Social Studies 6 - First Semester

SME-AG GLOBAL SCHOOL INC.
A.Y. 2021-2022
ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

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TOPIC:
Lesson 1: PHILIPPINE POPULATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
a. Explain the characteristics of population that contribute to the

development of the country;
b. State the total population of the country;
c. Analyze the framework of the population based on age and
gender;
d. Compare the population in urban and rural areas; and
e. Interpret the differences in the distribution and density of population
in each region of the country.
DISCUSSION:
The Philippines is an independent country or state. It has four elements

or attributes of a state: territory, people (or population), government, and
sovereignty.
Among the elements of a state, people or population is the most

important. Population refers to the number of people inhabiting a particular
place or country. It can be big, small, or average in size.
Population makes up the citizens of the state. The citizens shape the
destiny of the country. They should be endowed with skills and abilities,
discipline, and character necessary to achieve the development and
progress of the country.

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Population is a big factor in the present economic situation of the

Philippines. Based on studies, the worsening poverty in the country is the
result of its rapid population growth. This is the reason why the government
is taking a stand and definite action on the issue of population and
development. It now includes population management as a major
component of its development programs.
Demography is the statistical study of human population. The

demographics or data on population include gender, age, race, disabilities,
mobility, home ownership, employment status, and location of the people.
Demography requires the study of specific information. There are

several means of collecting data on population-through registry statistics
and census. Registry statistics is the best method for estimating the number
of births and deaths. Census is the systematic acquisition and recording of
information about the members of a given population. In contrast to registry
statistics, which is done continuously, census is conducted every five years
and, thus, is not the best source of data for births and deaths.
Demographic data are very useful for the government in formulating

policies and in planning programs and projects.
Look at the chart below. Examine how the country’s population grew
through the years.
Philippine Population
Year Population
1960 27,087,687
1970 36,684,486
1980 48,098,460
1990 60,703,206
2000 76,506,928
2010 92,337,852
Source: National Statistics Office

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The chart shows that, in 1960, the

population of the Philippines is only more
than 27 million and, in the succeeding
years, it had grown so fast.
To study the population of the

country, it is necessary to analyze its
composition, density, and distribution.
Composition of Philippine Population
The table shows the composition of the Philippine population based

on age and gender.
Population Composition, 2000 (Projected) Gender and Age
Age Male Female

0-14 17,763,482 17,030,605
15-29 13,018,527 12,981,491
30-44 9,120,197 8,834,483
45-64 5,830,407 5,830,407
65-above 1,608,446 1,995,083
Total 47,341,032 46,671,970

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Though the male population is more than the female population, the
difference between them is too small and does not create a big effect on
the composition of the populations.
As shown in the table, the Philippines has a young population. About

37% of the total population is composed of people whose ages are 14
below. This group is composed of people who depend on their families or
other people for support. The youth, whose ages range from15 to 29,
comprise 28% of the population.
The youth can be tapped in nation building or as partners, active

agents, and contributors to the government’s efforts towards the
development of the country.
The government should exert effort to create an environment for

youth empowerment and participation in development planning, policy
making, advocacy, and governance. The Sangguniang Kabataan is an
example of an opportunity for the youth to participate in governance and
management of their own development.
Those people whose ages are 15-64 total to more than 55.6 million.
The number comprises the productive group of our population who are

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either employed or unemployed. From this number, about 79% belongs to

the 15 to 44 age groups. People in this group may either be in school or are
already employed.
The productive group comprises the labor force of the country. Based
on the report of the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), the
estimated labor force of the Philippines as of 2011 is 39.2 million. Out of this
number, 36.3 million are employed and 2.9 million are unemployed. Of the
total unemployed, 48.9% are ages 15 to 24. The number of college
graduates who are unemployed is 564,000 as of 2011.
The government, as part of its effort to improve the employability and

competitiveness of Filipino workers, has established the Technical Education
and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). TESDA gives skills training to
workers and assess and certifies to determine their capability to perform the
standards expected in the workplace based on defined competency
standards.
The smallest segment of the

population is composed of those
people in age group of 65 years old
and above. These people have
spent their productive years in
fulfilling their responsibilities to
themselves and to others. Some of
those that have reached such
stage are now
dependent on the younger
generation for care and support.

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Population Density
Density of population refers to the number of people living per unit

area, such as per square kilometer. Population density can be computed
by dividing the population (total number of people) by the total land area
of a particular place.
Population Density
For example, the population of Davao is 4,362,400 and its total land
area is 38,215.5. Using the formula for population density, Davao has a
density of 114.15.
Population Density
The following chart shows the population density in the different

regions of the country.

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The chart shows that the National Capital Region (NCR or Metro
Manila), which has the smallest land area, is the most densely populated
region. There are 19,205.56 people living in every square kilometer of land.
CALABARZON, which has a land area of 20,261.0 sq. km, is second most
densely populated region. Cagayan Valley, which has the largest land area
of 30,149.0 sq. km, has a population density of only 121.11.
The National Capital Region (NCR) is the most densely populated

region in the country because it is an urbanized area. It is the center of
industrial developments, educational opportunities, communication, and
economic activities. It is also where the government offices are located.
People from almost all parts of the country flock to Metro Manila, making it
the most densely populated region in the country.
Population Distribution
Population in the country varies from region to region. Distribution

refers to the number of people in the different areas of a particular place.
The chart below shows the population of the 17 regions in the country.

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Among the regions of the country, Region IV-A (CALABARZON) has

the largest population with 11.90 million, followed by the National Capital
Region (NCR) with 11.55 million, and Region III (Central Luzon) with almost
10.16 million. The combined population of these three regions makes up
more than one-third (37.3%) of the total Philippine population.
Density and distribution of population are directly related. There are

several factors that explain why some regions or provinces are thickly or sparsely
populated. People tend to go to places where there are vast opportunities for
work, educational advancement, and business ventures. The geographical
features of a place also serve as factors that motivate people where there are
vast opportunities for work, educational advancement, and business ventures.
The geographical features of a place also serve as factors that motivate

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people to leave their homes in search of more opportunities for livelihood and
a better life. People are forced to leave places where there
are armed conflicts or ongoing military operations to seek for a more
peaceful and secured life for their families.
Due to the said factors, the places where people flock become
densely populated and the place left become sparsely populated.
The uneven distribution of people gives rise to rural and urban

communities. Rural and urban communities differ in terms of physical
resources, employment and livelihood opportunities, and characteristics of
the people.
Which community has a bigger population?
The chart below compares the population in the rural and urban
communities.

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All the other regions, except for NCR, have more people living in the
rural areas than in the urban areas. What are the reasons for this situation?
In this condition advantageous or disadvantageous for the country?
Activity 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct words.
1. The number of people living per unit are is called _________________.
2. The estimated population of the Philippines at present is

_________________.
3. The center of government of the Philippines is located in
_________________.
4. The number of people in the different areas of a particular

place is called _________________.
5. The region in the Philippines with the biggest population is

_________________.
6. The region with the smallest population is _________________.
7. The most important element of the state is _________________.
8. The number of people inhabiting a particular place or

country is referred to as _________________.
9. The group of population who belongs to the youth who are in

school or who are working comprises the _________________.
10. People who have spent their younger years in fulfilling

their responsibilities should be supported by _________________.

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Activity 2:
Prepare a comparative chart on the advantages and advantages of

having a young population. You may use the chart below.
Having a Young Population
Advantages Disadvantages
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
Reflect:
A. Underline an answer from the parentheses and write on the blanks
to complete the sentences.
1. A country with a young population is (beneficial/not beneficial)

because
_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
2. As a young Filipino, I can be a productive citizen by

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Senior citizens should be given special privileges because

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. I prefer to stay in the (urban/rural area) because

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
.

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TOPIC:
Lesson 2: PHILIPPINE POPULATION GROWTH
a. Explain the factors that affect the growth of population; and
b. Explain the importance of having healthy and intelligent citizens
in the development of the country.
DISCUSSION
What does the picture tell about population?
Just by looking at the picture, we can

say that the Philippines has a big population.
This big population is brought about by the
rapid population growth in the country.

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A United Nations report in 2009 revealed that the Philippines ranks 7 th

among Asian countries with a big population. At present, the Philippines
ranks 12th among the most populous countries in the world.
The table shows the population and annual growth rate in the country.
The table shows the rate of population growth in the Philippines. The
rate of population growth between 1960 and 1970 was 3.08%. There was a
decreased rate of growth from 1975 to 1995. In 2007, there was an increase
of 3.50% in growth rate.
Factors that Affect Population Growth
1. The birth rate exceeds the death rate. The birth and death rates are
some of the measures used in determining whether the population is
increasing or decreasing. The number of births per 1,000 people refers to the
birth rate or fertility rate. The number of people who died per 1,000 people

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in a given year, on the other hand, refers to the death rate or mortality rate.
In the Philippines, the death rate continues to
decline due to improved health and sanitation, healthcare, and

improved standard of living.
2. The development in science and

technology has made the life
expectancy of Filipinos longer. Life
expectancy refers to the expected
number of years of life based on
statistical probability.
With the help of the

Department of Science and
Technology (DOST), the agency that
is tasked to develop natural and
pharmaceutical products for priority
health problems, better health, and
long life are attained. Their health and
medical programs include the
development of drugs and vaccines,
and ways of controlling and preventing diseases.
3. Some beliefs and practices of Filipinos also influence the population

growth. One of these is the strong belief of Filipinos that children are blessings
to the family and that more children mean more blessings. In the rural areas
where the main livelihood is agriculture, to have more children means to
have more hands to help in tilling the field, harvesting, and engaging in
other means of livelihood.
Problems of Population Growth
Continues increase in population exacts a big toll on the government

in providing the needs of the people. With the rapid population growth, our
basic needs continue to grow, while our resources continue to run out,
endangering subsistence, health, peace, and the environment.

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1. Food Shortage
With population
increase, the demand for
food also increases. The
prices
of food and basic
commodities also go up,
because there would be
more demand than supply.
Sometimes, this condition is
aggravated by panic buying
and hoarding. In the worst
case, peace and security of
the people and the country would be threatened.
Have you heard of some businessmen holding on to their
products and waiting for the opportunity to sell them at a higher
price? Artificial shortage of some goods or products results in panic
buying. for fear that they may not be able to buy these products,
people buy more than what they need and keep them for future use.
2. Housing Shortage
Because of the continuous
increase in population, housing
becomes a problem, especially in
the urban areas, where people
from the rural areas usually
mitigate. This may lead to the rise
of informal settlers. Many of them
settle along riverbanks, under
bridges, sidewalks, abandoned
buildings, and makeshift houses.

