not

recaived dhat zon is. callud as dead zor
oUN
TYPESOF ERROR
GROsS ERRORS erors dut do humam mistakas
Thase
in reading or using instrumends amd
in recading omd Calculahm measurement Yesuls
îs
The cowmplate eliminahim of gross eTsor
mo+ possibla, but on an mini mize dham
2 Systemaie Errors These yPe eror remain consta

ov chamge accovding to a dutinite
daw om epeoted measurememd com oh given

quowity Thure are basicalks dhru ype of systema
-ic errrs
iinstrumental eror
environmental eror D.DUN
iii obervatianal
LACADEMY EA-05
rond near Govemment polyechnic
Pithuwala Dehrad
Claas Centre-Pithuwala | Karenpur: HO. Shimle bypass
ENGINEERING Mob.08449597123,09A 06|2 Web:
www.engineengAceoemy.co.in
ACADEMY mani.ngincefinCdemyukdn@Nmen),com
euem
3 RAN DOM ERAORS These re crros shat Temain
substamtially
after sy stemahic err hoe bum
Yedu. ANO
D.DUN
CAL CULATTON OF ERROR
lal a ssume we have dhru different reading of inshrumed

X a t Er
bt En
Z C#Erg INC
ERROR
i Lhm addud N
P
++Z
P atbtc) £Er
alu a,b amd C are oirecklg addad omd Er
equvalunt is caleulated as follos
E a
E+ ar E
P (a+btc)+
So
XE+ Er+ae
1
ErTo7 im substrakion +
oD.DUN
P --Z
P a--C) + E
atbtc
P (gb-c)
So
E+aE+ E
ENGINEERING
ACADEMY India's Best Institute for Junior Engineer
EA-06
Karmpur, HO: Shima bypas rod near Govemmcnt pobytechnic Prauwala Dehradian
ENGINEERING Css Centre Prthowah
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 www.enginceringacademy.co.un
Web:
ACADEMY E-mailkengineeningacademyödinýagmail.com
ii Etor tihem mulliplicatiom +

aING
P -7 D.DUN
P ab CEr
errT Er = Er+Es,+ Era
SO P a-ct (E7,+Et+Ers)
EmoT when divisim+

P
P tEntEn+Ers)
v ror Lohim poeT
(GabUni
P ab.c tE
uustion+ In given circuit find dha vala of eor in I.

whm T «St 3/. w R
amd T 3t 2
I T,+T 53+ + ww
ushion+ In givem cirit P=I°R dhn ind dha Valua of
R Lt37.
w
Re TRT*-(143)* (3+8/j* T-3t87
= '18
26t 3x]
P 18t 19
LACADEMY EA-07
Cass Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road
ncar Government polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
ENGINEERING
}
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Wcb: www.engineeringacademy.co.in

LACADEMAY E-mail:engineeringacademyddnagmail.com
iP it muasirad
CuLstion+ A capacitor Valu o9
1o F
instrument mel mtasrd loo4F dhe
Hnd peruntag ewor
mii
7elahiu Jimitting emo 1oDO 909/.
amd er in P ts t5 Omd
ustiom+ I P TR
in R
NG
P I'R GD.DUNi
R-
= s+1+]- 3.5
QuLsin If A- 36 57. Omd R2 15 + S are
Comacted in series nd eauivaent resistamu
valu
Re R, +R, L both are comuted in sense
= l1£ Er
Er +
whire
S )
36+ 7s)
=tS7. atNG
p.DUN
SRe lUlt 57
ACADEMY
EA-08
ENGINEERINGCass Centre-Pithuwala | Karanour, HO Shimla bypass road near Govemment polytechnie Pithuwala Dehrndun
Mo:0344959712309411340612 Web: www.engineeringaceóemy.co.in
ACADEMY Eemalk.engineringacedemyddnfgsgmanl.com
MEASUAING INSTRUMENTS
Thair are tioo pe of instument + 3D.DU

iAbsalute mstrumert
ii Secmdang imstrumet
AGS0LUTE INTAUMENT This type instrumet
8ive dh magnitude of' dh
qA Gmhiy *o b
uasurtd in derms of inswumet
Con&tovdt amd its outlu ckion
2 SECNDA RY TNSTRUMENT+ huse imsrument are

So dasigmed ha h
mea sur9md en omly -ba measured by obsexuing8
tha output indicated by ths imshument
These instruments are vequired to be cali brated
by coparison uith om absalute instrumunt .
Classiticatiom of se condary instrument
iimdicaing instruments
ti re cordimg instruwents
1 integ87atimg instruments DON,
TNDTCATING INSTRUMENT+ Thse ypa mstrument

indicade the magntuds of am ekicad
quomtity at dhe dime then it is beina measured
mstrument + hase
i Recording dype msrument are
continuous e crd of
keep a
th variakiom of dhe magnihuds of am elurical
quontity to ht obsenved over a difinite perid of Hime
ACADEMY
EA-09
ENGINEERING
ACADEMY
Cass Centrc- PithuwalaKaranpua : Shima bypass road near Goverment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradum
B-maiengineeringacademyddnagmail.com
IN TERATTNG IN8T RUMENT Thise dy instrumet

measure dhe dotal amout of eithr
quonnd-idy of elachriiky or elkchrical eme19y supplsd
over a period of dime. NG
iD.DUN9
ESSENTTAL8 FOR MEASUR ING INSTRUPMENT+

ndicaing instnuments
ove essentially cmsist of a pointer (mode bg aluawinium)
movimg OVer a Calibrated scala, omd ottached to a
movimg system pivoted on jualad kering
Follocsma dhru darqus ore essemtially rquud
propes Ioskmg o a masuzimg instrumet*
1 DEECTINGToRAUE Th torqu tshich cause tha

masusing system to move Yom ro
positim whm it is comected do omj input like
CuATont,valtaga. tc is cad deflatin toraua."
This +ovaus is directly pespahional dto measured
uomhitg ika cuTent, valaga, ekc omd it is vepresented
Ta
*mi of daf Jacing tosaut is N-m G{D.DUN;)
2CONTROLLTNGTORQUE+ Th magnituole ot wovem en*

in such a way thak da pomer Laid
sLing over he scalk omd wid readh at tivol /mari mum
positionif controlling torauu exsist
So ths comsalling is dha toqs ohich oPe0se
Atdechon toraus o gut tha accurate readina im scal
LACADEMY
EA-10
radun
Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road near Oovemment
| polytechnic Pithuwaa Denrdun
ENGINEERING Mob:08A49597123,0941 1340612 Web: www.engineeringacsiemy.co.i
LACADEMY E-maulkengneeringacndemyddngkmAl,com-
The wu 6hon the accurate readimg cmy whin

Scala
the dufuckion tomaus ilb equal dhu cordalling
o
tarau.
hen Tally Contralling torqua is providud by du spring
omd it also hulps dhe pointer to comu om uo
Position whn def acting torqus is ero
- Ke
Comdralling tora
T
ohre Ka Comstom
AN
-
dafJacion amglu
a equlibrim cmdition Te -Ta NG
* Types of comralimgtoqu
i Spring Control
t Cravity contral
3 DAMPING TORUE+ Damping halps dha pointer toraus

to came n timal positian tasty omd
it also damp out dh tunchion/ oscilahion of poindt
shn i Teachd do dh Pnal positiom
Whun he instrument is under dampecd thu polnder
ascilae abou its tina position amd taka some ti
come om
est.
Whan tha imstrumemt is over damped then utha
poimder comes to its nal pasition very Slouuly
without osilatiom
When dhs instumen* is criti callg dampad dhe
poider ises quickly to ids inad positicm without
LACADEMY
EA-11
ENGINEERING Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur: HO: Shinla bypass rond near dovenment polytechnie Pithuwala Dehradun
ACADEMY
Mob:08449597123,094l340 ww gneennccny.0n
mail:engineoringACAdemyddn@gmail.co
Omy os cilaions Omd in dhis conditin dhu instruma

is called Drad ba
*In practia do ahtain dhe best resut thu inshumet
is dampacd slightly uss dhom its critical valu
damping torqu TKy do
D.DUN
whre Ky = dampimg nston

e = specd ot rotation of moving sstem
TYPES OF DAMPING TORQUE
iEddy damping + In dhis typs meastrumwnts,

Curent
che uše of eddy cummhs has bun
madu as an electro- magmahic brakar o camper
Tt is used in Pmmc omd galvomamuer
induchian jpe instrument amd dhmmal imstramnts
i FLUTD FRTCTTON DANPTNG+ Tn this tyee insrument

spindle of he movima sgstem omd dhug im a
odampim9 oil
Th's type of damping is used in eucmstaic
Volkemuter
111ATR FRTCT ION DAMPTNG Im. mis typt. insrum

pointer moves ith a u
Small cdear omca in ixed air chamber cdosed at om
NG
D.DUN end
Air frician dampimg are useel
in. movimg irm
imgtrumt, eleco dynawmomuter, wadtmatr etc
LACADEMY
EA-12
Cass Centre-Pithuwnla Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road near Government polytochnic Pithuwala Denraaun
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,0941 1340612 Web: www.engineoringacademy.co.a
LACADEMY E-nanlkengineeringacademyddiONmail.coT
MoVTNG CoTL TNSTRUMENTS
PERMANENTMACNET movING GOIL IPmnc) INSTRUMENT

Scalu.
Poinder
aDUN
N S
DDUN
Parmament wwigut Parmomadt mgna

N-Pade S pol
damper
sPvina
wain par+ of Pmnc+
a pemannt magnt provicda mageic tluax
bmovim8 cail provide defJachin

c comholing spring Conrol dh daflachon torqua
d} pointer shou the deluchom
e) Scale uni larm 8cale
conkralina spring mads ba phasphr brm
poiner mads by alumimium
(ia.DUN; daf laching torqu+ when a ciuret is passimg

through dhe comducdor coik a
dellecking torqu a fora is pracdaued in Jhe
coil btcase it is kupt in a magmeic fiald tha .
pTodutoru wil ba 0Tl stme
F T sine
ba peypbmolicdar of
&oi b4 maximum col ill
ACADEMY
EA-13
ENGINEERINGCsCeke n Sn
MobGA9S97123,0IHS2
bras roed aeer Govarment potytecanc Prawaa Detnd
web: *w.cngecerngadey.co.
ACADEY
magnulc ax Jies
So q0o Sin e sin90 = 1
So F
0TL Sin90*
F 0T1
tor N cm dutr F N8TJ
Torq forea X displacumnt
deluachin Ta = Fxd
Td N0TA xd
T- NST Jxd)
Ta NGAT
ou in instrumert NG & A ilha comstowt
CTT
o equlibrum condiion e Td
ke CAr
AING =
DDUN hen hr Constan
8 is per portion to T so Pmmc havhs uni torm Scalu

PMMC warks at DC supply ong
PMMC measured tha Dc valus or aweraga vauu of AC
Edd current dampng used in pmwe
emme has utorm scals omd cam be desgn to
extend over om arc I16 So.
aING
Pmmc has higly torquleight ratio. D.DUN
Pmme o
hae hysteresis Joss
Using of shunt oy high
vesistoma PMMC com be used
for easuving widk Yangs of currmt or Voltag
Yes pe ckivilg.

LACADEMY
EA-14
neer (vonaneal polyechne ithuwale Dehrmbn
ENGINEERING sCrhibuwaKaranur, i) Shunla bypaes roedwww
Mob 997IZ,0AIU40sl2 Web wgdecaNeny 0
ACADEIY
Tf halt ove echfier passes through
Supply is
pmmc i id shou» /measure V»/n or T/n
Itll wawe vechi ier aulpt is passes dhrough dhe
pmmc it iu measure 1V/r o7 2/n
T pure sinusoidal 8uppyis passes dhrough Pmmc
sh o uro ouflachion
T Square wawe owput wi pass thragh dhe Pmmc
wil shoun ha Vm ar Tm
T riamgular/saw troth sawe is passad through the
emmc it wi shouon Vla o Tlh
is assas dhrough pmmc
it il measure To
If Je comhrod spring of PMMC are Cut thn it wil
measur *ro
Pmmc Used as a muimuter aoUN
EXTENSTON OF RANG
Rang extensiom eof ammetr

Range ammeler is extendrd g adding a shunt in
otf
parall of ammateT Shunt is usualy havmg a very

Jos resis toma
(6PMMc PMMcc
V Ra AMneter amer
shun for ammutT Ta*/S** Multiammeter

extemaign
ENGINEERING India's Best institute for Junior Engineer

ACADEMY
EA-15
Electrical Hand written Notes in PDF format
Postal course list
1: Engineer academy dehradun (Raman sir)
(Hindi & English)
2: Aim campus roorkee
3: Youth competition Theroy book
join Telegram and download free PDF
Allelectricalnotes
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-PithuwalaKarnpur HO Shimla bypass road noar Covernment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
Mob:08449597123,0941l340612 Wob: www.engineeringacademy.co.in
ACADEMMY E-mail:engineeringacademyddneKmail.com
PAm- intermal resistamu of mstrumet (amwmekr)
Ashesistamu of comutad shumt

T twl scalu duflukion CUe* hun sht is
no comcted shumd.
T = Curemt to he masured after oddimg
Ksh
Im Ix
Rm Rsh =Ksh_
T Amt Rsh
AING T Amt+ Rsh) - TRss

D.DUN
TnAm TRshmRsh
LT R
Rsh(T-I) DDUN)
muliplying tactoy m
=
ism
So M
Rom
+Rsh R+ Rsh
Rsh Rsh
m Rsh Rm+Rsh
R Rsa ( m-1)
m-)
ueshion A coil ammeder having a intermal resista

wovimg
of 50- .omd masured loDA Find tha valku of
Shunt Yesist omca tor masurnng-
iA iii> jooA
fPnsoer+ Ra ANG
D.DUN
Omd M
ACADEMY
EA-16
ENGINEERING Ciass Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur, Ho: Shimla bypass road near Government polytechnic PMthuwala Dehradun
ACADEMY E-malkengineeringacademyddn@gmaiL.com
re I - 1A, Tu-1comA -Km= Son
5:5
ii T 1oA
joo
looX10
=
.Ash o55
T: i00AA
ooo
.Rsh -So
oore-) 949
*For ineresing ha range of ammter e comact

Jous Vau Ttsistomca in shunt.
ushin* Amovimg coil ammeker has a unitarm Scal

ith 50 divisian amd gives a tli scals veadirg
of 1o A The instrument cCam read upto /sth of
,
+Va scale divisin with far seading what is dh
esoluhion im mA
AmsLaeT tul scala recma 10A at So divisin aING
duvisim o0A
50 DUN
1 divi sim A
Teadng ta scals -> gx o-04 A
=4omA

ACADEMY
EA-17
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-PrthuwaarnuHOhin bpa rond near dovernmment polyiechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web; www.emginceringACKdemy.co.in
LACADEMY_ B-mail:engineeringacademyddngUKmail.com
RANGE EXTENSTON OF VOLTME TERLMULTT VOLTMETR

For extemoimg Jha Yong o¥ Voltems
a high Valuus *esistomu is comucted in 8bi*s

oith th valte mutes.
'o-A0o VV
O-10ov
uSoo
Rse
-tov uSoa
Valrage measured by valter
V Vx Rm Valt
+Rse
Rm
UN MULTT VOLTMETER
R+-Ase
=m*Kse VAm- Vm ( Am+ Rse)

Rse
= V»,Rs«
A V-U)
V-V)
OT
RntRse
V Rm wher
Rm+Rse Rm + Rse
mRm
**
LAse - A( m-1]
ANG
V-V) o.DUN
ENGINEERING
India's Best Institute for Junior Engineerr
ACADEMY
EA-18
ENGINEERING Class Contro-Pithuwnla Karanpur; 1t0: Shimla bypass road noar Oovernment polytechnic Pichuwala Dehradun
|
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Wob: www.engineeringacsdemy.co.a

LACADEMY_ -mailkengineoringacademyddngeumeil.com
uLSkin A PmMc valtmukrr havima a internal: resistana

of 50
tor masurima the+
amd uasAYe v Find dhe series esistona
ov ii 2cov
INC
ANSWER Rr So ,Vm 1 D.DUN
V loV
m o
RseSo (Lo-1)So 9 = 450
Rse A( m-1)
Rse 5( loo-1) Soxqq 4450
m= -Q00
.. Rse Ral m-11 So( 194) 44 So
0.DUN
MoVTNG IRON INSTAUMENI
Thuse instTuments are sidely used in daboratovies

omd switch boards comwetcial 4requamuies
at
Movimg Tron instrumes 0rk on dhe principls
of attre chion o Tepulsion of Auo magnahis td iron picaAs.
T wovks both
Ac omd DC
Moving irom imstrument measure AMS valuu of Ac
Air frichion dampimg is used.
or gravty condrol amsalling used is
*Sprimg
oo dype of wovmg ron.imstru ment
here are
Atracion gpe moving io imstrument aNG
i D.DUN
ii Rpudsiom P ovinmg irom mstrume

ACADEMY EA-19
ENGINEERING Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur, H Shime bype road near ovemmca ptytechnN Pus D
Mob 0849S97123,0MIIHO6I2 Web www. engneenngeemy c0
LACADEMY Emeengneenngcasemyoiw4WTAm
iATTRACT ION TYPE MOVTNG TAN INSTRUMENT
Scals
air dampimg
chamber
Poimter
Sechion o?
CuTe
coil
cAT
Dalanu weight
UPivbted spmda
*MoVing T
magmehc idd Lcontral oeigh
dus to um* direchion oP
tora om irom pies
movma
dhe caTliest omd simalust torm of attarachion
iton imstrument uses a solunoid amd moving aval shopad
Bof ivn psvotd eccenricallyTo dhis irom a pomkes
is attachd so dhat it may deflact almg with dhs
wovimg iron ove7 a graduated scale.
REPULS TON TYPE MOVING TRON TNSTRUMEN T

Pointe
fixed sylomdricad s Baft+ comeced

Col with movablu cod
Coils
uad torr
Pixed vane
movabls
ron vane
LACADEMY EA-20
Piuwan bern
road ncar Goversmest polytechnic
Cass Ceire¥ibirwala Karanpur, Ho: Sima bypass
j
ENGINEERING Mob:844YSINI23D9411340612 Web: www.engmcorngceuy.co.

ACADEMY_ maileDgneeningcademydánjapmai.com
Tn dhis ye o# instruwent, dhre are

so
so irons .A
CuTved "irod of iron or of mumetal is fixed
sof*
inside e¥ a bobin omT omd curved iron is
Ywountad on a spindle uhich passes axially hrough
th solnoid. The so
irm lie in the magmtie ld
produud by solunotd
Dludina toau
T
Conhralia toruu
T Ke
Te To
at eauilibirium OLDUN
ke
({0.oUN8 rCer1 dde
Dllkchmg tor quu is perpotion do T so it moms

i has Yn umi tonm Scale.
m dhe moving ivon
To avoid the husteresis erm
instrumemts mak irom parts te short So thak
use dhe high
i com demegnetised it sef, or e
permability maderial in rplaa. ot iron /stea! e
use mu -meat OT penmalhoy
Permalo 807. nikd amd 207. iram

high Telative pemabili ty oprox dooooo H/mM)
Mu-mutal T1% mckul +l67. irontS7 coppr +21. chromjum
Yelahive permalbiliky (&ocoo-I cocoo H/m)

ACADEMY
EA-21
Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO Shimla bypass road near Government polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
ENGINEERING
ENGIN Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.co.in
ACADEMY E-madlEongineeringAcademyddn@gmail.com
Du to hgh frequamcy impadenu omd magnihuda

coid
eddy cumond is chomged so that muler shous duechu

Yeading dha is Ccallkd freaunay eror do elaminade ha
trequncg eros tollowmg to mahod are used
a by comuling a capacitor of sdablk valu in pazzald
oith a Swamp Tesi stoma R of thu nsrument
cam
be s hown tha sholu impademu of circuitl instauumnt

becoma indepandwt of frcaumey it C= /2
b To the freaumoy emor in moving iron
elkminade
instrument a series combinatiom ot shumt resistomu
omd inductomce is comacted in paralll sith dha
erer. R Lm
aINe
RING
D.nUN
(GiD.DUN Rsh
Lsh
do reaumey ewor we vory *he Rsh

dlemimate dhe
omd Lsn im such a. a that dima cmstant ef
wutes is equal do dima emstom of shumt
Yesistamu omd nouckomu combinatiom
so for eeminating the trequamaug er dhe dima
Constamt of meler should ba equad to dima cmstomt
of comused paralle bramch (vesistoma omd
imdauchomu combinadion)
Tm Csh
L D.DUNS)
Rsh

LACADEMY
EA-27
Dehradun
ENGINEERING Class Centre- Pithuwala | Karanpur, 1O: Shimla bypass rond noar Govemmont polytechnie Pithuwala
Mob:08449597123,094|I340612 Web: www.engneeringacaoeny.co.a
LACADEMY Emaikenginegrinyacademyddn@kmal.com
DAMPTN G
Dampmg vatio is veprs enkad by zaha (3) i is umit dess

o umdampad o damping
3i Umdardampd pointer os cillaion at

tinal position omd quickly comes to u
*7 .overdamped dha system rhurns to equiibr

m without oscillaion (bud daka ime)
erii cally dampad quickly coms to
urg without oscilUaion
Mostly ha sgstem ooks pefectlg just Jass thun
criheal damping
(D.DUN
ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETER
Eucrostodic instyumenks are essentrially valtmulers but

hag com he used for measurement of cumumt omd
pouer ith the hup of external cponmts. The principl
of operadion of such imstruments is th faru of
attrachian or repulsion btown duo chavged bodies
Types of elachrostatic instruments+
1) &uadramt dype NG
Gin.DUN;
i Aratad disc dure
ENGINEERING india's Best Institute for Junior Engineer
ACADEMY
EA23
Class Contre-Pithuwala Karanpur HO:Shimla bypass road
near Govemment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
ENGINEERING Mob:08449S97123,04II340612 Web: www.engineenngacademy.co.in
LACADEMY_ E-mail:engineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
iduadrom Tye Veltmeters+ aING

(Ep.DUN
Thisyea of imstrument
MOVINC
consists of faur tixed mutal VANE
deubla quoadrants amamged
sa as to form a shalloto
dYcuda box with shost
aT gaps behoen dhum fixed
8u adrants
Omd a dous emdud
Vome
+Thy are used tov

measuement upko 20kv
iATTRACTED -DISC TYPEVoLT ME TER

consists. otaoona discs 0T plotes wmowt ed
paralll do each othod, being tixed ond earthd
ohilu dha other is being Susp emdad by a
coach spring Poiwes
seal
mov
Plat
SuP
votayX
NG
D.DUN e)
xed plak

LACADEMY
EA-2
Class Centre-hthuwala| Karanpur: HO: Shimla bypass road near Govemment polytechnic Pithuwala
Dehradun
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.00.in
ACADEMMY E-mailkengineeringacademyddn@gmail.co
*eucrostahic instrumonts are wosk on hu prlncipla

ot atra thon o repulsiam tora bekusum uo chog*
badies
In luckostaice mstrumt ued tichiom damping is
used
hese imstuments are used Jo muasure high D¢ as
el as Ac Valta only
Deflachon torqua Ta is direckly perpotional to Vv
So it miam he scale is man uitorm
de
eauilibrim comdition T
Ke vdc
de
de
"Thase instrumen are ustd Jo m eas ure uro high

valtaga
HOT WIRE INSTRUMENTL
D.DUN
Scal
bimter
DON;
***
-
Hot oiTe
Damping wegmut
ACADEMY
EA-25
ENGINEERING Cass Ceotre Pithuwala | Karangqur Ho: Shima bypass road near Govemment polytechnic Pihuwala Dehradun
Mob:08449597123,0941 1340612 Web: www.engineenngacademy.co.in
ACADEMY- Emailkengineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
Iotks. on dha principls of huaing ellect

of
Cummt Huat Ims)
The use of sire in this instrumt ta huat wir
is mad oplainum- iridim because expomsion
suspen siom duuu do haat occurs quickly in his
materiad, also Cam tithstamd oxi dahian at high,
dempevadure
T asure tha Rms valus ot AC Cmemt only
(not o voltage)
fachion doraua
Im2 amd condolling toaa
Te 8
a eailibimum comdition Td T «I
It eans tho thi's instrument has mom
uifam
-ed scal hich CYampad at los omd
opem a* high emd
Talso used do miasuve high frequnca Cumt
also used to wiasum DC cumUnt
is shuggish (ury sbo) imstrument oecause
toive took Soma dima do haat up.
Their reading ave indupamolemt from wautarm
omd 4reqanca
Non uitonm scal
Air t hion dampma is uSedl.
(D.oUNg}
.ouN)
ENGINEERING
ACADEMY
EA-2
polytechnic Pi@harwala Dehradus
Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass rond near Oovemment
|
ENGINEERING Mob:0449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringcademy.co.