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Unemployment
Too many people compete
with one another for the limited
jobs that are available.
Unfortunately, the government
and the private sectors cannot
provide enough jobs for every job
applicant. Many graduates end
up underemployed-
working in jobs way below their educational qualifications and

attainment.
4. Peace and Order

Rapid population growth also
affects the promotion and
maintenance of peace and order in
the country. Due to the big
population, unemployment, hunger,
homelessness, sickness, frustrations,
and hopelessness are common
occurrences. Because of their
conditions, many people resort to
illegal or criminal acts just to survive.
This leads to a rise in criminality that endangers the peace and
security of the county and the people.
5. Health and Sanitation

Too many people overcrowd
places, often leading to pollution.
Added to this is the unhealthy
practice of throwing garbage and
waste materials anywhere, even in
waterways and rivers. These
garbage and waste materials

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block the flow of water. As a result,

flooding occurs. People should
learn from our experience with
typhoon Ondoy that ravaged Metro Manila and nearby provinces in
2009.
6. Destruction of the Environment

An increase in population is
detrimental to the environment.
Our natural resources become
scarce, mainly due to misuse,
abuse, and ineffective
implementation of our
environmental laws. Our forests
become denuded due to illegal
logging and other undesirable practices. Some species of plants and
animals become extinct.
Marine life becomes scarce because our rivers, seas, and other
bodies of water are polluted. The government blamed forest
denudation in the province for the landslides and flash floods brought
about by typhoon Sendong in Cagayan de Oro in December 2011.
7. Education
Our government provides free elementary and secondary
education for everyone.
Let us study the data on education.

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The chart shows the number of schoolchildren enrolled in both

government and private schools, and most of them are enrolled in
government schools.
Out of the 13,145,210 children in the elementary level,

12,096,256 are in government schools. However, in the secondary
level, more than 42% of the school children are enrolled in private
schools.
The data of the National Statistics Office (NSO) show that 97%,
or 97 out of every 100 Filipinos, attended elementary schools; 65%
went to secondary schools; and only 63% went to college.
With this rate, we can say that there will be difficulty of finding
jobs for those who have finished their college education or those in
their productive years.
The NSO conducted a Functional Literacy Education and Mass

Media Survey (FLEMMS) in 2003 to determine the literacy rate in the
Philippines. The results are shown in the chart below.

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According to the survey, about 84% of the Filipino population are

functionally literate. A functional literate person is able to read, write, and
count in a way that enables him/her to go about his/her daily tasks.
The chart also shows that NCR has the highest literacy rate, with 94%
followed by CALABARZON WITH 90.4%. The region with the lowest literacy
rate is ARMM with 62.9%.
The chart also shows the average family income in each region. Did
you notice that the regions with the highest average family income are also
the regions with high literacy rate?
The growth of the Philippine population will surely affect the policy
and development programs of the government and people’s access to
food, education, health and sanitation, and housing. On the other hand,
the country’s large population can be considered as a well where we can
draw out and tap the best citizens who can participate in economic
activities toward development and progress.

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Solutions to Problems on Population Growth
As the population continue to multiply, the government has doubled

it efforts to address the problems related to rapid growth.
1. To provide for the needs of the growing population, the government

has undertaken development programs to increase food production,
provide potable water supply, construct more roads and bridges, and
provide electricity and better modes of transportation and communication.
2. To promote the health and sanitation of the people, the government

has promoted the health and wellness of the people by building more
hospitals, clinics, and health centers. It has also upgraded the facilities and
amenities in these health units. To render effective health services, doctors
and nurses were also hired and trained.
3. To solve the housing needs pf the growing population, the

government, through the National Housing Authority (NHA) and other
support agencies, has carried out housing programs on low-cost housing.,
Informal settlers were relocated in Carmona, Cavite, and Sapang Palay,
Bulacan.
4. To protect our environment, the government has initiated and

continued its support to several environment protection projects, such as
the Pasig River Rehabilitation Program and the Haribon Foundation
Program. Congress has passed laws on environmental care and protection,

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such as the Philippine Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act, and laws on
illegal logging ad deforestation.
Population Growth and the Reproductive Health Bill
The Reproductive Health Bill, popularly known as the RH Bill, aims to

guarantee universal acess to methods and information on birth ontril and
maternal care. There are now two RH bills pending in Congress:House Bill No.
96 or the Reprodcutive Health Act and the Popuilation and Development
Act of 2010 introduced by Albay Rep. Edcel Lagman, and Senate Bill
No.2378 or the Reproductive Health Act introduced by Sen. Miriam
Defensor-Santiago.
The RH Bill is highly controversial, with opposing opinions from experts,

academicians, religious institutions, and major political figures.
Proponents of the bill argue that economic studies, especially in Asia,

show that rapid population growth and high fertility rates, especially among
the poor, aggravate poverty. Poverty incidence is higher among big
families. Smaller families and wider birth intervals can allow families to invest
more in each child’s education, health, and nutrition, and, eventually,
reduce poverty and hunger in households. At the heart of the bill is the free
choice given to people on the use of reproductive health methods, giving
them, especially the poor, the choice of the number of children they want.
Opponents of the bills argue that the bill is based on faulty premises.
According to them, a study of Nobel Prize winner Simon Kuznets found no
correlation between population growth and poverty. The bill would only
take away limited government funds for many high priority medical need
and transfer the fund to the promotion of harmful and deadly contraceptive
devices, like birth control pills and IUDs that can cause abortion. Opponents
argue that if the RH Bill promotes abortion, then the bill is unconstitutional.
Proponents and opponents of the bill have presented their

arguments. The Filipinos are now left with an important decision to make. Will
the RH Bill be the answer to the problems brought about by population
growth in the Philippines?

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Activity 1: Think
A
1. What do you think will happen if our population continues to grow

rapidly?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Why is population growth a major concern of the Philippine
government?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B. Reflect
Check (√) the blank before the phrase that you think can help in the
development of the country.
1. _____ a. Provide basic knowledge and skills on the use of modern

farm technology.
_____ b. Distribute food supply to farmers to alleviate poverty.
2. _____ a. Provide more jobs for people in the urban areas.

_____ b. Create more opportunities for rural development to
prevent migration to urban areas.
3. _____ a. Build more school buildings and classrooms.

_____ b. Increase the salary of teachers to motivate them to stay in
the public schools.
4. _____ a. Use technology for our agricultural lands to improve

rice production.
_____ b. Build subdivisions in the agricultural lands to solve the housing
shortage.
5. _____ a. Distribute birth control pills and other
contraceptives to decrease population growth.
_____ b. Conduct information campaigns for responsible parenthood
and family planning

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Activity 2:
A. Complete the graphic organizers on population growth.
Factors that Affect

Population Growth
B.
Problems onn
Population
Growth

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TOPIC:
Lesson 3: PHILIPPINE POPULATION AND MIGRATION
a.Enumerate the causes of migration; and
b.Give the effects of migration on the place of origin and the place of
destination.
DISCUSSION:
Population in different parts of the country is unevenly distributed. As

shown in the chart below, CALABARZON and the National Capital Region
(NCR) have the largest population, while Caraga has the smallest
population.
Why do you think so?

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One of the factors that affect the population of a particular place is

migration. Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to
another. Migration may be permanent or temporary.
There are two types of migration- internal and external. Internal

migration involves the movement of people within a country. An example
of internal migration is when Manila residents move to subdivisions in the
province. External migration refers to the movement of people from the
home country to another country permanently or for a long time. People
moving out of the country are called emigrants. Those people moving in the
country are called immigrants.
Study the chart below.

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Based on this chart, there are more women migrants than men. What other
data does the chart show?
Some studies showed that most migrants are between 15 and 35 years
old and are from the rural areas. Most migrants moved from the rural to
urban areas.
Reasons for Migration
People migrate for different reasons. Migrants usually go to places

where there are many job opportunities, primarily to improve their economic
conditions. People usually flock to Metro Manila, believing there are more
job opportunities there.
Some people leave their homes and migrate to different places due
to natural disasters and calamities, such as volcanic eruptions, floods,
landslides, drought, and earthquakes. Disasters, such as the devastating
effects of Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales, the landslides in Quezon and Leyte, and
the flash floods brought by the typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng forced many
people to move to other places that are safe for them to start a new life.

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Armed conflicts and absence of peace and order are also reasons
for migration. Armed conflicts in Mindanao have forced many residents to
leave their homes and move to other places where their children can study
and where they can live safely and peacefully.
In the hope of fulfilling their dreams to have a bright future, many

students flock to the cities, especially those in Metro Manila, to apply for
scholarships and get a better education.
Effects of Migration
Migration may cause several problems. One of these problems is the

increase of informal settlers. Most of these relocation sites, however, could
not provide enough work opportunities and means of livelihood to the
residents. So, the residents rather go back to the cities than stay hungry in
these relocation sites.
Rapid population growth due to

unhampered migration to the cities has
produced problems on pollution, health
and sanitation, traffic congestion,
unemployment, rise in crime rate, and
destruction of our environment.
The amount of waste products in the
urban areas also increases. In
overpopulated and crowded areas,
residents usually dump their garbage in
waterways, thus clogging esteros, canals,
and rivers.
This unsanitary condition of our waterways brings hazard to the health

and sanitation of the populace, aside from the flash floods it may cause
during rainy days.
A lot of people compete for a very limited number of jobs, but not all
job seekers are given jobs. This explains the high unemployment rate of our
country. Many of those unemployed would eventually experience poverty.

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Hunger, sickness, and hopelessness due to poverty can lead to violence,

delinquency, and prostitution.
External migration also leads to separation of families and broken

homes. Some parents are forced to leave their families to work abroad. In
the process, they neglect their moral and emotional obligations to their
families.
Migration also affects the country’s economic development through

human capital flight, more commonly referred to as brain drain. This is the
large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or

knowledge. People leave their country due to lack of opportunities, political
instability, economic depression, health risks, etc. They hope to find better
opportunities, more comfortable living conditions, and political stability and
freedom in the countries they migrate to. Since the 1970s, Filipinos have
already been immigrating to other nations, such as the Middle East, the USA,
Canada, Australia, in search of greener pastures. Highly skilled physicians,
teachers, seamen, engineers, nurses, among others received a high level of
training only to apply their knowledge in other countries.
Migration results in a decrease in population in the place of origin and

an increase in population in the place of destination. Migrants are usually in
their early adult life, so the places they left would consist mostly of older
people and their places of destination would have more younger people.
Their children would contribute to the young population.
Many people from the rural areas go to urban areas or cities for many
reasons.
Modernization and industrialization in urban areas attract many

migrant workers here. There are more opportunities for workers to have
better jobs with higher pay.

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Many educational provide for the educational needs of different

types of school children. Opportunities for children to develop themselves
are provided.
Migration is the cause of the increase of population in a particular

place. The increase in population, however, can also mean additional
manpower to engage in activities necessary for the development and
progress of the place. These people may provide the creativity and
ingenuity necessary in helping the government solve its problems on
poverty.

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Activity 1: Think
Answer briefly each question.

1. How does migration affect the Filipino family?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What is the effect of brain drain on the country’s economic
development?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Make a poster about migration. Write an appropriate title for your

poster.
Activity 2: Reflect
1. If there is a job opportunity in our country, with good working

conditions and income, will you still migrate to other countries? Explain your
answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Rate the following reasons for migration, based on your own

judgment. Write 1 for the most important reason and 5 for the least
important.
_____ for a peaceful and orderly life

_____ for better economic condition
_____ for productive use of skills and abilities
_____ for safer and sustainable environment
_____ for scientific o technological research and advancement

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Activity 2: Assess
Write F if the statement is a fact and O if it is an opinion.
_____ 1. Migration affects population distribution and

density.
_____ 2. There are more female migrants than
male migrants in our country.
_____ 3. Our country will attain economic
prosperity if migration stops.
_____ 4. The armed conflict in Mindanao
serves as a motivating factor for
migration of residents to other
provinces or regions.
_____ 5. External migration is often temporary in nature.
_____ 6. People who migrate to other
places for better job
opportunities are always
successful.
_____ 7. Migration has both positive and
negative effects on the country.
_____8. The increase in the number of
informal settlers in Metro Manila is
mainly caused by migration.
_____ 9. If the government creates more jobs in
the country, Filipinos will stop migrating to
other countries.
_____ 10. Most migrants move from rural to urban areas.

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TOPIC:
Lesson 4: PHILIPPINE VALUES AND BELIEFS
a. Identify the values and beliefs that unite the Filipinos;
b. Identify the values and beliefs that hinder the unity and progress
of Filipinos;
c. Examine how a value can either boost or hinder the
development of the country; and
d. Give the meaning of equality among people.
DISCUSSION:
The strength of the nation greatly depends on the beliefs, goals,

ideals, aspirations, and values of its citizens, not only for themselves, but also
for the common good to achieve national unity and progress.
Our values as a people and as nation give us the identity that makes
us different from other races. These values may either boos or hinder our
development and progress. Despite our geographical barriers and diverse
cultures, we have shown to the world that there is “unity in diversity”.
Let us analyze and develop our strengths and overcome our

weaknesses as a people towards the achievement of our goals and
aspirations.
Productive Values and Beliefs of Filipino

1. Close Family Ties
The family is the basic

unit of society. The Filipinos
recognize the family as an
important social structure
that they should take care
of. They give importance to
the unity and safety of the
family. The

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Filipinos get strength from their families.
2. Respect for Elders
Filipinos are respectful. The

use of “po” and “opo” in
conversing or addressing older
people or strangers is a
manifestation of the Filipinos’
respect for the elders. The Filipinos
take care of their elders by taking
them into their homes and caring
for them. Most Filipinos do not
send their elders to nursing homes
to be taken care of and they
often seek and follow the advice
of their elders.
3. Hospitality
The Filipinos are very warm

and hospitable. We welcome
visitors into our homes and treat
them with kindness and utmost
hospitality. The Filipino host
expresses gratitude to the visitors
for partaking the food served to
them and for gracing an
important occasion. Filipinos also
give pasalubong (welcome gifts)
and pabaon (farewell gifts) to
guests. At times, they sacrifice their
own comfort to accommodate
their visitors very well.

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4. Faith in God
Filipinos have a strong faith in God. They believed that with God on
their side, they can overcome all the hardships and difficulties in life.
Filipinos put their hopes in God, always trusting in God keeps them
united to overcome all the problems and challenges of life.
5. Flexibility / Adaptability / Resiliency
The Filipinos have the ability

to laugh at themselves and their
misfortunes or failures. This is an
important mechanism that
contributes to emotional balance
and the capacity to survive. This is
manifested in their ability to adjust
to difficult situations and physical
and social environments.
The Filipinos’ sense of joy and
humor is evident in their optimistic
approach to life and its challenges.
Filipinos can smile in the midst of problems and hardships. They can
crack jokes despite the misfortunes or calamities. They are strong and
cheerful people.

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6. Ingenuity and Creativity
Filipinos are very ingenuous

and creative. They are good
inventors. They often improvise
and make productive and
innovative use of any available
materials.
7. Patience and Self-Sacrifice
The capacity to endure

difficulties and hardships is one of
the remarkable qualities of
Filipinos. This is probably caused by
the long suffering they endured
during their struggle for freedom
from ancient colonizers. Patience
and endurance are dominant
character traits of
Filipinos. These traits give them the strength to face the difficulties,
challenges, and uncertainties of life.
8. Hard Work and Industry
The capacity for hard work

and industry among Filipinos is
widely recognized in the
Philippines and abroad. The
Filipinos are recognized as
excellent workers who perform
well in any manual (physical) and
technical jobs or tasks. This
inclination for hard work is often
driven by the desire for

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economic security and advancement

for oneself and one’s family.
9. Fairness and Justice
Filipinos have a sense of justice and fairness. They always show

concern for the well-being of others. They recognize the essential
humanity of all people and regard others with respect and empathy.
Filipinos are very much aware of the nature and quality of their
interpersonal relationships, which are their primary source of security
and happiness.
Fairness and justice can only be achieved if there is equality

among the people. The promotion of equality is very important in the
achievement of development and progress.
Equality is a key element in the attainment of social justice,
which refers to the equitable sharing of all the country’s resources and
equal participation in all the government affairs and activities. Social
justice leads to peace and motivates people to work for the common
good.
10. Readiness to Share and Help
The Filipinos are generous

and helpful. They are always ready
to lend a hand, not only in times of
need, like calamities or disasters,
but also during festive occasions,

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like fiestas, baptisms, and weddings.

This outstanding trait of Filipinos is
manifested in the so-called
bayanihan spirit, or giving help
without expecting anything in
return.
Counterproductive Values and Beliefs of Filipinos
There are also some common traits of Filipinos that hinder their progress.
1. “Bahala Na”
This trait meansleaving

everything to chance or “letting
the circumstances take care of
themselves”. It implies
fatalism under the pretext of
trusting in the Divine Providence. By
saying “bahala na”, Filipininos
resign themselves to luck as they
believe the end result depends
ultimately on fate. It is a way of
avoiding good
reason. It is the same as saying “Que sera sera” (Whatever will be, will
be).
This negative trait is believed to be the cause of laziness of so

many people. A lot of poor people resign themselves to this kind of life
they have, thinking that it is what God wants them to have.

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2. Ningas Kugon
Kugon, or cogon, is a kind of

grass that burns easily when dry,
but can also be put out easily. Just
like the cogon grass, Filipinos are
fond of starting projects and
programs with great enthusiasm.
This enthusiasm is so contagious,
that it spreads like wildfire.
At the first sign of problem or
difficulty, this enthusiasm is
consumed as fast as it has ignited. Thus,
many projects are left unfinished, wasting precious materials, money,
time, and energy. This trait is the reason for the Filipinos’ show-off
attitude.
3. Colonial Mentality
This refers to many Filipinos’

preference for foreign-made
products. Instead of patronizing
Philippine-made products, they buy
imported ones, thus increasing the
revenues of foreign businessmen
and investors rather than the
revenues of local businessmen. This
mentality should motivate Filipino
manufacturers to improve the quality of local products, so that they

can compete with foreign products and encourage fellow Filipinos to
patronize them.

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4. Mañana Habit
This is the Filipino habit of leaving

for tomorrow what one can do today.
Most Filipinos have the habit of
postponing their actions, works, or tasks
for a later time, thus reducing their
accomplishment. Filipinos are fond of
saying “bukas na lang” (I’ll do it
tomorrow) due to laziness. As a result,
their time is crammed with so many
work to be done, thus resulting to inferior
and
poor quality of their product or service. Procrastination arises from an

indolent mentality that a problem will be solved by itself.
5. Crab Mentality
When you put several

crabs in a crate, they will try to
climb out in order to break free.
You will observe that when one
gets ahead, the other crabs will
pull it down.
Some Filipinos are like these
crabs. Whenever one sees another
progressing in his/her own field,
others become resentful. Instead of
becoming happy for the
achievement
of that person, they try to highlight everything negative about the
person in an effort to bring him/her down or tarnish his/her reputation.
Instead of doing things that can help one develop and become
better than his/her competitors, Filipinos devote so much of their time
gossiping and back fighting. They focus on other people’s faults as
their way of deviating from their own inadequacies.

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6. Patigasan
This trait means resisting all efforts to reconciliation. Because

the Filipino amor propio or ego-defensiveness, it is very difficult for
them to
surrender their pride. Most Filipinos find it difficult to say the word
“sorry”. It’s better for them to act tough (matigas) rather than say sorry
because doing so means sacrificing their precious pride.
7. Kanya-Kanya (To each his own)
This trait means self-centeredness and lack of regard for others.

There are Filipinos who give priority to what they and their families
could have, rather than what they can do to share their wealth and
serve others better. This trait shows lack of patriotism, loyalty to the
community, and concern for the needs of others.
There are also some Filipino values and beliefs that can be
considered good, but at times can be counterproductive.
1. Indebtedness (Utang na Loob)
Many people ask for personal favors form others. These

favors have, in many ways, helped them achieve something. It is
ingrained in the character of Filipinos to acknowledge the person who
helps them in times of need. This is a good gesture, but if they are
forced to do something bad just to show their gratitude, then it must
be avoided. We must not take side with people who do unlawful acts
to show “utang na loob”.
2. Interpersonal Relationship (Pakikisama)

How do you show pakikisama?
Pakikisama is good because it shows that Filipinos can get
along with everybody. But, this would become a problem when this
trait is used to condone an illegal or unlawful act just for the sake of

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the samahan or because of the desire to maintain close relationship

with others.
For example, you see our friends cheating during a test.
Because you tdon’t want them to be reprimanded, you just keep
quiet. What do you think will be the result of your action?
3. Lack of Self-confidence (Hiya)
Most Filipinos are afraid to

show what they are capable of,
because they don’t want to be
accused of being boastful. This is
attributed to their lack of self-
confidence.
These positive and negative values and

beliefs can either unite us as one nation,
or hinder our progress towards
achieving our aspirations. The challenge for us, Filipinos, is to make our lives
productive through our innate positive traits and turn our negative traits into
positive ones. Good values and traits can help us move forward towards our
goals and aspirations as a nation.

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Activity 1: Think
A. Answer each question.
1. How can our positive Filipino traits unite us to achieve our goals
and aspirations?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
How negative Filipino traits hinder us to achieve national unity

and development?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. With the traits you possess, how can you promote unity in each
place?
At home
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
In school
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
In the community
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. How can you demonstrate the following traits?
1. Hospitality
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Creativity
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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3. Close family ties

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Adaptability
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Patience
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Assess
Identify the Filipino trait manifested in the following statements.

_______________ 1. Joyce enjoys buying imported blouses at the mall.
_______________ 2. Jerry uses courteous and polite words when talking to his
parents and older siblings.
_______________ 3. Edna always takes ill of her classmate who ranks first in
class.
_______________ 4. Loida stays with her parents who are both sick.
_______________ 5. Elmer did not prepare for his exams. He prayed to God to
help him pass his test.
_______________ 6. Mang Jose is recognized by his employer because he is
hardworking.
_______________ 7. Cherry is always cheerful despite her many problems.

_______________ 8. Niña’s family helps the victims of flash floods in their
community.
_______________ 9. Ramon refuses to reconcile with his best friend after a

quarrel.
_______________ 10. Liza always puts off for tomorrow all her reports because
she’s busy playing computer games.