LACADIEMY_ emuiengIneeringacademydóngdinehicUm
THERMOCoung INSTAuMENT
Va Huer Thermoco Pmmc
Hiat H) =I'R*
NG
aNG HTrms p.ouN9
Vdchtat qTrm
Tt ks on dhe principl o "Trmoelacrie efech
or Se back effect."
I uasure tha Rms valus ef curon* mdapemolently
rom impu SuPply oaa tsrm
T easured dh cumet a veny high trequny
(5oMH)
In theromocouplu insrumer a 4richiom dlamphra is
used
Tt is uscd Ac omd DC koth
Tt is pa Hcdar suitala tss measuring radio- treaun
- Curet udh as thuse hich ocurs in amtna
stem
$g
Termocoupu mads of aso disinmmilar
is uSually
malusSually bismush amd omtimny)
Non- umitorm Scalu
LACADEMY
EA-27
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwala arnpur HO Shimla bypass road ncar Govemment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
. Mob:08449597123.0941 [340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.co.1a
LACADEMY_ Tmaiengineeringacademyddnig@gmal.com
AING
RECTIFIER TYPE INSTRUMENTI
HALF
=
WAVE RECTIFTER TYPE
Rs
www-
There Ore uvo Cases do
muasuse dhe cummt. ons
RnsVpe
input is given
whum Ac
md omother ome is whm
De mp is givevm
PMmc reods dhe auLraga
* whm AC input is givem
Valuu of AC sPpls so
Vavg
Tmtac)
Rs+Rg +Rm
VrmVrms
0.45 Vams So Vm Vi Vms
Twlac) Rs+R¢ +Rm --6 Vag
Vavg o-us Vrms
**Whun Dc input is given
TmlDc) Voc
RstRp+Rm Vec VRs
ING
(Ep.oUN
T (Dc) VAms
Ast Re+R
by eat omd esi
m (Ac)=0-45XTm loe)|
SensiHvity in Ac 0-uSX sensitivity in De

N&
D.

LACADEMY
EA-28
ENGINEERING CIass Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road near Govemment polytechnic Pithuwals Dehradun
Mob:084495971
Mob:08449597123,0941 1340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.o0.J0
ACADEMMY ineeringrcademyddna
E-mailengineenngac lcom
ii FUL WAVE RECT TFTER TYPE.

aING
D.DUN
Vrms Voc Pmc
A
Ac inpuct supply is comuctecl
Whon
Vava
As+Ru+2Ap
O.40 Vams
Tm Ac) =
Ast Am+2A
.---i)
Vm - 2 Vrms
D.DuN
VAvg= Vms
i2 = 040 Vams
Whan Dc mput is Comme cted +

-
ImtDc) Voe
Rs+Rm+2A
Vams RMs Voc
TDc)
RstRt20 NG
Mo b eq i) amd ti) (D.or
Ti Ac)z_0:40 X Imloc)
Sensitivity in Ac = 090 X Sensi tivity in De
ENGINEERING
LACADEMY
EA-29
Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road near Govermment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,0941 1340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.co.in
ACADEMY_ E-mail:engineeringacademyddin@gmail.com
&UALTTY FACTOR METER

8NG (distrikuded cepacitar)
o.DUN .Ca
thrmocoup
Qoseidla Self capacito
ciritof d-uder
* ter is basi cally u sed to neasure &uality tactar
T is also used o masure imduchama , dishibuhiu
capautanca St capadtomu md re sanomca trequnu
adso
Tt on dhe primipls ot Series esonoma
LaovYk
Air frickion dampirng is wed
Bualityfader &-
aING
NG &D.OUN
D.DUN
L wc
ACADEMY
EAS
Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road near Govemment polytechnic Pithuwala
Dehradun
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,0941 1340612 Wob: www.engineeringacademy.co.in
ACADEMY E-mail:epgineringacademyddn@gman.com
Distributed. Capautamcs+
30.DUN
in cirauit. shoum by Ca.

Ainding th vau of
mud do vary th requm
bg , mtr ciruit
Luts assume ist conutiom a o rajamuy
a nd condition vasing trequny

C C
No
C
- c2
NG
3 .DUN
Cal culaion of Selt capacitamu
Tepresent by C
tor self copacitama a dant vary dhu tveaumy
yang he capaitomi.
changtd
at
Condi tion
C C, 9
Reman Sa
a 1 condition CC,f# Sa.
S CxCa-C
aNG
o.bUNB
ENGINEERING
ACADEMY
EA-31
ENGINEERINGClass Centre-Pithuwala| Karanpur: HO: Shima bypass road near Oovemment polytechnic Prthuwaa Debradha
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineenngacademy.co.in
ACADEMMY Pemailkengineeringacademyddn(@ gman.com
FLECTRODYNAMOMETER INS TRUMENT

Scada
moving cO NC
Pointer D.DUN
-¥txed coil
ixed
co
elecrodynamometer instrument torks on the prmcipla

ot elachomeguic toru whan a curent carsimg cmduch
plaud in a maguic Pidd
Tm dymamomtr mstrume tuso coil ave used ,o
is curomt coil amd amothur is potemtial cai

Cumunt Coil is callad as tixed coll amditis
davidd into dwo halfs.
potehial Coiu is callud movmg coid
Cumont coil resistana is ven doo omd in ducdimaa
is dapamds an doad because it is comucted in
Series ith dthe Joad
Curet coil amd Jass of tum
hawing thick se
Potemial coid hawimg high esistama omd verg dous
inductamu amd it is comucted across dh
Supply Soura
Portemtial coid hawing tia sre omd mare mo o*
um
Tt wosks both AC omd DC
ACADEMY
EA-3
Dehradun
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pthuwala | Karanpur, HO: Shimla bypass road near Oovernment polytechníc Pithuw.a
LACADEMY E-maukengineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
* may used.be a.
poer tactor maler, Magg, wattmter , emur3 maer
ammter, valtemutr ett
Dynamour tgpe uattwmuer hawing wmtrm scalu
Dymamameler ype awwder /valtemelr hawmg mm
wwtorm scau:
Dynamamer type instrumurt hawmg ver douo
Sensitivit 1o-30-av)
Ar trickiom dampimg is úsed in dymamamkr mstumu
Euchodymamamcr used in both Ac omd Dc
M
here i Cumet in ixed coil

iCuem in moving coil
M wutua inducion
Case i ING
iPii2sT lin de) G0.DUNE
thum T = 1
doJ
d
Caseii it Im Sinot
- Tw sin( wt-9o')
Jhmii TmTm 8in ut siot-a«) i,ia d
Tm T 8in
»tx sm(st-e:)
D.DUN
2sino int-a)
So
T
ENGINEERING
LACADEMY
EA-33
road near dovemment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehredun
ENGINEERING Casstre-Pithuwalaaranpu HOShimabypa Web: www.engineenngacaoemy.co.n
Mob:08449597 123,041I3406122
ACADEMMY E-maIsongIneeringecademyodN@ kmail,.com
MEASUAEMENT OF REST STANCE R), INDUCTANCE AND
CAPACITANCE
MEASURMENT OF RESTSTANCE+Rasístamc is &ha povparhy

oF Oy maderial by virtulk
oppose tha tloo of curont:
a bes+ resistos shoud have do Valua of demproture
co-eticient
ING
i Magmm O-000 IS/c (G:D.oUNj
11 cms tanton lo = 0-000l0 c
copper do O oo4/c L o 00393/le
To the indachive. effec in resistama
elemimate
"IFILER wINDING" is used
uaakage flux Allelectricalnotes
D.DUN Oifilier omdng
du o oppasit direcbiom of
hn dhe induchive part
is eaminatd
To Tedu dhemo elachric effect (sea back efleck)

we used Yever Sabl soitdh
**
aNG 4
Tevisakl swith
{D.DUN
ENGINEERING Endia's Best Institute for Junior Engineer

ACADEMY
EA
ENGINEERINGClass Centre-Pithuwala Karanpr HO: Shimla bypass road near Oovemment polyechnie Pithuwala Dehredun
ACADEMY E-mail:engineeringacademyddn@@gmail.com
To eleminade capauitiu el'fect eused ARyTOR PERAY

windimg
GD.DUN
So we imcrease dha oistomu betwean uinding derminal

so dhat capacitive .efect is eleminaded
To awoid dhu iakaga Cure Gaurd termina is

used
Toavoid stary magnuhic elfec e use shailding
To elaminade mter capaotamu blw arms f
bridgt amd earth oe used wegnar earth davia
METHOD'S OF RESTSTANCE EASURE MENT

Measurement of do Tesistamu ( Jass thon in)
i Potemtiometer method
3D.DUN
ii Kelvin - doubla bridg mehod
2 Masuvememk of mudlium resistomu (1 to looka)

i Substiuion muthod
ii Valtemater- ammeter mdhod
Tii Whaastone bridge melhod CD.DUN
iv Chm muer mthod

vCorty toster bridga SJida wire brldg

LACADEMY
EA-35
ENGINEERINGCas Centrc-PithuwalaKarnu Shna bparod nar Covemment pobytchai Piduvala Dehriug
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeningacademy.co.in
LACADEMY E-mailkengineeningacademyódn@gmail.com
3 Measurement of höh vesistama (mare the 1oka).

iDivec datluckion muhod
Magaar muthod ING
iüi Loss of chovgt muthod o.oUN
.
iv Mga ohm meter muthod
MEASUREMENT OF MEOIUM RESTSTANCE
VOLTME TER AME TER METHOD*
Case-1+ When ameer is cmeded nTe o the dest

Tesistoma
ww
RT
Ry r imternal resistoma ot voltmuter is very

aING high linAnite (o) so dhat we cam say dhat o
D.oUN} curont iu fJoo dhe valtmebes dha dr
Cuent is approximatly eual do man curnt
Ia T
appy KVL in Joop V TRa+TAT
V T(Ra+RT)
AatR)
measurtd valua L Rm= RatRr--- u)
RT text valu DUN
ENGINEERING
LACADEMY
EA-36
Dehradun
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur, HO: Shimla bypass road near Govermment polytechnic Pithuwala
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeningacOemy.co.
ACADEMY E-mankengineringacademyddnK@man.com
Rr-Ra-
AT
rom 0) aiNG
umkmon Yesistamu RT Rm-RA DDUN)
dhis mehod (uhum ammuer is comectd qr

do Jest resistama)f dest resistoma scalk lvalua
is dass then tha cnr wil be high cmd If RT
is high val dhm eor oill be Juss
*So his casel mthod is best suited for mudium
rong omd high scals ( hgh vau iting ramg nuar
var do loo K-)
CASE-2+ Whn valtemker is comecked nuar do dest