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TOPIC:
Lesson 5: PHILIPPINE LOCATION AND GEOGRAHIC FEATURES
a. Identify the territories and boundaries of the Philippines;
b. Describe the insular and vicinal location of the Philippines; and
c. Explain the importance of the location of the Philippines.
DISCUSSION:
The globe is a representation of

the earth. The lines seen on the globe
do not exist on Earth. These are
imaginary lines.
Latitude and Longitude
When looking at a map or

globe, latitudinal lines run horizontally.
They are also called parallels since
they are parallel to and are equal
distance from each other. Degrees
latitude are numbered from 0˚ to 90˚
north and south.
The equator is at 0˚ latitude. It is the imaginary line that divides the

earth into two equal parts: the northern and southern hemispheres. 90˚ north
is the North Pole and 90˚ south is the South Pole.
The lines that run vertically are the longitudinal lines, also known as
meridians. They are joined at the poles and are widest at the equator.

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Prime Meridian and International Date Line
The Prime Meridian is the meridian (longitude) at zero degree (0˚). The Prime
Meridian, and its opposite, the 180˚ meridian (at 180˚ longitude), where the
International Date Line is found, form a great circle that divides the earth
into the eastern and western hemispheres.
Using the Grid
The global grid system uses both the parallels and the meridians.
When the lines of latitude and lines of longitude meet, they form a grid.
When giving a location in latitude and longitude, latitude is always first. The
grid is important, because it is used to find a specific location on a map or
globe.
Location
The Philippines is located in the northern hemisphere between the
equator and the Tropic of Cancer at 4˚ 23’ and 21˚ 25’ north latitude and
116˚ 00’ and 127˚ 00’ east longitude. Composed of more than 7,100 islands,
the Philippines is on the south-eastern rim of Asia.
The land area measures approximately 300,000 square kilometres

(115,830 miles (square miles). It is 1,150 miles (1,850 km) long and 680 miles
(1,060 km) wide. Its coastline is 36,289 kilometers (22,550 miles).
Its location in the western fringes on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its
tropical climate makes the country prone to
earthquakes and typhoons, but it is also
endowed with natural resources, making
the Philippines one of the richest areas of
biodiversity in the world.
Since the location of the Philippines is

within the typhoon belt, the country
experiences around 19 typhoons annually.
The location of the Philippines can be

determined in two different ways: by the
vicinal location and by the insular location.

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Vicinal Location
Vicinal location refers to the location of a specific place within a

confined or limited neighbourhood. Since the Philippines is in Southeast Asia,
its vicinal location can be best describe and understood by looking at the
map of Asia, particularly Southeast Asia.
Our neighboring countries in the north are Taiwan, China, and Japan;
in the south are Borneo, Brunei, and Indonesia; in the east are Guam,
Marians, Micronesia, and Palau; in the west are Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia,
Thailand, and Malaysia.
Insular Location
The Philippines is an
archipelago. It is surrounded by
big bodies of water. Based on the
insular location of the Philippines, it
is surrounded by big bodies of
water
– the Bashi Channel on the north;
the Celebes Sea, the Sulu Sea, the
coastal waters of Brunei on the
south; the Pacific Ocean on the
east; and the West Philippine Sea
on the west. The northernmost
island of the Philippines, Y’ami, is
about 240 km from Taiwan; and
the southernmost part of the
country, Saluag, is only 24 km
away from Borneo.
The insular location of the

country shows that the Philippines
has no common boundary with its
neighboring countries. Because of this, our country does not experience
serious territorial conflicts with neighboring countries, but rather has a
peaceful coexistence with them.

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Significance of the Country’s Location
The country, as a part of the Southeast Asia and Pacific regions, has
a strategic location. It guards the approaches to these regions from the
earth and from the north. This makes the Philippines an ideal center for
distribution of goods within the region and also the meeting ground of varied
and diverse cultures. Because of this, the Philippines has attained political
prominence and importance among other countries of the world.
The Philippines is also at the crossroads of all major routes of
commerce and trade, both by water and air. Our waters and air are the
major routes for America, Europe, and other Western countries. In the
commercial trading among Asian countries, Manila is an important port for
commercial vessels and transportation.
The location of our country puts it at the center of the blending of

Eastern and Western cultures, thus enriching our own culture. This accounts
for the various influence brought about by Aisans, Americans, and
Europeans on our culture. Many of our customs, beliefs, industry, literature,
and language came from them.
The government uses its knowledge and understanding of the

location and territorial boundaries of our country in its actions to develop
the natural resources within its territorial boundaries to secure and protect
the country and the citizens from foreign invasions, and to create and
implement laws for good governance and for the common good.
Impact of the Geographic Features of the Philippines
The geographic features of the Philippines have an effect on the

development and progress of the country and its efforts in achieving
national unity.
Being an archipelago, the Philippines is blessed with natural

abundance from the seas. The bodies of water that surround it are sources
of marine life and livelihood for the local people. The waters also serve as
trading for many countries.

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Being an archipelago, however, also has disadvantages. Distances

among the scattered islands of the country hamper communication and
transportation services. The provision and delivery of basic services,

especially top remote areas, are greatly affected due to distance and bad
roads. Delivery of medical, educational, economic, and social services is
also affected. It is also difficult to combat human trafficking, terrorism, and
smuggling because the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) could not monitor
every entry and exit of vessels with so many islands comprising the country.
Lastly, it’s difficult to establish national unity with the diversity of language,
culture, and lifestyle of the indigenous peoples throughout the country.
The government has come up with development projects to solve

problems or difficulties caused by the country’s geographic conditions. It
has constructed roads, highways, and bridges; has installed electric power,
especially in remote barangays; created more rural health units; provided
sources of potable water; built school buildings and distributed books and
educational materials; and modernized its capability to patrol coastlines.

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Activity 1: Think
1. Why is it important for the Filipinos to know the location of the

Philippines?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The Philippines is an archipelago. What are the advantages and

disadvantages being an archipelago? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Assess
A. Answer with Yes or No.
_______ 1. Is the Philippines located in the Tropic of Capricorn?

_______ 2. Are the lines on the globe imaginary?
_______ 3. Is the Philippines located on the western fringes of the
Pacific Ring of fire?
_______ 4. Is the Philippines an archipelago?
_______ 5. Is the Philippines surrounded by big bodies of water?
_______ 6. Is the Philippines composed of only three big islands?
_______ 7. Is the Philippines located in South Asia?
_______ 8. Is it easy to defend an archipelago against foreign
invaders?
_______ 9. Is the Philippines located within the typhoon belt?
_______ 10. Is the country having problems in governance because
of its being an archipelago?

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B.Complete the chart on the geographic characteristics on the Philippines.
Geographic Characteristics of the Philippines
Characteristics Good Effects Bad Effects/ Solution to the

Problems Problems

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TOPIC:
Chapter II
Lesson 6: PHILIPPINE TERRITORY AND TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES
a. Describe the territory and territorial boundaries of the Philippines; and
b. Suggest ways of solving issues or problems regarding the
country’s territory and territorial boundaries.
DISCUSSION:
Philippine Territory
The Philippines is a state, and one of the elements of a state is territory.

The territory comprises all the lands, waters, and aerial spaces found in a
country.
Philippine Territory According to History
The Treaty of Paris between the United States of America and Spain,
signed on December 10, 1898, defines the limits of the territory of the
Philippines.
Another treaty between the United States and spain, the Washington
Treaty, which was signed on November 7, 1900 included the islands of
Cagayan, Sibutu, and Sulu.
On January 2, 1930, a treaty was signed by the United States and

Great Britain, declaring the Turtle and Mangsee Islands as part of the
Philippine territory.
Philippine Constitution of 1973
Article 1, Section 1 of the 1973 Philippine Constitution provided that “the

national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago with all the islands

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and waters embraced therein and all other territories belonging to the
Philippines by historic right or legal title, including the territorial sea, the air
space, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and the other submarine areas over
which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction.”
The same provision of the Philippine Constitution added, “the waters

around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago,
irrespective of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters
of the Philippines.”
Philippine Constitution of 1987

Article I Section of the 1987 Constitution states:
“The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago,

with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories
over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its
terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed,
the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters
around, between and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless
of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the
Philippines.”
Parts of the Philippine Territory

The following areas are part of the national territory of the Philippines.
1. Territorial sea – part of the sea that extends 12 nautical miles or 19
kilometers from the low watermark
2. Seabed or sea floor – the land that holds the sea, including the
minerals and natural resources
3. Subsoil – everything beneath the surface of the soil, including the

minerals and natural resources

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4. Insular shelves or continental shelves – the submerged portions of a

continent or offshore island, which slopes seaward, until the great ocean
depths are reached
5. Other submarine areas – include the areas under the territorial sea,
such as trench, basin, shoal, reef, deep, and bank
6. Inland or internal water – parts of the sea within the land territory of
the state
7. Aerial domain – vast space above the territorial land and sea
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also
called Law of the Sea Convention, is the international agreement that
defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world’s
oceans, establishing guidelines on businesses, the environment, and the
management of marine resources. It was signed by 130 countries, including
the Philippines, on December 10, 1982. UNCLOS is the basis of the
Archipelagic Doctrine and the 200-mile exclusive economic zone of the
country’s territory.
The concept of UNCLOs is that, although it is not part of the territory,

exclusive economic benefit is reserved for the country. It means that the
Philippines has territorial rights to conduct research, development, and
management of the marine and land resources within its territory.
The Archipelagic Doctrine on the territorial limits of countries states

that baselines, form which the territorial sea of the archipelago is to be
determined, consist of the straight lines connecting the outermost portions
of the islands. Waters within the baselines are Philippine internal waters, and
waters outside the baselines but within the extent of the international treaty
limits comprise the country’s territorial sea.
When questions arise involving territorial conflicts, the Philippines has

this doctrine to support its claims.

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Territories Claimed by the Philippines
Sabah
Sabah is now an integral part of Malaysia. On January 23, 1878, Sultan

Jamalul Alam of Sulu leased his territory in Borneo, which is now Sabah, to
Austrian Gustavus von Overbeck. The Sultan was paid 5,000 Ringgit every
year for the lease. In 1920, the United Kingdom made Sabah its crown
colony.
On September 16, 1963, the United Kingdom formally ceded Sabah

to Malaysia. Former President Ferdinand Marcos wanted to reclaim Sabah
as part of our territory. He even ordered the inclusion of Sabah in the
Philippine map. Despite the Philippine government’s action to bring the
matter of the dispute to the International Court of Justice, Malaysia still
rejected our government’s claim.

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Scarborough Shoal
The Scarborough Shoal (Panatag Shoal), located west of Palauig,

Zambales is being claimed by the Philippines, the People’s Republic of
China, and Taiwan. Currently, Philippine naval fleets guard the area.
The Philippines bases its claim on the close proximity of the

Scarborough Shoal to the Philippines. It also says that the Scarborough Shoal
is within the Philippines’ exclusive economic zone. A Yuan Dynasty map,
dated 1279, is the basis for the claim of the People’s Republic of China and
Republic of China (Taiwan). The Chinese government argues that their
fishermen have been fishing in the area even long before our claim.

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The Spratly Islands are a group of islands, reefs, and rocks located left
of Aborian, Palawan. The Philippines, along with the People’s Republic of
China, Republic of China, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Brunei have expressed
claims over the islands. The Philippines officially filed a claim to some of the
islands during the United Nations Convention, although it was expressed in
1956, when Tomas Cloma, a Philippine mariner, officially declared some of
the eastern Spratlys as a protectorate of the Philippines.
Based on proximity and on the Archipelagic Doctrine, the Philippines

can claim some of the Spratlys as part of its exclusive economic zone (EEZ).
China and Vietnam seem unwilling to legally substantiate their claims and
have rejected even the challenge of our government to take the dispute to
the world Maritime Tribunal in Hamburg, Germany.

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Sulawesi Sea Islands
The case of Sipadan and Ligitan, which were in dispute between Malaysia
and Indonesia, was taken into the International Court of Justice, in which the
former won. Sipadan and Ligitan are technically part of Sabah state, and
thus would be a part of the claim of the Sulu Sultanate’s heir and the
Philippines

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Activity 1:
Identify the following:

_______________ 1. It is the vast space above the territorial land and sea.
_______________ 2. This treaty or agreement is the basis of the Archipelagic
Doctrine and the 200-mile exclusive economic zone.
_______________ 3. It is part of the sea that extends 12 nautical miles or 19

kilometers from the low watermark.
_______________ 4. It is part of everything beneath the surface of the soil,
including the minerals and natural resources.
_______________ 5. It comprises all the lands, marine, and aerial spaces

encompassing the territory.
_______________ 6. This treaty included the islands of Cagayan and Sibutu in
Sulu, as well as the areas near the shores of Borneo, as
part of the Philippine territory.
_______________ 7. This constitution included the Batanes group of islands as

part of the Philippine territory.
_______________ 8. The Philippine president who declared Kalayaan Islands as
part of Philippine territory.
_______________ 9. It states that baselines from which the territorial sea of the
archipelago is to be determined consists of the straight
lines connecting the outermost portions of the islands.
_______________ 10. It is part of the sea within the land territory of the state.

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Activity 2:
A.
1. How does the Archipelagic Doctrine promote peace and security

among the countries of the world?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Why is it important for every Filipino to know the territorial boundaries

of the Philippines?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Reflect
B. Answer the following questions as honestly as you can.
1. Are you happy with the present Philippine territory and its
boundaries? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Are you satisfied with the diplomatic negotiations being undertaken

by our government with our Asian neighbors regarding our claims to other
territories?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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TOPIC:
Lesson 7: PHILIPPINE NATURAL RESOURCES
a. Identify the natural resources of the country;
b. Classify the different kinds of natural resources found in the
country; and
c. Locate the natural resources found in the different parts of
the country with the use of an economic map.
DISCUSSION:
The Philippines is blessed with rich natural resources. Our resources are
so abundant and diverse that, if developed and used wisely, will make our
country one of the richest in the world. Natural resources can be classified
into inexhaustible, replaceable, and irreplaceable. Inexhaustible resources
are resources that will never run out. Sand and gravel are inexhaustible.
Replaceable resources are resources with the ability of being restored

through natural processes and replenished over a certain period. Plant and
marine resources are generally replaceable. Irreplaceable resources
cannot be replaced or replenished. Mineral resources like gold, silver, iron,
and steel are considered irreplaceable.
Land Resources

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The Philippines is primarily an agricultural country where vast plains

and valleys are utilized to produce diverse crops. Rice, the staple food of
the country, is produced largely in the pains of Central Luzon. Aside from
rice, other major agricultural products in the country are corn, coconut,
tobacco, sugarcane, hemp, fruits, and vegetables.
Other products include mangoes, bananas, sweet potatoes,

cassava, rubber, coffee, and cacao. The traditional export crops are
banana, coffee, and pineapple.
The country also exports semi-processed agricultural products, such

as coconut oil and copra, canned pineapple concentrates, and tobacco
products.
Sugarcane is plated mostly in Negros Occidental, Iloilo, and Tarlac.

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Wide plantations of coconut are found in Quezon, Bicol, Samar, and

Laguna. Coconut products bring a large income to our economy due to
high demand in other countries.
Forest Resources
Forest resources
are among the
Philippines’ major
resources. More than
81% or 15 million
hectares or 51% of the
Philippines’ total land
area are covered
with forests.
The country has

one of the world’s most extensive commercial and non-commercial forests.
Due to illegal logging, however, a large portion of our forest is being
denuded.
The commercial forestry production is concentrated mostly in

Mindanao. Palawan, which is 90 % forested, is the country’s most heavily
forested province.
The tropical rainforest is the most dominant type of forest found in the
Philippines. It contains primarily of dipterocarp varieties. Aside from the
extensive reserves of tropical evergreen hardwoods, considerable areas of
pines are found in the mountain regions of Northern Luzon. The country ranks
third among Asia’s forest reserved, behind Indonesia and Japan.
Important quantities of timber and other forest products are

dyewood, tan, barks, rattan, cipal, bamboo, resin, and valuable gums and
fibers. The bamboo found in the Bataan Peninsula has many commercial
uses.
Philippine hardwoods are known worldwide. The country produces

timber for local consumption and for export. Hardwood logs, lumber, and
plywood are the primary forest products
exported to Japan and the United States.

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Plant Resources
Among the trees found in the country

are the banyan, varieties of palm, rubber tree,
and indigenous trees of the hardwood variety,
such
as apitong, yakal, lauan, kamagong, ipil, mayapis, and narra, our national
tree and known as one of the world’s best hardwoods. Bamboo, cinnamon,
clove and pepper plants, and orchids grow wild as do other species in the
forest. Mangroves and nipa palms grow in areas of the uplands are covered
by coarse grasses.
More than
100,000 species of
flowering plants and
ferns grow in the
Philippines. Among
them are sampaguita
(our national flower),
cadena de amor,
jasmine, calachuchi
(frangipani),
gumamela
(hibiscus), ilang-ilang,
rose, and aurora.
About 1,000 species of
orchids bloom in the
Philippines. Many of
them are exquisitely
beautiful and
cannot be found
anywhere else in the
world. The most famous

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Philippine orchid is the

waling-waling
(Euanthe sanderiana).
Man kinds of fruit-bearing trees, vegetables, and medicinal plants also

thrive in our country. The best-liked Philippine fruits are mango (our national
fruit), lanzones, duhat, durian, santol, atis (sweetsop), caimito (star apple),
guava, papaya, and tamarind. Vegetables, such ascabbage, eggplant,
string beans, squash, cauliflower, and ampalaya, are grown in abundance
in the country. Some of our medicinal plants are lagundi, oregano, and aloe
vera.
One of the most valuable indigenous plants is the abaca. The fiber
produced from abaca is used in making cordage, textiles, and hats.
Animal Resources
There are more than 20 species of mammals found in the country.

Mammals commonly found here are the domesticated water buffalo called
the carabao, several species of deer, wild and domesticated pigs, and a
variety of humped cattle. Other animals are endemic or are found only in

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the Philippines. These are the undomesticated tamaraw of Mindoro; the

tarsier of Bohol, considered as one of the smallest primates in the world; and
the mouse deer of Balabac Island, considered as one of the smallest deer in
the world.
Many of our islands

are sanctuary to about
760 species of birds,
including colourful
parrots, the tipol in Luzon,
or labong in the Visayas,
and the haribon
(Philippine eagle). The
largest Philippine eagle
bird
is the tipol (Eastern Sarus crane). The katala is known for its ability to talk and
sing like humans.The kalaw is also called the “clock of the mountains”,
because it makes a loud call every noontime. The Palawan peacock is
known as the “dancing bird”. The timbas is known for its scream as it glides
in the sky.
About 25,000 species of insects are known to exist in the Philippines.

The most colourful and spectacular Philippine butterflies are found in
Mindanao and Sulu.
Reptiles are also numerous in the country. The Philippine cobra is one
of the deadliest of all snakes. There are also large pythons in our forests.
Crocodiles are found mostly in the rivers and swampy interiors of Mindanao
and Sulu.
Marine Resources
The Philippines, being surrounded

by waters, is rich in marine and aquatic
resources.
Approximately 2,000 species of fish

are abounding in the waters of the country.
The most common and with great

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commercial value are dalag, ayungin,

carpa,
dilis, biya, tamban, talakitok, tanique, and
bangus (milkfish) – our national fish. The pating
bulik (Rhinocodon typus), a whale shark, is
considered the world’s largest fish; while the
dwarf pygmy (Pandaka pygmaea) is one of the
world’s smallest fishes.
Other marine products are shells, sponges,

corals, seaweeds, and pearls. Out coastal waters
are filled with: marine fauna, particularly mollusks;
pearl oysters, particularly in the Sulu Sea; turtles;
chambered nautiluses; snails; crabs; shells;
sponges; shrimps; and edible seaweeds.
Of the 10,000 species of shells found in

the Philippines, the Gloria Maris Cone and the
Golden Cowrie are the most treasured
because they are considered the rarest and
most expensive in the world. Also, found in the
country are the largest and smallest shells in
the
world: the Tridacna Gigas and the Pisidium.

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Mineral Resources
The Philippines is rich in mineral

resources. The principal mineral
resources in the country are gold,
copper, iron, chromite, manganese, salt,
marble, and coal. Other minerals
include silver, lead, mercury, limestone,
petroleum, nickel, zinc, sand, gravel,
rock, asphalt, and uranium.
The country is one of Asia’s leading

producers of copper, with copper reserves
estimated at 3.6 billion tons. It also has rich deposits of gold, such as those
found in Mankayan in the Mountain Province and Mt. Diwalwal in
Mindanao. Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur have the largest deposits
of iron. The little island of Nonoc in Surigao has one of the largest deposits
of nickel. Lead are mined in Masbate; cement in La Union, Rizal, and Cebu;
sulphur in Biliran, Camiguin, and Davao; coal in Polilio Island, Cebu,
Masbate, and Mindanao; tin and quicksilver in Palawan; and marble in
Romblon. Oil exploration is also being undertaken in Palawan.
Minerals Found in the Philippines
Metallic Nonmetallic
gold clay
silver sand and gravel
iron silica sand
copper limestone
chromium gypsum
manganese salt
nickel pyrite
mercury adobe
platinum marble
lead sulphur
zinc asbestos

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The economic map below shows the varied resources found in the
different regions of the country.
Activity 1: Reflect
Read each situation carefully. Then, give your honest opinion

about it. Why is it so?
1. Our country is a sugar producing country. In the past, we exported

sugar to other countries but, at present, sugar is very expensive in the
country. Our supply of sugar is continuously decreasing.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Our main agricultural product is rice. We are one of the first countries
to embark on modern technology in rice production, like the creation of
varied and superior varieties of rice through the International Rice Research
Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños. However, at present, other Asian countries, like
Thailand and Vietnam, produce better and more superior rice varieties that
what we produce here. We even import rice from other countries.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The Philippines is blessed with so many natural resources, but many

Filipinos are still living below poverty line.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Industrialization and housing projects, though helpful in attaining

development and progress, can upset ecological balance and cause the
depletion of our natural resources.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Assess
A. Identify the following natural resources.
____________________ 1. It is the staple food of the country.
____________________ 2. It is known as one of the smallest primates in the

world.
____________________ 3. It is the most dominant type of forest found in
the Philippines.
____________________ 4. It is the one of the smallest deer in the world.
____________________ 5. It is the Philippine province with extensive

deposits of marble.
____________________ 6. It is the smallest shell in the world.
____________________ 7. It is considered as one of the world’s best

hardwoods.
____________________ 8. It is the largest Philippine bird.
____________________ 9. It is the world’s largest fish.
____________________ 10. The fiber of this plant is used in making

cordage, textiles bags, hats and other
decorative items.