Tesistomu
RT
ww
V
RT
RTKm
Av
RT RRy D.DUN
Av-R
Sot is best suited tor madium rommgs
lo Scala
Tesistamta
ACADEMY
EA-37
ENGINEERING Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur: HO: Shimia bypas road noar Covernment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
Mob:0344959123.094 we ww.cngnceringacademy.co.in
ACADEMY E-mailkongncoringacademyddn@gmail.com
im Case omd ase 2 de eoiS Same+
aING
D.DUNi
RT Ra fy
SUBTITvTTON METHOD
S RT
Rh ww-
ww. S
v
ww
wag Ra 8uwamomutes Tesis+amu

Case- RhRhustic Tesist+amea
Gp.oun9 test resistomu
AT
S stamderd resist+amu
uhn valtag is same in both suitth pasition (s,& S)
omd Cuert is diPferent
Curow n & positiom is Ti amd cumvn in a positiom
isVoltaga im Si = S=
T. V
when Soi tch is in Si positim
V TAg +T,Rht TAr
shen S2
swith position
D.DUN8
V T(RgtAtS)

ACADEMYI
EA-38
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road near Govemment polytochnic Pithuwale Dehrk
|
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeningacademy.co.in

LACADEMY E-mailkengineeringacademyddnc@xmail.com
R7
CA,+,+$] -LR,+Ag
RT
[A,tRgt - CA% +A n.DuN
hen B2
RT -Rh +Ra +S -Rh-A
CRT 5]
Case-2+ Whan cuwemt is same im both comdition| positonm

(S and SI
amd eltagz is different
valkag m case afP S, = V
nS2 Va.
when S is Comectd
V TA+ IAh +TAT
+RT)
V R,V
T=
tRhtRT)
whan S is coma ced
I RgtAnts)
(o.DUN) -ii)
tRhtS)
ey ii egi)
V

LACADEMY
EA-39
near Government polytechnic Phthuwals Dehrdun
| ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwala j Karanpur, Ho: Shimla bypass road
Mob:08449597 123,0AII34061Z Web: www.cnginocringacadenmy.co.ln
ACADEMY B-mailengineenng2cademyddn@gmaiL.com
AT A+A1s)-(+R)
V
o.DUN
iPV6, amd V «e2

RT +A,+5) (+A
diffelkchion amngls is same maams
NOTE m some cases Rth may mot given so im dhd
case we has to consider Rh=o
3D.oUN
3+ OHM METER METHOD
Casically dhis thod is used do dhuck the omhimuity

of supe
Series method shumd uhod

R
0ww
RT RT
T
To
NC
RT=co = cpen
NS
DUN
RTosht
ACADEMY
EA49
bypass road ncar Goverameat polytechnic
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwala
ACADEMY
| Karanpur. HO: Shmla
Mob:08449597123,0941 1340612 enen
B-maikengineeringacademyddo.a
Pithuwala Dehradun
polytechnic Phthuwala
Kemy.co.in
B-mail:engineeringacademyddinagmail.comL-
WHEAT STONE 0RIDGE_ METHOD
Whuatstone bridgt is used do measuTe medium romga

Tesistomca ln do ioKa). The effect of Juad resistamu
is mot elemimaded in tha whiatstome
brdge sa i
s mat used o measure Jous resistama so that
wAuse Kelwin dousls bridas Jo measure Jo Tesist
Undr bridga balama condition uwheats tons
bridgt ndupendent trom galvamomatr mternal
Tesistama amd souru inemad esistamu
whead stanme bridgk thermoelkhic ePlech is rot
eleminatd
P
R- 8aluamomeker
resistomua
ww.-
Tg Calamamur
cuont
R umkmoum
reis tomu
S- stomderd
YeSistama
to sowe he bridga we mud do cmvert it. "Thavewin
equivalant valta"
VTh VeD = Ve-Vo Awww
VTh Ve-Vo
Vm
VT
VoP+a) V ww-
V
R+S)
w
VTV L)S-s(Pe4 0.DUN
Vnh v(R+)
LACADEMY
EA-41
ENGINEERING Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road near Goveroment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.co.1a
ACADEMMY DemaikengIneeringacademyddn@gmail.com
VTh
GR
-sP-sä &A -SP
P+a) r R+S)
o KTh , short dha volkags omd tind eguivalant resistamu
acToss CD
D.DUN
hev tquivalent aYcuit

Vth
Ath+Ra
Ta V-Ps+8R]
Rth+)P+A)(A+5)
o balom cmdition Tg-0
vI-Ps+ AR]=o
L&R PS
SensiHvity Chomgein oulput oith respech to te chomga
im imput is callud sensitivi ty
output VIMP
Sensitivity ;s = Chomag im
Chong im input
INC
D.DUNJ
Cuwo Semsitivity wmmA
ENGINEERING
ACADEMY D India's Best Institute for Junior Engineer
EA42
Deea
ENGINEERINGC Centr-Pithuwala| Karanpur, HO: Shimla bypass road near Coverument polyiechmeuw
www.cogneengccmy.cO.a
MOO:08449597123994I1340612 Web:
LACADEMY_ Lmaengneorngacemyddngkmai.com
Valban semsitivitg
V
6ridge semsitivit
AI
Rulahion betoeen Sg omd y
3D.DUN
Condition tar maximum vidg seinsitivi ky+
shun arms raioR =S=i ; dhak is dhu cnditm

tor maximum bridga sensitivity
V. Sy V S_
ING Sgax i+1+2
V-8v
CARRY FOSTER OATOGE+ is also callkd a slide

5
Loire bridga
Tt muasured madium ramg Tesistama by cpaison
pe
aING
.DUN
S+)T

LACADEMY
EA-43
road noar dovemment polytechnic Pithuwala
Centre-Pithuwnla | Karanpur; 11O: Shimla bypass Dehradu
ENGINEERING Class
CAss Centre-rn AUS7 123 0941 1340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.co.in
ACADEMY_ E-innilkengineeringacAdemyddngügmaii.com
Rtdr+ S + dY -di7
S+W-di)
R+S+d -i)
S+-)
www. aING
P w- D.DUN
NG
D.DUN
d u-J1)
whn ridge n balomA cmcihion
Stdar
S+ h+ R+h -Jh S+R +dr
-- ii)
A+l d- }r R+ u-h)s
eqy
i eelii )
R+S+ d
StRt r
R+(J-1r
RING
S+ JJir= R+ dr-dhr DDUNG
A-sdhT-Jir
R-5) 7(da-d)

ACADEMY
EA
ENGINEERING |
bypass road near Oovernment polytechnic Pidhuwala Denraoun
Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla
Mob:08449597123,0941 1340612 Wob: www.engineoringcedemy.co.lb
ACADEMY_ -mailkoDgiNeeringaCAdemyddnNamaul.com
MEASURE MENT OF LoW RESISTANCE
POTENTToMETER METHOD This method is used

do meaure dhe Jow
valua res istoma. RING
f potentiomuer
dhe
Comeced acvoss s then
fotehia
Vs=T S --i) V
-MeeY
whm potomhiameler comuctd

a cross R tham
VR TR----ii)
IR
ING
D.DUNS
R
2 KELVIN DOUGLE 0AI DGE METHOD+

Imwhtatstome
bridgs tha eftect of Jhad
yesistomu is not elumimated so dhat ue use he Klum
doubla bridga.
The effect of Jaad resistama is eleminatrd im ha
Kalwin doubls bridga by usmg our derminal Tn Kuuiy
doukls dousls bridg rversabla switch is used so
ha dhmo elachric effect is elominated in Kiwin douse
kridgt
Ktlwin daukk bridga is dha best suited mahod d
measure dha o TesistomaJuss dhun tn)
LACADEMY
EA45
Claas Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass rod near Govemment polytechnic Pithuwala Debradun
|
ENGINIEERING Mob:08449597123,094113406IZ Web: www.cngineenngacaoetny.co.in

ACADEMY E-mail:engIneeringacademyodn@gmail.com
P
ad balamu comditian w
P(s+%)tA4)=---i)
shich d Juad resistomu
ww
amd is caleuladtd
that effect tha total
Valu of resi stama
tor vahio of dhase rs
L
is tamu
NG
D.DUN
L
P+ - +L: utnos dhat 7+% --4i
So Pt P+0
Put 2 valus im eyl)
P+
Pr+&r-T
P+A
ING
Pt& D.DUN
P+a Pt& P4
es&R

LACADEMY
EA
ENGINEERINGlas nr
Centre-Pithuwal Karnpurt HO: Shima bypas rOAd Oovemment polytechnc Pidhuwala Dehrnfun
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringacaoemy.co.in
LACADEMY
E-mailkengineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
MEASUREMENT OF HICH RESTSTANCE
LOSS OF CHARCE ME THODThis muthod is úsed do measue

high resistomca
before T=o dha swith is closed omd dha capautor

gehs chorrgpd full valus Ve amd at J-o dhe
do its
sitch is opem. so in this case the copaitos til
ha dischargad across tha umknoum resistama R
ad thdime ot discharging
Ve Ve -dRc
J CA
D.DUN
RC
NGA Cx233d
p.DUN;
0.4343
c Jea
t

LACADEMY
EA47
Pithuwala Dehradun
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwala f Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road noar Covernment polytechnic
Mob:08449597125,0A13 a my.co.in
wob *
ACADEMY maEeDAuneornngacaaemyaddng@gmail.com
2 SMEGGER
Mgger is am lnstvumemt which is used to masure
dh high vau Yesistom.
*is also used do measure dha insulatiom vesistamu
ot wnderground cabla.
Air frichion damping is used in magges
Conhralling toraus is mot providadl by spring ha
Cmralling dovqis providkd by using a coil
Spaad ot megger is approx l60 7p
Badamcing of megges is done by using hod doiven

DC gmerotor.
*Operatina Voltag tor mag3er is abou 1oy.
Pols Piea
Homd
viven
enurr
Mamu
.
Mgamem
sING
D.DUN
0.DUN
ENGINEERING India's Best Institute for Junior Engiueer

ACADEMY
EA4
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road near Oovermment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringaceóemy.co.in
ACADEMY B-manlkengineeringeCAdemyddnGKmail.com
A:C BRI DCE
In Ac bridges dhe du tectors

ore used im plau of galnamomet
Jika as Dc bridae talowing
ype oP datectors are uscd
in Ac bridges + .
a microphona
telephne reavers VAC
huad phonMS
dvibrahiom galvamomuder
e tunable amplilier deted
follotuimgcriteral candition 3hudd be ful for balamcig

Comoi hiom
i0.DUN
iiLe+ u e2+
tind de Valu of Z in dha given Ac bridga
(oXZy= 20X So
200 6
8+y,+63
-30+ ey 30 t6o* SoL Ley
By 12o
SoZ Ley = loo L 120
w't

LACADEMY
EA-49
near Government polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradu
Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur, Ho: Shimla bypass road
|
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,09411340612
MoO** Web: www.engineeringacadecmy.co.ia
ACADEMY_ E-mail:engineeringacademyddinGgmail.com
MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE
iAndesson bridas - Jow coid (Jass dhen 1)

ii MaxLaull copaci tama-mduttama bridaa - mdium co
do jo)
& caid (geater dhun i1o)
it Hay's bridge high
iv Owms bridge + to masure variable inductoma
V Heavis ida cawpbel! bridge to measure muhual ivmductamu
ANDERSON BRIDEE
omderson bridg is used Jo measure dow & coil
lass thami)
w
K ww- 0.DUN
wW Ry
N
www.gb
ww
w
(
X Ry ww
R
. Ry
jwc
ju n.ouN
Juc+iucAyt
C Rur
1+jwcrtjucRy
Ru ljwc
T+Tut isc +jcRytkc +JocRtJ
.. |L, [7(R+A«)+A,R
ENGINEERING ndia's Best Institute for Junior Engineer