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TOPIC:
Lesson 8: PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF PHILIPPINE

NATURAL RESOURCES
a. Explain the undesirable practices that destroy the environment

and bring harm to people;
b. Analyze the various ways and means of preserving and conserving
our environment;
c. Discuss the laws that pertain to the preservation and
conservation of natural resources; and
d. Form a conclusion that the wise use and management of natural
resources play an important role in the development of the country.
DISCUSSION:
The Philippines is blessed with rich natural resources. They are God’s
gift to us. As stewards of God’s creations, we should cooperate with the
government in taking care of and protecting our environment. We should
always bear in mind that nature is our life. Without nature’s resources, it is
impossible for people to survive.
But are we really doing our share in protecting our natural resources?
Are we preservers or destroyers of nature? At present, our world is in a pitiful
state because of people who care less about the environment.
Let us save the environment. Let us conserve nature and all its
resources. This should be our primary concern.

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LAND RECOURCES PROBLEM
The Philippines used to have vast agricultural lands, all are productive
for growing crops. Due to some undesirable practices of people, however,
most of our agricultural lands have become barren or incapable of
producing a bountiful harvest.
Many agricultural practices, such as the excessive use f pesticides or

fertilizers and soil compaction due to heavy equipment or machine
contribute to the loss of the fertility of the soil. The loss of fertility results in
degradation or the damage on the productivity of the soil. Erosion of topsoil
also reduces the ability of land to produce agricultural products. Soil erosion
is the wearing away of soil by water or wind, compounded by poor
agricultural practices, deforestation, overgrazing, desertification, and
desalination.
Soil erosion can also lead to siltation, which occurs when water
channels and reservoirs become filled with silt.
1. Overgrazing is the grazing of animals on plant materials faster than

the plants can naturally regrow, leading to the permanent loss of plant
cover. It is a common effect of too many animals grazing on limited
rangelands.

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2. Salination involves the accumulation of salts in topsoil caused by

evaporation of excessive irrigation water, which eventually renders the soil
incapable of supporting crops.
3. Desertification is the spread of desert-like conditions in arid or semi-

arid areas due to overgrazing, loss of agricultural productive soils, or climate
change.
Taking Care of Our Land Resources
There are several ways of protecting and preserving the fertility of the
soil. Organic fertilizers, such as animal manure and decompose plants, are
natural and effective ways of making the soil fertile. These fertilizers are highly
recommended because they are more productive and less expensive than
commercial fertilizers.
Strip cropping is a method of preserving the fertility of the soil. Here, a

crop that leaves bare ground between rows is alternated with a crop that
completely covers the ground. These plants protect the land from getting
dry because their leaves shield the barren portion of the land and their roots
hold the water underneath.
Fallowing is another way of restoring the soil’s fertility. This process

involves resting the soil for a particular period. Fields are not planted with
crops and left idle for a few years to restore the fertility of the soil through the
natural process of decomposition of vegetation and organic matter.

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To conserve our land resources, the government requires factories to

use biodegradable materials or materials that decay easily when thrown
into the garbage dumpsite or landfill. Business establishments are
discouraged from using non-biodegradable plastic materials, which would
add to garbage piles. When these materials are burned, they cause air
pollution, as the smoke emitted contains hazardous materials.
Forest Resources Problems
At present, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR) reported that only about 6 million hectares of our country’s total
forest area have actual forest covers.
More than half of our forestland is denuded or without trees. Illegal

logging, slash-and-burn farming (kaingin), charcoal making, and forest fires
are some of the practices that bring harm to our forests. These undesirable
practices lead to deforestation or the destruction of vast areas of the forests
without planting new growth.
The loss of our forests could worsen the cases of soil erosion, landslides,
and floods in certain areas. This situation threatens the country’s biodiversity,
which is alarming as many species in the Philippines – which depend on
these forests – are endemic (they cannot be found anywhere else in the
world). Out of 180 native terrestrial mammal species in the country, about
100 kinds or 56% are endemic.

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Taking Care of Our Forest Resources
The Department of Environment and

Natural Resources (DENR) is the government
agency primarily responsible for the country’s
environment and natural resources.
To save our forests, the Forest

Management Bureau, Protected Areas and
Wildlife Bureau, and several
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) like
the Haribon
Foundation have launched programs on

environment and information campaign, such
as stopping he cutting of mature trees,
promoting reforestation, and banning the
exportation of logs and lumber.
Selective logging is being imposed in the

country. Those engaged in furniture making
and other wood products are prohibited to cut
down
trees without the government’s permission. Those who are engaged in
charcoal making and those who practice slash-and-burn agriculture are
similarly covered by this prohibition. The government also encourages the
development of non wood industries, like the use of bamboo and rattan.
These alternative materials are abundant in the country.
The DENR’s responsibility also includes protecting all animals living in

the forests. To avoid extinction of birds and other animals in the country, the
DENR has created various programs and projects that will conserve and
protect our forest resources. One of these programs includes the use of
artificial insemination (the transfer of fertilized egg into a female bird or
animal through injection) to enhance reproduction of animals.
To check logging activities, the

government has declared some

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areas as protected areas in the

country. This ensures the protection of
endangered animal species. Some of
these areas, which protect our forest
resources and animal, are the
Northern sierra Madre National park
(Sierra Madre), Subic-Bataan National
Park (Bataan-Zambales), MT. Kanlaon
National Park (Negros), Mt. Kitanlad
National Park (Bukidnon),
Mt. Apo National Park (Davao del Sur), and Agusan Marsh Wildlife
Sanctuary (Agusan del Sur).
Marine Resources Problems
The Philippines has an abundant

supply of fish and other marine sources
as it is surrounded by large bodies of
water. It ha 2.2 million square kilometres
of fishing grounds, approximately
842,000 hectares of internal waters, and
27,000 square kilometres of coral reefs
from which 15% of the total fish
production originates.
At present, the country is experiencing a decline in fish stocks and
biodiversity. Several factors have led to this alarming situation:
1. Use of destructive fishing equipment and practices
The use of dynamite and poisonous chemicals is one of the

illegal fishing practices. Such practice poses danger not only to
marine life, but also to humans.
Fishing vessels that use sonar or radar can easily detect the
presence of fish in the water, but this method depletes fish supply in
the long run because even small fishes are caught or killed, leading
to overfishing. Muro-ami is a fishing method that destroys the corals,
or the breeding places of fish. The government bans it. Sudsud is a

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fishing gear that is pushed down to the seabed or ocean floors by

fishing boats. All that come underway enter the net of the gear: fish,
corals, and seaweeds.
Drift-net fishing is done with a net, miles in extent, that is

generally anchored to a boat and left to float with the tide, often
resulting in overharvesting and wastage of large population of non-
commercial marine species (by catch) by its effect of “sweeping the
ocean clean”.
Dredging refers to the practice of deepening existing
waterways, collecting button-dwelling marine organisms (e.g.
shellfish) or harvesting corals, often causing significant destruction of
reef and ocean floor ecosystems.
2. Coastal infrastructure development
Coastal zone development may also contribute damages to

the country’s marine environment, especially to coral reefs,
mangroves, and sea grasses. The increase of population in coastal
areas has created the need for additional residential and business
spaces, so the government has been conducting reclamation and
coastal conversion to accommodate coastal development in many
areas in the country. Mangroves have suffered largely from the hands
of the aquaculture industry.
3. Garbage, oil spills, and other waste materials
All kinds of trash are thrown into the seas, bays, rivers, lakes,
canals, and creeks, thus polluting the waterways, and, eventually,
destroying marine life.
Taking Care of Our Marine Resources

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The Bureau of fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) is the

government agency responsible for the development, improvement,
management, and conservation of the country’s fisheries and aquatic
resources. One of its projects is Bantay Dagat, a fisherfolk empowerment
program through trainings on conservation and proper resource
management. BFAR also provides the necessary logistics, such as patrol
boats equipped with navigational tools to strengthen their capabilities to
curb illegal fishing activities.
BFAR also advocates the promotion of offshore fishing. The discovery

of new potentially rich fishing grounds in deep waters of the country would
encourage the commercial fishing sector to venture in offshore fishing,
leaving the municipal waters for the heavy fishing pressure in traditional
fishing grounds, thereby allowing its fast recovery.
The government has also declared several areas as protected areas

to avoid the depletion of marine resources, especially the species
considered as endangered. Some of the protected areas are the Batanes
Protected Seascape and Landscape (Batanes), Apo Reef Marine National
Park (Oriental Mindoro), Surigao Islands Protected Landscap and Seascape
(Surigao), and Turtle Island Wildlife Sanctuary (Tawi-
tawi).
Water Resources Problems
Because of water pollution, there are rivers in

Metro Manila and other populated areas that can
no longer be used either for irrigation or for food
production.

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The pollution of the waterways is so heavy

that once pristine waterways now emit a foul smell
and the water has become unsafe for human
consumption. Garbage and waste from households
and factories, oil spills from ships and other sea
transport vehicles, mine tailings, chemicals, and
food waste pollute waterways and destroy the
marine resources. This can cause the death of the
river or any affected waterway. People get sick, go
hungry,
or lose sources of income because of this condition. Clogged waterways

also lead to floods.
Deforestation and low rainfall for a long time cause the dams and
water reservoirs to dry up. This situation affects the production of farms,
industries, and factories, and poses danger to the health of the people. The
economy of the country suffers as well, due to diminishing water supply.
Taking Care of Our Water Resources
The government has

taken measures in
protecting the quality of
our
water resources and
preserving their usefulness.
The government prohibits
the dumping of garbage
into the esteros or canals,
rivers, and seas.
The Metro Manila

Development Authority
(MMDA), as part of its
flood
control program, has
embarked on the dredging

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and cleaning of canals and

esteros. Industrial enterprises
are required to install devices
that control the flow of
polluted water down to rivers
or waterways. Business
establishments, especially factories built near waterways, are required by

the government to put up a wastewater treatment plant to prevent the flow
of pollutants into the waterways.
The Philippine clean Water Act of 2004 (Republic Act No. 9275) aims
to promote and encourage the protection of the country’s water resources.
The law provides a comprehensive and extensive approach to lessen and
avoid water pollution through a multisectoral and participatory approach
involving all stakeholders. The law prohibits the operation of factories or
industries that throw water pollutants without permits, the dumping of
medical wastes by sea vessels, and the storing and dumping of toxic
chemicals, hazardous substances, and nuclear wastes into our bodies of
water.
Mineral Resources Problems
Common problems about mining are undesirable mining practices

and pollution. Undesirable mining practices can cause unnecessary
wastage of precious stones and metals and the rapid depletion of our
mineral resources. Pollution resulting from mining and quarrying operation
has remained uncontrolled.

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Conserving Our Mineral Resources
Our minerals are irreplaceable once they are consumed. Thousands

of years would be needed to produce them again, so we have to protect
our minerals for the present and succeeding generations.
The Mines and

Geo-sciences Bureau
(MGB) is the agency
of the DENR, which is
directly in charge of
the
administration and
disposition of the
country’s lands and
mineral resources.
The bureau helps the
DENR
in implementing
Republic Act No.7942
or the Philippine
Mining Act. This law
emphasizes
environmental
protection through
the following:
1. Establishment of offices that will set environmental priorities needed

to implement various conservation programs

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2. Suspension of mining and quarrying operations of companies that do

not abide by anti-pollution laws and regulations. Several nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs) have launched advocacy campaigns against mining
in Palawan, which is considered as the country’s last ecological frontier
3. Levy fees on mine waste and tail age of mining companies in order
to rehabilitate damages to the environment
Environmental Laws
The government has enacted several laws for the preservation and
conservation of our natural products.

 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (R.A. 9003)
- an Act providing for a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological
solid waste management program to ensure the protection of the public
health and environment

 Philippine clean Air Act of 1999 (R.A. 8749)
- an Act providing for a holistic national program of air protection
management

 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 7942)
- an Act providing for a comprehensive water quality
management program

 Philippine Mining Act of 1995 ( R.A. 7942)
- an Act instituting a new system of mineral resources exploration
development, utilization, and conservation

 Philippine Fisheries code of 1998 (R.A. 8550)
- an Act providing for the development, management, and
conservation of fisheries and aquatic resources

 Animal Welfare Act of 1998 (R.A. 8485)

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- an Act to protect and promote the welfare of all animals in the

Philippines

 National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (R.A. 7586)
- an Act providing for the establishment and management of
national integrated protected areas system (NIPAS). A protected area refers
to identified portions of land and water, set aside by reason of their unique
physical and biological significance, managed to enhance biological
diversity, and protected against destructive human exploitation
 Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of
 1990 (R.A. 6969)
- an Act to control toxic and hazardous substances and nuclear

wastes
  Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act (R.A. 9147)

-an Act providing for the conservation and protection of wildlife
resources and their habitats

 Prohibition Against the Cutting of Trees on Public Parks, Roads, etc.
 (R.A. 3571)
-an Act to prohibit the cutting, destroying, or injuring of planted or

growing trees, flowering plants, and shrubs, or plants of scenic value
along public roads or plazas, parks, school premises, or in any public
ground
We should not leave all the responsibilities of caring for our natural
resources solely on the government. We, the citizens of the country, should
work hand-in-hand with the government in this noble undertaking of being
stewards of God’s creation. This is a very good way to show our appreciation
and gratitude for God’s wonderful blessings.

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Activity 1: Assess
A. Write C if the item refers to the cause and E if it refers to the

effect of the abuse or misuse of our resources.
_______ 1. Climate change

_______ 2. Illegal logging
_______ 3. Floods and landslides
_______ 4. Depletion of the ozone layer
_______ 5. Smoke belching of vehicles
_______ 6. Coastal conversion for infrastructure development
_______ 7. Pollution
_______ 8. Slash-and-burn agriculture
_______ 9. Skin and respiratory diseases
_______ 10. Overgrazing
B. Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is wrong.
_______ 1. The kaingin system is a good method of farming.

_______ 2. Our country’s development depends much on the use of
our natural resources.
_______ 3. Protecting the environment is the concern of
the government only.
_______ 4. The alarming state of the environment is a global concern.
_______ 5. We don’t need to take care of the environment.
The environment can take care of itself.
_______ 6. The natural disasters and calamities experienced by different
countries are effects of environmental destruction.
_______ 7. The continuous illegal logging activities show that
environmental laws are implemented effectively in
our country.

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_______ 8. When we destroy our environment, we also destroy ourselves.

_______ 9. Using nets wit fine holes is allowed to help our fishermen
get a good catch.
_______ 10. As caretakers of god’s creation, we are responsible for
our environment.
Activity 1: Think
Enumerate.
1. How do Filipinos show their unity and cooperation in preserving and

conserving our natural resources?
a. Land Resources
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
b. Forest Resources
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
c. Water Resources
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
d. Mineral Resources
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
e. Marine Resources
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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TOPIC:
Lesson 9: THE GOVERNMENT
a. Define government;
b. Compare the different forms of government; and
c. Understand the significance of effective government in the
promotion of people’s welfare.
DISCUSSION:
The government is one of the four elements of a state. It is an

organization through which the people express their will, needs, problems,
and expectations. In return, the government employs all means and actions
to respond to the needs of the people and promote their general welfare.
It exercises political control and direction over the actions of its members,
citizens, and inhabitants.
Forms of Government
According to Greek philosopher, Aristotle, there are three forms of

government: government ruled by one man, one that is ruled by a few, and
one that is ruled by many.
Leadership by One Person

1. Monarchy – a form of government
ruled by only one person – may e a king,
a queen, a sultan, or a sheik. Monarchs
usually get their power through

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inheritance or by virtue of their blood

relationships with their predecessors.
Monarchy is classified into two:
a. Absolute – exists when there is no law that limits the power of the
monarch
b. Limited – exists when the powers of the monarch are set or

controlled by laws or is in accordance with a constitution or
customs and traditions
2. Dictatorship – a form of
government where only one person,
called dictator, has total power over the
country. Examples of this form of
government are the Philippines during
the Martial Law period of Ferdinand
Marcos, and Germany under the rule of
Adolf Hitler.
Leadership by a Few
1. Aristocracy - taken from the word

aristo, which means good, and kratia,
which means conquest. It is the rule of a
few people. It is a form of government
ruled by a privileged minority or upper
class. The rulers are called aristocrats.
2. Oligarchy – a government led by a few

wealthy citizens who are not members of the royal family
Leadership by Many

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Democracy – taken from the words demos meaning people and

kratos, which means power or rule. Democracy, therefore, is a rule of the
people. This is a form of government in which political power is exercised
by the majority of the people.
Systems of Government
Government According to Structure
1. Unitary – the principal powers belong to the national government. The

local governments are under the national government. France, Italy, China,
and the United Kingdom follow this system.
2. Federal – the powers of the government are shared between the

national or central government and the local government units. There exists
a federation or union of states or provinces. However, the states or provinces
also accept the rule of the national government in some matters. Australia,
Canada, and the United States follow this system of government.

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Government According to Powers
1. Presidential – the powers of the Chief Executive is vested on the

President who is elected by the majority of the people. There is a definite
term of office prescribed by the Constitution. This system follows the
separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial
branches of the government.
2. Parliamentary – the authority is vested on a Parliament and there is no

clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative
branches. People elect the members of Parliament, and the Parliament
members will elect among themselves the Prime Minister, who will become
the chief executive. The Prime Minister stays I power as long as he or she
enjoys the “confidence” of majority of the members.

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Activity 1: Assess
A. Identify the following. Choose your answer from the box.
Government Federal Democracy
Dictatorship People Parliamentary

Monarchy Unitary Presidential
Aristocracy Oligarchy
_______________ 1. It is a form of government ruled by a privileged minority or

the upper class.
_______________ 2. It is an element of the state wherein the people can

express their will, needs, problems, and expectations.
_______________ 3. It is a form of government led by a few wealthy citizens
who are not members of the royal family.
_______________ 4. It is a form of government led by a few wealthy citizens
who are not members of the royal family.
_______________ 5. This is the meaning of demos.
_______________ 6. It is a form of government in which political power is
exercised by the majority of the people.
_______________ 7. It is a form of government where the principal power
belongs to the national government.
_______________ 8. It is a form of government that provides the separation of
powers among the branches of government.
_______________ 9. It is a form of government wherein the powers of the
government are shared between the national
government and the local governments.

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_______________ 10. It is a form of government where there is no clear-cut.

separation of power between the executive and
legislative branches.

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Activity 2: Think
A.
1. Why is a government important?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. How do people lose their confidence in their government?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Does the Philippine government have the Filipinos’ trust and

confidence? Prove your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B. Using a Venn diagram, compare the presidential and

parliamentary forms of government.

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TOPIC:
Lesson 10: PHILIPPINE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
a. Analyze the system of government of our country;
b. Analyze the different branches of the government and their
respective functions; and
c. Analyze the importance of separation of powers among the
branches of government.
DISCUSSION:
One of the most enduring principles in a constitutional, democratic

government like the Philippines is separation of powers. This means that
each of the branches of government is allowed to exercise only the powers
assigned to it by the Constitution.
The doctrine of separation of powers divides the government into

three branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary. The legislative makes
the laws, the executive implements the laws, and the judiciary interprets the
laws. The powers and functions of each branch are separate and carried
out b their respective people. No single branch I s able to exercise complete
authority, each being interdependent on the other. Power, thus, divided
could prevent absolutism or dictatorship or corruption of the other branches.
This way, no one branch becomes too powerful.
Under the 1987 Constitution, the important political offices or

institutions of the Republic are:
 Executive Department, composed of the President, Vice President,

and the Cabinet


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 Legislative Department, divided into the Senate and the House of

Representatives
 Judiciary, composed of the Supreme Court and the lower courts
The Executive Branch
Article VI, Sec 1 of the 1987 Constitution states that the president is
both the head of the government and the head of the state. As the highest
official of the government, the president has direct control and supervision
of his cabinet members, also known as department secretaries. He/she has
the power to implement the laws, formulate programs that will benefit the
people, and administer the offices of the government. As head of the state,
the president represents the Republic in the world community of nations.
Second to the president is the vice president. His/her most important

role is to assume the powers of the president in case of the president’s
inability to perform his/her functions. As second to the line of succession, the
vice president ensures that the Republic remains stable in case of
emergency.
Terms of Office

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The president and vice president are elected by direct vote of the
people and each shall serve for a term of six (6) years. The Constitution sets
a term limit for the president. The president may only serve for one term.
However, the vice president is allowed to seek reelection for a second term.
Qualifications
The following are the qualifications required for those seeking the
presidential and vice-presidential positions:

 A natural-born Filipino citizen

 A registered voter

 Must be able to read and write

 At least 40 years of age on the day of the election
 A resident of the Philippines for at least ten (10) years prior to the
election
Powers and Duties
The President:
 Has control over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices

 Appoints all members of his official family, which includes the Cabinet.
The following are also appointed by the President – ambassadors and
consuls; officers of the Armed Forces, from the rank of colonel and naval
captain; heads of bureaus and offices; members of the Supreme Court; the
heads of the Sandiganbayan; and heads of the Constitutional Commissions.
These appointments, however, are subject to the approval of the
Commission on Appointments.