ACADEMY
EAS
ENGINEERING CASs Cendre-Pithuwala | Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass rond near Covemment polytechnic Pihuwala Dehrdun
ACADEMY Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineoningncadomy.co.
naukonguneoringecademyddndkmail.gom
MAXWELL OATDGE
* naxisellbri dge is used to

measure mudium inducon
& coil. This is very suitable muthod do aurake
measuvement of udium coik paamuer
ING
*S
in balamu condion tst 3D.DUM8)
Z Z 7
4
,Ry+ j,Au= AA +juyR
Mo Compair veal amd

imaginery part
Raal part
Rs
magener part L,Ry
Jo
Rels
R4
MAXWEL TNDUCTANCE CAPACITANCE BRIDGE
7,test Pek7
+his bridae is used to
mductomu
w. w
measure mdium
o medium & coil.
a balamu condiiom L

ACADEMY
EA-51
Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur; HO: Shimta bypass road near Govemment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehrad
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,09411340612 web: www.engncenngacademy.co.in
LACADEMY_ E-mail:engineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
D.oUNE
JCyRyt
Campat ing real omd

imagtmLvy part
Ry
D.DUN
Imagme part
LRaC
Cy Ru) do
W var 6Tomch Zy (dhe valua of amd
baloma dha bridg so this bramch is also callsd
as variable bromch
The amu caitera is mot sati stied in dh. max weel
bridge so that i is mot for Jos &coit amd
high& coil
. .. |+@4t 6t@3
in axwell bvidg
aING

ACADEMY
EAS
ENGINEERING ass Centre-Pithuwala Karanour THO: Shimla bypaas rOad noar Govemment polytechnic Pifhuwala Dehradun
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.cngineeringacsdemy.o0.n
ACADEMY Emal.ongineringacademyddng@gmail.com
HAY'S GRTOGE
Hug brida is used to measure high vauu & col
greader dhm 1o)
ww-t09
XL,= JuL, GD.OUN
m
baloma comoition
JEC4
NG
(io.oUN)
=
R+ju) (jvcykt1) R2Rs (jucu)
R
+jcykuA jul, + -s
L, Cydy = Ra4, jucy
R +jocuRAut+ juL = L CyRu+R cy
b Compraing Yeal omd imagmary Part
ju tLi tCuR, Ru) juuRRs

LCu (RR-R,)
L Cy (RRs -RA)}
This bridg is ot used tor low d coil du dto
frequma mismateh.
lso.oUN;
ENGINEERING
LACADEMY
EA-53
Cass Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypas rond near Govermmont polyechnlc Pthuwala
Dehrad
ENGINEERING Mob:08449997123,0944o1Z wob: www.engnoeringacOemy.co.ln
LACADEMY E-mail:ongineeringacademyddnggwneL.COm
DISSIPATION FACTOR
K
ING
D.DUN
o* Ref
- Pouer tacr amgls

eLoss amgl or tamg tm mg34
amgla is callad
So Jong ent. of Joss amgl amgunt
discipabion tador
D= tam
D tan (doss omgu) D-90-
D
D= VR_ D.DUN
tor parallul RC circi+

WCR
D cR for series Ac circuit
facos for parallal Ac. cireuit ocR
fator for series AC circuit =

dissipautiom
So
tacs 8ualty factr
o.uN
LACADEMY
EA
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur, HO: Shimla bypass road near Government
polytechnic Pithuwala Dehrauin
LACADEMY_ Mob:08449597 123,09411340612 Web: www.cnginoeringaeocny
-mankengineeringacadem yaanasuni
MEASUREMENT OF CAPACTTANCE
DDUN
D-SAUTY BATDCE- This bridge is used to
measure umknosm capautoma b
Copairina it with a Known capacitoma
is also uSed do measure dissipation acor

aING
w www- (iD.oUN
CC
wwww.-
DFD oc, wM-
DF D %u w
SHERTNG GRTDGE
Www w
*Tteasure dha copacitomci of
h ciruit
I also measure dissipadion facor.
md dielachric constant
Tt also weasure rdalive permitivity

=CsRy Cosp Gn.bUN
R2
WETN 0RIDGE T# is used to measure reaumcy amd
Copaci tomu of Capaut

ACADEMY
EA-55
Electrical Hand written Notes in PDF format
Postal course list
1:Engineer academy dehradun (Raman sir)
(Hindi & English )
2:Aim campus roorkee
3: Youth competition Theroy book
join Telegram and download free PDF
Allelectricalnotes
ENGINEERING Class Contre-Pithuwala Karanpur, HO: Shimla bypass road near Government poytechnic Pithuwala Dehrad
|
Mob:08449597125,094I340012we: www.engneeringACOemy.co.n
ACADEMY E-mail:engineeringacademyddnGgmail.conm
DA
HiH
OEM
IH

ACADEMY
EA-S
ENGINEERING Class Ceotre-Pithuwala |
.Mob:08449507 123 OA1 oad near Goverment
polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
Mob:08449597123,0941134O612 Web: www.engneennga
ACADEMY -mankengineeringacademyddn@gmaiL.com
RING
CATHOD RAY OSCILLOSCOPE
D.DUN
ODUN
CRO is a
digital eauipmunt uhich is uses to asUYe
valtag,cumomt, time period, Arcauaney phase ditferonas|
phase
shift.
Moin Part+
ELECTRON GUN Used to ewmits dhe elhckron Tt is havig
a Cathod grid mads by mickle omd a
huadber to eit dhe eluhron
AcCELERATTON AND FOCUSTNG ANODE+ 0sed do ataderote
Omdtousimg' dha elactvon beam om ame
15 V is comcted)
HORI ZONTAL& VERTICAL DEFLACTINGG Vsed to defluct

th beam on scrm as pr dhe given
input sowefarm , harizmal plade dafluct dhe beam Ja
amd right omd vertical plae daflack ha elcron beam
upword amd downword dire dhion as pr inpu
PHOSPMOROSCOATED SCREEN The eflacted eh ctran

hiam stuck om the phasphortu
serum onmd emmits dha light
Tha gaphical pichure representation of mput signal
om screumn
iseJt dha
D.DUN
Key points on CRO
CRO is a digital imstrment

ACADEMY
EA-57
Pithuwala Dehradun
ENGINEERING Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur, HO: Shimla bypass road near Government polytechnic
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engincerngacademy.co.ln
ACADEMAY E-mail:engineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
CAO
s a Jinmar instrument
,
CRO easures valtags cutnt, time period, trequmcay
.
phase differena I phase shif etco

CRO masure Rms, Avg peak, prak do peak valua.
CRO does mot measure Ppouwer because pooer is om Junar
qLAomhi tg
heater is used in CAO cadhode do emit the elechron
*A
CAO mads from ickla
Cathods grid is
A Jayet of barium straution oxids is deposited
at ihe end of' cathoda do aktain the high emmision
of elachvems by huadtig
* Im CaO elecostakic focusing is used ELvo stahic
fo cusing used far gaphical epresentation
*Tn tdeuision "elechomagruhie focusmg is used Etro
magmahic tocusing is used tor pickure vepresentoion
Tcomputer CAT " elachro static omd elachro magmuhic"
both fousmg are used
th use ot phos phours coating huat emr39 of
elechron is cwerted into light ngy
Types of phospherous coaing
gemerad purpese cRo
black. omd white CRo
coloured CAO
D.DUNS
D.DUN
Samplim CRO
P3 Storag CRO
* In CRO preacceurating tocusimg omd acularatimg amod

behawe Jike a doubls cmcawe Jan
ACADEMY
EA-58
ENGINEERING ASS enire- Pithuwala| Karanpur, HO: Shimla bypass road near Govemment poytechnic Pitbuwala Dehradun
LACADEMAY Mo:U8449597123,0941 1340612 Web: www.enginoeringacademy.co.in
E-maik:engineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
LISSATOUS PATTERNS Whn a sinusoidal supply s

Coniched do hovizontal as ild
verical duluding plate, dhen thu pathem shoun
a screAm is callud issajous padtem
ds used to calulatt
aTo find Jhe phase dilferena Iphase shift
To tnd dhu requmey ratio-
(D.DUN
hem Phase ditterenu is uo
4
when phase ditteremu is uro

= Vm sin uot
at o phase ditferena a staight

ine at T &I quar dend
2 when phase differena is 18o D.DUN
Vx Vm sin t
Ond Vy Vm Sin (wt486")
a 180 phase diferonu a straight

Jine at T &Y quarolont
ENGINEERING
LACADEMY
EA-59
ENGINEERING Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur;
HO: Shimla bypaas rond noar Ckovemment polytechnc Phuwala IDebradu
Mob:08449s97123,0041 1340612 Web: www.engineeringicademy.co.ln
LACADEMY -mallkongineorlngacRdemyaldngUKnaii.oom2
3} Whum Phase
Va
diferenu o
Vmshn tat , Vy = Vm Sin (t-4o°)
(whn g dogs qo' by Va)
clockwise
74
* twhun g Jags 9o' by «

dhum civcle dockuise direcio)
aNG
(D.oUN
4 Wham 40 phase differemu

,Vg 4-
Vx Vm Sinut sin (wd+9«")
(hum Vx Jages by Vs) p.oUN
at 0 phase ski4
whun Vy oges 9o* bs Vy
- cirde Canticlockoise)

ACADEMY_
ENGINEERING as Cere- Pithuwle Kaanur HO Shunis bypearOd near Oovernmen polylechac Pribuwnla Dehrnun
Mob:084499712), 0A 1140612 Web: www.mgneenngiceoemy .00.
ACADEMY
--M.SDNDN DKEAemykonspL.COR
To find Jhu frequney ratio +
Hari zontal dufluding plate freyneg
yVertical dllhng plat #remey
mo of
verhicalomgerd
mo of hori zontal tomgemd*
VERTTCAL AND HORT ZONTAL TANGENT+ (aoun
vertical Jine cuttng dhaanrform im dhso plau

mo 9 vertical amamt is 2 omd horimkad
Jin is tting 9 plau so horizantal damg*
.D
guashion vertical frequnay in given oawe torm

is loo Hz dhm tnd trequumy ot horramtal
dellaing plate
ENGINEERING India's Best lastitute for Junior Engineer

ACADEMY FA-61
ENGINEERING Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass rond near Government polytechnic Pithuwala Derada
Dehr
(
Mob:08449597123,094II340612 Web; www.engineeringacademy.co.in

ACADEMY E-mail:engineeringacademyddn@gmanl.com
DEFLECTING FACTOR
daflaching
Voltags Va
D
Omod
Vbltan
Va
SES
Va ANG
D d 2dVa
D.DUN
du!' Juchiem semsivity
2d Va
Ldd Va
CRO semsiHivity
8 D
2dV
D.DUN

LACADEMY
ENGINEERING Cass cetre-hthuwala | Karanpur HO: Shimla bypass road noar Govermment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
Mob:08449S97123,04IU340612 Web:
ACADEMY www.engincenmgdy
-mail engineoringacademykn@gmaL.CO
ENERGYMETER
*Ey muer is am ntegrating iype instrument, Lhich

adds th emrgy cummudati vely
* For Measure De enerau tmpe7 hous mer is used
For measure fC enurgy mduchion ye eg meter is
used
ip.oUN
INDUCT TON TYPE ENERGY ETER
To Tecrding System
Shu
maga
PC
ouput
Shading bamd
Vin Totain Brcakim magnu
alumium dds
c Seretg
wagnu
Tt
.RiNG
(5D.DUNS
is an intrigating instrumemt
Pivet
Jeualbearing (p.DUN
Tt oork at the priniplu of 1-¢ induthion motr