 As Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces, he/she may call
out these forces to suppress rebellion and /or repel foreign aggressions

 Ensures the proper implementation of laws


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 Contracts or guarantees foreign loans on behalf of the Republic,

provided that these loans are subject to the approval of the Central
Monetary Authority, and subject to the limitations of the law
 Submits a budget of expenditures to Congress within 30 days from
the opening of the regular session
 Addresses the congress at the opening of the regular session, makes
a report to the nation, and explains his/her program of government

 Represents the country in international conferences with other nations
 Performs all other duties as provided by law
The Vice President:
 Performs task and assignments ordered by the president


 Be a member of the Cabinet or any other post to which the
president assigns him/her

 Cooperates with the president in the various programs of the
government
 Performs other tasks as provided by law
The Cabinet
The members of the Cabinet are all appointees of the president and
they all serve at his/her pleasure. Thus, they can be asked to resign for non-
performance or poor achievement in office or when public clamor
demands it. Cabinet members perform their tasks in accordance with the
president’s program for development and progress.
Each department of the executive branch is headed by the Cabinet

Secretary. The cabinet or department secretary proposes an annual budget
that the president incorporates I the national budget that he/she submits to
Congress. The budget allocated by congress is then used for all the
operating expenses and programs of each department. The secretary is
also expected to submit his/her program for the incoming year to the
president. All these programs are subject to the approval of the president.

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The different departments of the government are the following:
1. Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)

- leads the implementation of agrarian reform and
sustainable rural development on the countryside
2. Department of Agriculture (DA)

- responsible for the promotion of agricultural
developmental growth
3. Department of Budget and Management (DBM)

- promotes the sound, efficient, and effective
management and utilization of government resources, as
instrument in the achievement of national socioeconomic
and political development goals
4. Department of Education (DepEd)

- Provides quality basic education that is
equitably accessible to all and lay the foundation
of lifelong learning and service for the common
good
5. Department of Energy (DOE)

- Formulates policies for the planning and
implementation of a comprehensive program for the efficient
supply and economical use of energy
6. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

- Responsible for the conservation, management,
development, and proper use of the country’s environment
and natural resources

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7. Department of Finance (DOF)

- Responsible for the formulation and administration of
fiscal policies for the management of the financial resources of
the government
8. Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)

- Tasked to contribute to the enhancement of national
security and the protection of the territorial integrity and
national sovereignty of the country
9. Department of Health (DOH)

- Responsible for ensuring access to basic public
health services to all Filipinos through the provision of quality
health care and regulation of providers of health goods and
services
10. Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

- Responsible for promoting peace and order, ensuring
public safety, and strengthening the capabilities of local
government units
11. Department of Justice (DOJ)

- responsible for upholding the rule of law in the country
12. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

- promotes gainful employment opportunities, develops
human resources, protects workers and promotes their welfare,
and maintains industrial peace
13. Department of National Defense (DND)

- responsible for providing the necessary rotection of
the state against external and internal threats and maintaining
law and order throughout the country

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14. National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)

- an independent, cabinet-level agency of the
Philippine government; responsible for economic development
and planning
15. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

- functions as the engineering and construction arm of
the government tasked to continuously develop the technology
to ensure the safety of all infrastructures and to secure for all
public works and highways the highest efficiency and quality of
construction
16. Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

- develops and implements programs for strengthening
scientific and technological capabilities through
manpower training, infrastructure, and
institution0building
17. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

- formulates policies and plans that provide direction in
the development and delivery of social welfare and
development services
18. Department of Tourism (DOT)

- charged with the responsibility to encourage, promote,
and develop tourism, as a major socioeconomic activity to
generate foreign currency and employment
19. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

- coordinates, promotes, and facilitates trade and
industry and investment activities
20. Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)

- responsible for the maintenance and expansion of
viable, efficient, and dependable transportation and

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communication systems as effective instruments in national

recovery and economic progress
The Legislative Branch
The Philippines has a bicameral legislature. This means that there are
two houses in Congress- the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Qualifications
Senators:

 Natural-born citizen of the Philippines

 At least 35 years of age, prior to the election

 Could read and write

 A registered voter
 A resident of the Philippines for at least two (2) years, prior to the
election
Representatives:

 Natural-born citizen of the Philippines

 At least 25 years of age, prior to the election

 Could read and write

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
 A registered voter in his/her district (except for party-list)
 A resident of the Philippines for at least one (1) year prior to the
election
Term of Office
For the senators, the term of office shall be six (6) years, while for the
district representatives, the term shall be three (3) years. No senator shall
serve for more than two (2) consecutive terms, while no representative shall
serve for more than three (3) consecutive terms
Membership
The legislature has a total of 24 members for the Senate, and 287
members (15th Congress of the Philippines) for the House of Representatives.
The members of the Senate are elected nationwide, while those of the
Lower House are elected by the districts that they represent. Al least 20% of
the total membership of the Lower House is allotted for sectoral or party-list
representatives. They represent the labor, urban poor, indigenous people,
women, youth, business people, the physically challenged, and others,
except the religious sector.
Powers and Duties
  Make laws
  Enter or make treaties with other countries
  Make or approve appropriations of the national budget
  Improve or set forth taxes
  Approve or reject the president’s appointments through the

Commission on Appointments. This body is composed of the Senate
President as chairman, 12 senators, and 12 representatives.

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The Judiciary Branch
Article VII Section I of the 1987 Constitution provides that the judicial
power is vested in one Supreme Court and lower courts that may be
established by law. All cases of violations of the land are tried before the
lower court that has jurisdiction over them.
Judicial power is the power to apply the law or laws of disputes

concerning legally recognized rights or duties between the State and
private people. It is also applied to disputes between individuals accusing
each other or others before the courts.
The Supreme Court is the highest court of the land. It is composed of

15 justices with the Chief Justice as head. The Supreme Court exercises
administrative supervision of all courts all over the Philippines, including their
employees.
Qualifications
The qualifications for members of the Supreme Court and lower

collegiate courts are divided into the legal and moral.
The legal qualifications are:

 Must be a natural-born citizen

 Must be at least 40 years old

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 Must have been a judge of a lower court for at least 15 years or

engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines
The moral qualifications of a judge are stated in a new provision of the

1987 Constitution that requires the members of the Judiciary to be a person
of competence, integrity, probity, and independence.
Judges for the inferior courts need not be natural born citizens.
Naturalized citizens can also be appointed to the lower courts provided that
they must meet all other legal requirements.
Term of Office
All members of the judiciary enjoy permanent status. The Supreme

Court justices cannot be removed from the office unless by impeachment.
Those in the inferior courts can be removed by the Supreme Court, but only
for just causes. The age of retirement for members of the judiciary is 70 years
old.
Powers and Duties

These are some of the powers of the Supreme Court under our
Constitution:
 Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other
public ministers, and consuls

 Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeals, final
judgments,
 and orders of the lowers courts in the following:
(a) All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty,
international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree,
proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation is in question
(b) All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or
toll, or any penalty imposed in relation to them
(c) All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue
(d) All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion
perpetua or higher

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Impeachment
Impeachment in the Philippines is an expressed power of the

Congress of the Philippines to formally charge a swerving government
official with an impeachable offense. After being impeached by the House
of Representatives, the official is then tried in the Senate. If convicted, the
official is then removed from office.
Impeachable Officials
1. President
2. Vice President
3. Justices of the Supreme Court
4. Members of the Constitutional Commissions

 Commission on Elections

 Civil Service Commission
 Commission on Audit
Impeachable Offenses
1. Culpable violation of the Constitution
2. Treason
3. Bribery
4. Graft and Corruption
5. Other high crimes

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6. Betrayal of public trust
Renato Corona is the 23rd Chief of Justice of the Supreme Court of the
Philippines. He was impeached by the House of Representatives on
December 12, 2011.
Acting as an impeachment court, the Senate declared Chief Justice

Corona guilty of Article 11 of the Articles of Impeachment filed against him,
pertaining to his failure to disclose to the public his Statement of Assets,
Liabilities, and net Worth (SALN). He was impeached by the Senate on
March 29, 2012.

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Activity 1: Assess
Read the following government functions. Write E if the function refers to the
executive branch, L if it refers to the legislative branch, and J if it refers to the
judiciary branch.
_______ 1. Tries all cases of violation of the laws
_______ 2. Approves appropriations for the national budget
_______ 3. Makes a report to the nation and explains the programs

of government
_______ 4. Represents the country in international conferences
_______ 5. Approves or rejects the President’s appointments
_______ 6. Enforces the laws
_______ 7. Enters into treaties
_______ 8. Ensures the proper implementation of the laws
_______ 9. Reviews, revises, reverses orders of the lower courts
_______ 10. Makes the laws

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Activity 2: Think
1. Why do we need government leaders or officials?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think would happen if there were no checks and

balances among the branches of government? __________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Why are laws important to the development and progress of a

country? ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Activity 3: Reflect
A. Fill Out the Wish List below.
My Wish List
For our President and Cabinet members
1._______________________________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________________________
For our lawmakers

1._______________________________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________________________

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For our judges

1._______________________________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________________________
Activity 4
B. List five (5) government departments that you think should be commended
for efficient and effective performance. Give reasons for your choice.
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. ________________________
5. _________________________
Reasons:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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Social Studies 6 - First Semester

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Social Studies 6 - First Semester

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SME-AG GLOBAL SCHOOL INC.

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

Lesson 1: PHILIPPINE POPULATION

a. Explain the characteristics of population that contribute to the

The Philippines is an independent country or state. It has four elements

Among the elements of a state, people or population is the most

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

Population is a big factor in the present economic situation of the

Demography is the statistical study of human population. The

Demography requires the study of specific information. There are

Demographic data are very useful for the government in formulating

Source: National Statistics Office

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

The chart shows that, in 1960, the

To study the population of the

Composition of Philippine Population

The table shows the composition of the Philippine population based

Population Composition, 2000 (Projected) Gender and Age

Age Male Female

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

As shown in the table, the Philippines has a young population. About

The youth can be tapped in nation building or as partners, active

The government should exert effort to create an environment for

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

either employed or unemployed. From this number, about 79% belongs to

The government, as part of its effort to improve the employability and

The smallest segment of the

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

Density of population refers to the number of people living per unit

The following chart shows the population density in the different

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

The National Capital Region (NCR) is the most densely populated

Population in the country varies from region to region. Distribution

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

Among the regions of the country, Region IV-A (CALABARZON) has

Density and distribution of population are directly related. There are

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

The uneven distribution of people gives rise to rural and urban

Which community has a bigger population?

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

1. The number of people living per unit are is called _________________.

2. The estimated population of the Philippines at present is

4. The number of people in the different areas of a particular

5. The region in the Philippines with the biggest population is

6. The region with the smallest population is _________________.

7. The most important element of the state is _________________.

8. The number of people inhabiting a particular place or

9. The group of population who belongs to the youth who are in

10. People who have spent their younger years in fulfilling

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

Prepare a comparative chart on the advantages and advantages of

Having a Young Population

1. A country with a young population is (beneficial/not beneficial)

2. As a young Filipino, I can be a productive citizen by

3. Senior citizens should be given special privileges because

4. I prefer to stay in the (urban/rural area) because

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

What does the picture tell about population?

Just by looking at the picture, we can

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6

A United Nations report in 2009 revealed that the Philippines ranks 7 th

Factors that Affect Population Growth

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SOCIAL STUDIES 6