In a ewr3y mekrr having to magnt om is
shum magnr amother is series magmt
LACADEMY
EA-63
Karanpur: HO: Shimla bypass road near Goverument polytechnic Pithuwala Dehracun
}
ENGINEERINGCass Centre-Pithuwala
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.cngneenngacaaemy.c0.n
ACADEMY E mailkengineeringacademIyddn@gmail,com
Potemial coid plaud in shunt magnut nd cumnt

cou plaud in series magnut
Cuxsen Come in series with tha doad ond Pc is
Comectd im patallel toith dhe dead
muier accurahly hen potenhial coil
Her34
howing high indudtive effect
Curo coil hawirg dow resistana omd ks imduckam
- dupnds upom dh doad
reakimg torqus provided b parmamumt magmet
which is mods by amico ING
Raauire mmt Tor emergy maer+ DUNI
i Movimg uchanism
i drivimg muhamism
lii Graaking me chonism Allelectricalnotes
iv Racording muchanis m '
ING mOV TNG MECHANTS* rotaing aluwinium disc is

Dur.
plaad behoeum series amd shumt
magri Du do' interadtion of tux of. cc amd Pc
eddy CUremtf produud m tha disc uhich duwedop
a rotatmg torqua îm dha dis amd So dhe disc
Totakes as pas dhs Joad emurgy comsumphiom.
DRTVING Tn 'a trg

MECHANTSM+ mattr dhe
driving torqua is povidad wih
dhe hulp of potemnriad coid md cuet coil. A potenkal
Coi is susroumdad on dhu shumt wagret amd has
high mdachive to esi stoma raio mom ik is higg

LACADEMY|
EA
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwals| Karanpur, HO: Shimis bypass Covemment polylechoio Pishuwala
DCAr Covern.ment
road ocar piye
Ekd.a
ACADEMY Mob:03449597123.004114 o6d
Bmail w nhgoeny.co.a
makogiDeenogecedeviydaniaikLEL-
imdutive Potential Coil has da

omd
no. of um d' tinu w
th mductonu. of Jhat caid is Kapk high so dhat
lux
bamd
a Ove
dag dhu Spply valta by o. Coppcr shadaing
cuso providacd
an the camt umbs of
shum magn dto maka h phase.amgls displaum*
of 0 ehoun flx amd velkage
Curent coi Js comeat in series with the dood amd
iks resist om kuph Jos Tha flux produs ud in it
o
isE
perpotin amd im phase Lsith Jina umvnt (g.oUN
DREAK TNC MECHANTSM+ pmamamt magnt is used A
os broking magnu produes a raking

DU dtrau Tha dise otote hkuum tha polss of c sype
braking magmut uhich producs hraking taqa. Enrgy
Teads acwratl ahun daflacding torqs
is equa to tha brrakig torqu
brakig trqu brokimg

N. magn
disc
NG
D.DUN
Tf emirgy meler rum tast thn distoma huttoem

Parmammt magmt amd otahing disc is mcreased
brakimg Jorq4 mcreascs Omd speud slo doum
So
ENGINEERING India's Best Instltute for Junior Engincer
ACADEMY
EA-65
ncar doverTImcnt polytechnic Pthuwala Dehradun
Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road
|
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597125,09AII4001 weo: www.cnginoeringacedemy.co.in

ACADEMAY mailengineeringaCademyddn@gmail.com
If enurgy muer rm slou» dhe distomu betwen rotaing

homse hreakimg
disc ond parmammt magnt is decreased
dorqus dacreased amd spud is
increased:
FNE ROY METER CONSTANT + NG

D.DUN8
TeV
kwh
IN
N-Pm
+ houT
se
th 3600
huastin+ a 2o0y commacted do a singls

doad curent
phase induchon
loA a
motr amd cayry full
a power tattor of o8 66, over a te pAriad et
3o mm
Calculate emray for dhe half Joad. if Jha
t
mm. nd
ergy meks retqtes Joo vevalution in 3o
meer Constomt .
V 200v, Te= i0ACas 0-366, T=30 min

enrg cmstont in half doad
cas 6x*
E xVxIx
EV x 200 X10X 0-$6 X 430 WH
E: 0-43 KwH TValuhon

Muter constamt KWh
UN
232.5
k 233 5 Tv/kuH
ACADEMY
FA
ENGINEERING Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur, HO: Shimla bypass road near Govermment polytochnic Pithuwala Leea
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeningacaoemy.0.1n
ACADEMY -mgnl:engineeringAcademyddngUgmail.co
Ousstiam Th mter
constomt of a 230V, 10A Ld-houx
meter is 1800 Rav/Kwh The mher is tested a hak
doad rattd voltag at unity PF Tha mu 15
foumd to mads 80 rev im 138 sec Dutermine Jht

uer error at half Joad
fnser V 230V T=i0A , K= 18oo Av }Kuh Pf =
Te 8o T= 138 sec
KWh,= 30
180o
- 0 0u4 KWh
halt *Joad Kwh Va x230X1oXi AADlooro

3600/loo
Kuh, o:o4u08 Kuh
Murer error u Kuh- Tecoud Kh y \Udo

ru Kwh
G
KLWh
Kuwha
KLJh x loo
.ouN
aING
0-04408-0 0ud xGo

O.o48
-0:9.
T eror is positive imams energy mter is Tunming
amd if emor is mgative tha emeay muer runs slou.
fast
CoMPENSATION TN ENERGY METER
CoMPENSATTON +
1 LAA4ING CoMPANSATION UADAATURE
kou dhat emergg
W reads aacuTate mer
valus uhum potential coid is highly incduchive but in red
to makt thu P¢ highly
Case it is ot highly inducive

ACADEMY EA-67
near Govermment polytechnic Pthuwala D
Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypasS road
|
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,041I34061z web: www.cngneeringacademy.co.in

ehind
ACADEMY E-malkengineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
ringj
nduchhe we. used Jaggna coil (shading coil /shaclina
n potential coil
Shaddad rg is mads by aoppar, tshm shaddig ring
shif ito upuord diveckiam tha coid induekomu of
acuratuly
Pc
s imcrease Yeads
amd emiray mueT
RICTION CoMPENATTON+ When a very light doad

2 to thi emurgy
is cmuced
mer dha cumremt caryima by Joad is very do so thu
Pe amd cc couldmot produa enough detlacting trqu
Jeop
dus to Jight Joad so in this case shaddsd
sused which sark as Joad thuse a
deluchon
toru is procuud by dhe Pc cc

So he frichiom eror is elminaded by using of shadd
Jenp
3 OvER VOLTACE ComPsNSATION+ avoids tha over To

Valtage emor a saturation maget
is plaud in dh Jimbs et shumk wmngnt
D.DUN
Saturahom
magn
OVER LOAD CoMPENSATTON
*A Saturabls maget 3
plaud battaum series cumem coil do

elaminate this error.
ACADEMY
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla
| bypass road near Oovermment polytechnic
LACADEMY Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringacaoenmy.co.in
Pinuwa
--mankengineeringecademyddn@gmail.com
S GREEY ING ERROR CoMPENSATION

som dima whM
th preSSuYe coi is
enargise d by tha suppl voltage kut o doad is comacked
Jo MuteT, the alummium disc ends do. move om no
Joad also ha callad cruphng
To avoid crupmg eror 2 holas fslot are drilled m
alumimium disc at 180 or opposite 8ide of dhu
a dise
CTippmg occurs du do trihion ewo compensahim
TEMPERATURE ComeENSATTON #+
W used MU l
tor temperatur emor Compnsain.
mo of. revaluhion dua do cruping
CYapimg e totalmo ot revoluhon
A N
PHANTOM LOADTNG
. '*
Phomtom doodimg is used nky umder muter testing
condition
n phomtam loadimg potemdtal coll is spelied od rakd
Valkage whilu th Cuwent coil is supalied at ratd
cuwnt by comachng a tov external battery o
reduca dosses
Tm a phomawm doadung taal emrgy Tequremunt
for testing a ensrgy meter is re duud be cause
cC is supplied by Jos VoltagR botrevy

ACADEMY
EA-69
De
ENGINEERING Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur: HO: Shimla bypass road near dovernment poiytechnic Pithuwala
Mob:08449597123,09411340612 web: www.engineeringacademy.co.in
ACADEMY E-mai:engineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
* hoamtom vdoading is used to dest mles having

a dangi cmemt rating tr ushich uads may rot
be owoiblu the dahoratg
dushion+ A230 V, SA enrg muler is des ted at is

markad readina Tesistona ot Pc is 3K2 amd
dh cc is 6-1 callade dha poser comsumud h
i Normal Joading
ii fhawtom doading by comtirg 6V battry da ge
ul Joad cmewt)
ARLSLer#
o n ma Cmdibion
+otal pouoer
= iue
poser + Ve2
Total poLoer 230 X5 + 2308230

8-8X10
o.DUN
ISo +6-01
total pooer - lI58.01W
At Phamtom Jodadimg + total pooer = Joss in ce tloss in
tot pouer TIe poser +

ttal Power VT VpE
NG + 230 N
D.DUN
6X5 8-8X1
30 +6 0
Hotal pouer= 36: 01 W
|ENGINEERING India's Best Institute for Junior Engineer
ACADEMY
ENGINEERINGC
CassCentre-Pihuwala Karanpur; tO:
Mob
| Shimla bypass romd near dovenment polytechnic Pithuwmla Dehrnaun
ACADEMMY Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engneenngcoony
mailkon ginceringcademyddnjakmeLCOM-
WATTMETER
UD.DUN
To Measue power wadtmeter is used Thuy are dhra

dypes
1 Dyamomer type sattmeker
iiInduchion type sattmuer
iv Elurostatic +ype toattmuker D.DUNE
DYNAMOMETER TYPE WATT METER
T works a_ the primciplu ol eluchro dymamomukr

Tt uasur d AC as well as DC powcr
Eluchsodymamomet measuredawerage power / ruu poer
Wadmeter havig two cou an is cumemt coil
Omothr is potenhal coil
Cuad coil comuded in series omd potemtial
coid cmtctid in shumt
Curm coid is callud tix coil omd potmhial coi
is callad iovmg Co
Cuent coil hawimg mgli zably esistoma amd
potemial coil having high esistama
Tnductamu of Cuwent cod dlupend s upm the load
amd induthoma o potemhiad cil shoddl be mimimy
T a vattmtr high dryus to tseigkt rahio
Wathmdrr havig uitor Scal.
Power im DC Poc= VI sat oUNg
oser Phc)= VT Cos owadk

in Ac

ACADEMY
EA-71
Class Centre-Pithuwala| Karanpur; H0: Shimla bypass road near Goverament pouyiechnc Pithuwala Dehn
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,0941 1340612 Web: www.emginceringacdemy.co.in
LACADEMY mail:engineeringacademyddnLKmall.com
*If a wattmeker shosm magative Yeading dhm do

recosd positive valu |reading eimr thi dermine
dha
of curem coil or he potemhial cois mudl Jo be. chomoz
ushon + A attmerer comacktd in a irCuit reads Skw
atder chomging the terminal of curent coil it

Teads 2Kw. Find dhe dotal pouwer comsumd bg ths Jond.
msLeY+ Wi SKW -2Kw
'. W= With S +l-2) 3KW
Pouwer 3Kw
Sototal
waltmttr
Cc
ING
iD.DUN
Eo.oUn
CTACUT DIACRAm OF WATTME TER
REACTTVE PoWER MEASUREMENT
ENGINEERING lndia's Best lnstitute for Junior Engineer

LACADEMY
ENGINEERING Cass Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road near Govermment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
LACADEMMY Moo04495725,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.co.in
B-maillengineoringacademyddin(agmail.com
Tm a 3- power measutemit whun

Cumm cou
couctd în onu phase omd potemrial coid comuuin
TCaining 2 phase dhan readive powe
athmehr reads
WVay TAsin Ny-T.]
D.DUN
W VTL sin
ING
CONNE CTTON FACTO OF WATTMETER
i Whm PotentHiad coil is highl Ttsistive +
LOAD
+
i Whm Potential coil fs induHie
ING
C N
p.oUN

LACADEMY EA-73
Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road ncar Govemment polyechnic
| riunuwala Debradun
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,0941 1340612 Web: www.Cnginoeringacademy.co.in
LACADEMY E-maikenRineeringacAdemyddn@gmail.com
Conechiom fador for Jháding doad

Cose
Cos cos (Gt0)
Comadign tatr to daggimg. doad* ANG
Cos o.DUN
ING cosp costo-e)

0.oUN
LOW PoWER FACTOR WATTME TER
Power fadtor not measured orduner twath meuler

bg
Fur asuTing doo poser fador folowing do mam

Conditim
Vaa dufladting oraus is very Joca even throgh
otf
dh fulu excite the curemt amd pressure Coi
i Sour ou do pressure Coid.imducamu
Essos
2003
P
LP
D.DUN
To improve power ad elewinade dhe effect of

LPinduutamu) comc copautar acoss Rs.
Valu ot copasior covmded in paralle with As
Lc
LACADEMY
EA-74
ENGINEERING Class Centre-Pithuwala Karanpur: HO: Shimia bypass road near Govemment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
LACADEMY_ E-maukengineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
WAT TMETER CONNECTION
hem Tu _curent cou is miar to

Joad md potenhal
coil is comatted mear do 8upply*
T VT +T"Re
PC P
D.DUN shere T "Re = uoss in Ce
Tn this muthod ot comechion potenh'al coil pods

h valtae drop in Joad as ell as swall drp
in Cumemt coid whun tha curre is high te
dosses cumem coil wiM be high so that this
im
mthod is not suitabla fa high cumont
This mthod is sed tor Jo curerd o high poer
facor yP Joad
1 Whem dhe Potemhial cou is Comecked muar do doad
D.DUN
n dhis muthod pre ssure coil yeacds dhe valhags drop acoss
Jaad but tha cunt coid also earr a small extra cumn*
dra an y pressure cod dha is emor in thi's tyet of coudieon

This uhod is suitaklk tor kigh doad cumet ar
Joo power tattor doad
ACADEMY
EA-75
road near Government polytechnic Pithuwala Debraduy
Class Centre-Pithuwala| Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,09411340012 web: www.enginceringacademy.co.in
E-mailkengineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
ACADEMY_
TNSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
power sgstem j ha valuu of valtag omd

Inth be muasured
Curemt is ver4 high shich cam mot ,
we use
ith tha mormal instrumint So for this
mstrummt tromsfiormer
pro feekive melag
Tnstrument tromsfarmer is used oith
do proteck the power
sys te
The waum fumchiom imstrummt tromstoerot dhe
is do step don dh Ac curemt omd voktage
because thu valu of dhe Curet omd Volkag ín
dhe power sgs tom is very high amd it is not
poss ible to mak ha instrumurd tor masuring
amoumt Cunrally the maasusna imstumed
ING this
sD.DUN) is dusigmud fr 5 amp amd 110 valt gING
D.DUN
ADVANTAGE OF INSTRUMENT TRANS FORMERS
Th curek omd voltaga ot th highes valuu

COm masured im the Joer
be rahmg instun
Maasuring imstumunt cam be stomdaroli ud by
tha halp of imstrummt tramstom, which Com
easil be replaud with aomt stamdaridliud
dwias shun maasuring instrument is poo*.
Tnstrumends tamSfonme provioes isolahn
hthoun high volt a ciraut dnd instrumt
Lhih Te duus imsuwahon to asure deuias
amd prote thive ircuit omd provid more protehn
LACADEMY|
EA:7
ENGINEERINGG Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur;
1HO: Shimla
bypass
ACADEMAY Mob:08449597123,09411340612 rod noar Govemmont pauyco
Web: www.enginceringncadenmy.c0.n
enaUkengineeringaçademyddn@kmul.cm-
There are do dype

Curend troms of instnwt roms tormr
i formr
11 Potenhiod
trans format D.bUN
CURAENT TRANSFORMER
CT) * Curemt +romstormur
is
used with cuent masuring dic
Ts primanj windimg is desigenac to Jbe cavma
ed m
series oith he din.omd
having Mass mo ot dums primar
Tks secom dary comacted wih
tu insrum ent
omd seondary move no having t' ums
Primary
oinding o
D.DUN
Curetsor mur
D.DUN Trom
sectm drT
mdmg
T+s secmdary muver kupt ogem secmdarg

adsays 6host ciTuit with hdp of- awmcep
Trams to matiom raio CUTOn Iprimarg

Curent im secondary

LACADEMY
EA-7Z
unuwala
noar Govemment polytechnic Dehra
Class Centre-Pithuwala |
Karanpur; 1O: Shimla bypass rond www.engineenngncadcmy.c0.in
ENGINEERING Mob.08449597123,09411340612 Wob:
-a.ongineeringncAdemydldngmail.Com
ACADEMY
Noinal Aato rad cuW*nt fn Primary

Taded um ent îm se cndary
urns in. Pnmar

Loinelimg ratio =-
tums in secondory
UNG
D.D
POTENTTAL TAANSF ORMER
primary
It is ses for measuTin9 high volaga Tts
Covmettd parall oith doad omd Secondara is
commict oith Volkemeles.
TN PT 8tep oloun tramstormer are used
Potentia
ramso D.DUN
toms tornahionrahio
vollkags
n
Voltag im
primaY
secmdary
raed Primary windtng velkas

Nominal raio =-
Taded secmdarg windäng valkage
wincding rahio =
no of durn in primary wtndiy |
Mo of tum in se comdary omds

aING
8D.DUN2)
ACADEMY
ENGINEERING Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur: Ho: Shimla bypass road near Govemment polytechnic Pidhuwala Dehradun
LACADEMY E-maiengineeringacademyddniagmail.com
Te are too: dypa eror in instrumemts trams fosmes

i Ratio mor
aIND
Phase omgls eo OUN
Eror in Curent troms forma+
1 7.radio em Yoin Ratio - auult raho
X iov
auu ratio
7. rasio eror N =
8x IaD
TR
Phase omgk eror+
Im Cos S - ie sins
dugra
MLs
M Omg +lf vau of S is verg doo
N
Cos &
2 FRROR TN POTENTIAL TRANS FORMER
1rahio eros NR-TR X 1od

TR
Phase omglu err 0.DUN
e 40 x tas A-Apsin a) + e dgru

ACADEMY
EA-79
road near polytechnic Pithuwala Dehna
Class Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur: HO: Shimla bypass
ENGINEERING www.engineeringacademy.co.ln
ACADEMY E-malkengmeeringacademyddn(@gmai.com
*
INSTRUMEN TATION
uohich conwert
TRANS DUCER
It is om eauipmet
ths on torm of enurgy to tha
Omother form ot emergy
ELE CTRTCAA TRANSDUCER The tromsduur ohih

Cmwert he cmy physi cal
quamhity do eluchsical quOmlita are *non as
elucrica tronsduer.
T is adso callud a pick up. D.DUN
LvDT, Potentiometer Pv cull eke. ,
nverse tramsduuy Ihe romsdur shich

Conver+ dha eluchical entr9
to omothur farm ot eTg is callucd imverse
romsducus
Pio euchric traiscdunur D.D
CLASSTFICATION OF TRANSDUCER
AcHve ome Passive tromsduUT

aACTIVE TRANSDUCERsio Thtrons duur shich
does Ymot requYiad any
elucricad supply to provicle the output is calud
aive tromsduur
t thrmo coupl PV cold Pizoelecmc transduur
LACADEMY
EAS
Cass Centre-Pithuwala | Karanpur, HO: Shimla bypass road near Govemment polytechnic Pithuwala Dehradun
ENGINEERING
ACADEMY E-mail:engineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
bASSTVE TRANSDUCER+ T transduur which rqurid

omy extemal supply do
gmirate dha outpuct is callud passive trams duesr
Strain gauga , dhesmi tur ond ote
2 Primary Gmd se conolary ronsduer+
a imary
=
tromduucar T trams duur
convert a input
whMh
dire ty
signal l emurgy to eluchrical signal is callud
primar tromsducer.
inpu s' Outpu signal
romsdauur
mon-eldric dui ca
Secsmdany troms cuur+ the transeluur tshich
Cowert the inpu
mon- elical do amothir from of
signal
non- euctrical signal omd dhem cowe7t i into
elecricad output is callacd secondlary troms euur
Yon- elachmr Mm eluhe eucrical
romsdaua
2
D.DUN
3 Anoleg omd digital troms dauurs+
a nalog tromsduur +ha transduar shich cowert

he inpu signal do amolog
to 0rmto a oudput sigmal is conhiuOus tumuhbm
of dima is calLd amalog tuom sduur:
ACADEMY
EA-81
ENGINEERING Karanpur. HO nar ovemmnt pocni Pwal
lass Centre- PilhuwlaAob:0H449597123,094II340612
Sina bynas rondwww.enginoeringncacmiy.co.ln
Wob:
Deh
LACADEMY mal:ongineeringacRdemyoldn(@kmAll.com
Digital Tromsduur + Tka 4romsducur ohich

Conwert dhe input signa
to digital signal ora form ot puuse is callkd
Hromscuur
D.DUNE
MEASUATMENT OF LTNEAB DIS PLACE MENT
i LVODT
INC
i Hall effect tromsduas D.DUN
iii Potentiomues trams du car
Linear Variable Dif erential ramsducr +

LVOT Lks Jhe prneipls of tromstormer m
which se comdog wmding is davidud in 2 parts
Omd both are comacded dfferntal fom
VAc
Right
ED.DUNe
Nicktt core is used in

1 LVOT.
LVout
Es-Es oY Vs Vs
Vout dspla umenk
LACADEMY
ENGINEERING Caas Contro-Pithuwnla | Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass road noar Covermment polytechnic nuwB
LACADEMY_ MoO06449597123,094113406l2 Web: www.cnginconngacaacuy.co
akengincoriiygacndemyddn(@KmaIL.Com
LVDT used tos measuremunt of Jinuar displacum

in dh Yomga ot positve dto nugaive loo m
T cilterenhial ouhpud is measurd at secm dar

when tha core ts sitwted in the camder thun
dsame valkaga is nduud both se cndlay
Coid so uthat outpat voltags is uro whe
Loe shi* the core to Jut sids bg omy
das pdawmen tham th more 1Lx Cuts og
oinding C in Comparism to C2 dut to da
eutamnu path So that Es,> Es and the
dis plaumumt in cor Cam be measurcd bg
output Valkasa Vout Es- Es
Now shen sams cove Stoit chu d *o ight
then mare fux cuts by Ca Camparisa af' C
So that Es Es amd dhe displaumunt
Com masured at oukpet
Th ouput VoJltags is 180 out of phase Loi th
Compare do iput
Tn balamu condli hion o f LvDT Es - Es2
So Vout =0
ADVANTAGE '.
Iis used tor m dhu ramge ,-Lo AAm
Jo joD Am
Ts having Verg high sensitivity
High acura
*No trichion doss
CATrON+
APPLT
*Michamicd displacamnt is Coweyed in voltags.

ENCGINEERING| India's Best lustitute for Junior Engineer
ACADEMY
EA-83
Class Centre-Pithuwala |Karanpur; H0: Shimla bypass road noar Government polytechnic Pithuwala Dehrad
ENGINEERING Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringacademy.co.1n
ACADEMY E-mailkongineeringacademyddn@gmail.com
It is used os a
secondoryromsduar tor measurmt
otora PressuYe Svess
outpud voltass
Sensitivity
ots placam
LvOT is k5v fr
ushiont Th apud valtag ot a
displacament of 1omm Them ind the-
i). sensi tivity
11 yom of oukput voltag tor displaamrt of
2mm
1
Sesitivitu = Output vodage
HnstacT displa comd D.DUN;
0-15mm
mouromg ot oupud Vetage tos 2mm
di spla.coment +
oupu Volkage
Semsiivity.
oisplacamet
ING4 Valttage
(D.DUNS O-1S= Outpu
2
ouput voltast= 03V
HALL EFFECT TRANS buCER
s placamYaxis
E - elachric ud intensity
top Surtau
-axis G0.0UN
Oottom
8 Magshe us dtnsity)
LACADEMY
EA
Class Centre-Pithuwala Karsnpur, HO: Shimla bypaas road niear Goverunent polytechnic Pitdhuwala Dehradun
ENGINEERING | Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Web: www.engineeringacadeuy.co.inn
ACADEMY E-TMail;engineeringacademyddn(@gmail.com
V Allelectricalnotes
charge. X carier consamtrahion
RH Hald ellect coeficiamt
Ru
NG
r Kh
LAAn A
* Ttis uscd to tnd
dyp of semicmdatardha
Tis used d ind majoity omd mimori ty chary.

CamAY
* Iis mulhiply oP too signa
used
*It isused do colculate magnakic dd dansih
It is used tos matels amod Semi condudas
3 POTENTEorMETER TAANS DUCER
O.DUN
dispa cumet
T
LACADEMY
EA-85
Pithuwala Debr
ENGINEERING Ho: Shimla bypass rond near Government polytechnic
CTass Contre-Pithuwnla Karanpur;
| Dehradua
o.in
Mob:08449597125,0*
ACADEMY_ - kOngineerngnCademyddn@gmail.com
ING 4
Vat TAi " T.di ED.oUN
Vout TJ- -i)

Put yalhu of T im eqti)
|Vouto xd |
Outpud Voltaga
Sensitvi t oispla.commornt
PRESSURE, STAE SS, STRATN
.
MEASUREMENT OF FORCE ,
orc
PRE SSURE= aUNG
area (iD.DUNi
Stress tore
area
chom in dungth
SHroin
originad dumgth
Youmg's moduuus Siress

Straim
Poission's aho ) doteral strain
dongutal Straln
AD/0
N
ON
.'/:
ACADEMY
EAS
ENGINEERING Assenirethaala Narnpur oShimla bypas rond noar Chovernnent palytochnte Pthuwala Dohradui
Mob,0x449597123,09U40612 Wcb: www.engineertngncademy.c0.in
ACADEMY akewgueeringAsHdemysklgONUAL.SHN
i IzOELECTRIC TRANSDUcER
Il is am ative omd
nverse sansduur in
hdh shun »e oppliad soma foru lstress l psessure
pon tu pizocuchric matnal dhn a aulput
voltage is induad a the Jenminal oP pizochri
Maknal used in pizockehrie trans duur
oai'y in, tam ile,
+i
Roalls salt
Jitiu
sulphate Auavtz ,
d foEra
wre d valtage dunsity (@
8- charge densit
2 STRAIN CGAUGEPIE ZO RESIS TANCE TRANSDUCER
Straiun 8auge is a transduas whidh bacsilly

used muasure straim n amy objack.
CoOm comvert torea or amy 3mal makunica!
displaamumt into elkchical signal
TtCom olso dutecd dhe im varlemt torm
vibrahom, movemen 5igna with trequeny
of up to 1cD K Hz
Chauge
of the gaugs
factor indicates t
im Herms of
strain semsitivity
dha chomge in
Yesistamu per umt strain wmit as talas
NG
.oUN
| ENGINEERING India's Best Institute for Junior Engineer

LACADEMY
EA-87
ENGINEERING Class Conire-Pithuwala Karanpur; H(): Shimla bypass rond noar overnmont polyechnic Pthuwala Dehra
|
Mob:0R449597123,09411340612 Wob: www.engineeringncoemy.co.in

LACADEMY man.onkineeringacaRdemyddngUmall.com
without stress i)
A chomgt in Jmgth
AD chomg indiamer
G
aler opplging strain |stres D.DUN;S
AR chamg in resistama
diftrentiak esu) 7 s' ( stress)
ds Ads
+ AR/R
NG
iD.oUNi
-AD/0
8ong taclor ap
ARIA
A/J
A mr T aING
n.DUN
A
dD
dS
ENGINEERING
ACADEMY .
FA-
ENGINEERING Cass CeutrcHthuwaa aranpur HSuna bypass road near Government polyiechnic Pihuwala Debradun
MOUB4495 Web www.engineeringacademy.coin
LACADEMY 5012
E-maDEUDeenmgacademyckin@gmail com
ds
GiaouN
Passain's Tatio dotesal strain

dogutal strain
Strain (e) =
gaugi taur ) = AR/R
Material Cauge Factor

Soft iron 4.2
Magn O47
12
Niki
Doped Cris tal 10-So0
Scmicondutr 30
+Curallg Couge tactor is2
MEASUREMENT OF LO PRESSURE
&uot amosteric Pressur (Jess dhsm imm

Unit of Joo pressure is microm
microm 0 M
D.DUN micron imm
ENGINEERING | India's Best lnstitute for Junior Engineer
LACADEMY
EA-89
ENGINEERING HSS enmtre-Prihuwala Karanpur, HO: Shimla bypass road near Governmen poyee
|
AWaR LDebrad
oo:U8449597123,04I340612 Web: www.eogneenga
ACADEMY maikengineeringacedemyódnagmail.com
tor ar amothr it
dor imm =l-wicrom-
ot Jo prtssire
Mhod ö Maasun'na of los pressure
THERMOCouPLE
PmMC
(3p.DUN
Jos
pssure
Huer
SE
range 10 mm do lo* mm
chamga. in vo.ltage chomgin ttmperaturt
dchomga in Vecume
Baloc awosphric prmsue temperakure is
propohomad ot presšure .The teperature vemam
Conste oith dk hdp of xternal applyed De
Supply If Loe choma the Vaccuma m mg
hn chomgs in demperoture accurs omd
this chomg im tepiratue chomg im
*
Voltag NG
D.UN
2 PIRAN IGAUKE hlp of piramigaug

Oy
Joo temperature Julon 1omm) are

LasuTed
ACADEMY
EA
Class Centre-Prthuwala Karanpur H0: Shimla bypas rond near Govermmel pobytechni Pithuwala Deturadn
ENGINEERING
LACADEMY Mo6:0844923,011340612 Web: www.engineoningacademy.co.in
EmakengUneETHgACAdemydinga gmail.com
w. aouwg
u
Wa knot dhat zo Cumon flo through the

gauamomuhr under dhe bridgs balana condihion
Whem accum changtd dempurahure is also
ehanged Omd dhis resu effectsd he rsis tanc
omd no Lohaatston bridga bucoma umbalamud
omd a cument flow dhrough dhi gal enmomuen
Diflacion in galyemomaukr dindly pmpotiamal
m
do ehom resis+omu R chong4 in
tep chong in Vacam.
MEA SUREMENT OF VIORATION
Sosmic tromsduur
ii Accalaromuler .DUN;S|
* MEASUREMENT OF HUMTDTTY
Humility is masured by Hygromrer
ACADEMY
EA-91
near Governnen
Class Contre-Pithuwala | Karanpur; HO: Shimla bypass roadwww.engncenga
Dehrdu
ENGINEERING| Mob:08449597123,0941 1340612 Web: y
LACADEMMY E-mail:engineeringacademyddn@gmail.co
MEASUREMENT OFTE MPEAATURE*

**
RTD (resistom temperature didctos)* B ATD

tempeTodure mAaSUred upto 6cDC
2 THE RMISTOR Tis copobl o maAOSUre

temprature both nagajve omd
posi tive
. Yomg
.
3 THERMO COuPLE Tt Losk at dhe prmüplu of

ePfeck It mmasure temperatur
Suback
PYRoMETER uasurad uwtra high tempAtature

bo iler omd tumiu demprature
J muasured kermprature tho touch
tempTat body
GD.DUNIE)

ACADEMY
EA-92

Measurements (English) by Raman Sir

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Measurements (English) by Raman Sir

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FA

Hand Written Notes

Classes Taken By - RK, Raman

1 INSIAUMENT * I is a dvica Or mechanism 4sed

3 ACCURACY+ T is the cdlosness valuu do dhs rue

4 PRECISTON+ Pecisionof reprookucibi

SENST TIVI TY + is .thu raio o? chomge in output

*For valtemeter Vold

AESOLUTION+ Iis dhe wimimum chomge in inpuk

so mit of sensitivity = -/valk

ERROR+ I is dhe dilferena butuean ruu valuu dto

RELATIVE LIMITING ERROR

It is dhu rahio of absalute er do

Telaive error= abseluhe enor (GD.DUN

peramtagR Teladive erros m measured valuu--rus vau

PERCENTAGE ERROR AT DESIRAOLE SCALE*

erTos at dusirabla scale= tull scals alu X. eror in tudl sala

A valtmuer howing tull scau valus amd

at full s cals is l. . Find enor

Mob:0H449397123,09411340612 Web: www.cnnoeringcaOCImy.co.l

ARBhion A measuring Instrument having a tull scali yalu

Pmser+ valunx err in tud scale

(i eror at loo v o0X 2: = 3

T full scals is ge half thenm thi eror sil doubl

Oues hian + A vatmeker has a g0uramtend accuray

uastion* A O-30V volmuter has om erov of t27

eror =3aX= 207

DEAD ZONE4 When input is given but output is not

2 Systemaie Errors These yPe eror remain consta

daw om epeoted measurememd com oh given

CAL CULATTON OF ERROR

lal a ssume we have dhru different reading of inshrumed

ii Etor tihem mulliplicatiom +

EmoT when divisim+

uustion+ In given circuit find dha vala of eor in I.

Mob:08449597123,09411340612 Wcb: www.engineeringacademy.co.in

Thair are tioo pe of instument + 3D.DU

2 SECNDA RY TNSTRUMENT+ huse imsrument are

TNDTCATING INSTRUMENT+ Thse ypa mstrument

IN TERATTNG IN8T RUMENT Thise dy instrumet

ESSENTTAL8 FOR MEASUR ING INSTRUPMENT+

1 DEECTINGToRAUE Th torqu tshich cause tha

2CONTROLLTNGTORQUE+ Th magnituole ot wovem en*

The wu 6hon the accurate readimg cmy whin

3 DAMPING TORUE+ Damping halps dha pointer toraus

Omy os cilaions Omd in dhis conditin dhu instruma

whre Ky = dampimg nston

TYPES OF DAMPING TORQUE

iEddy damping + In dhis typs meastrumwnts,

i FLUTD FRTCTTON DANPTNG+ Tn this tyee insrument

111ATR FRTCT ION DAMPTNG Im. mis typt. insrum

MoVTNG CoTL TNSTRUMENTS

PERMANENTMACNET movING GOIL IPmnc) INSTRUMENT

Parmament wwigut Parmomadt mgna

bmovim8 cail provide defJachin

(ia.DUN; daf laching torqu+ when a ciuret is passimg

8 is per portion to T so Pmmc havhs uni torm Scalu

ENGINEERING India's Best Institute for Junior Engineer

Rang extensiom eof ammetr

parall of ammateT Shunt is usualy havmg a very

shun for ammutT Ta*/S** Multiammeter

ENGINEERING India's Best institute for Junior Engineer

a high Valuus esistomu is comucted in 8bis