IMPORTANT NOTICE: NO PART OF THIS MATERIAL MAY BE REPRODUCED OR

TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL,

PHOTOCOPYING, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
MIDTERM TOPICS (REVISED 2021)
I. DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION
II. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
III. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
IV. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
V. VERBAL AND NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
VI. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS
VII. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
===COMMUNICATION====
-It is the process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another
within and across channels, contexts, media and cultures. (McCornack, 2014)
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION:
1.) Communication is a PROCESS
2.) Communication occurs between TWO or MORE PEOPLE (the SPEAKER and the
RECEIVER)
3.) Communication can be expressed through written words or spoken words, actions
(nonverbal), or both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.
===FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION===

1. REGULATION/CONTROL – order, command,

Example: The proctor said, “Copying from the internet is strictly prohibited.”

2. INFORMATION – sharing of learning

Example: The teacher taught us about the definition of Communication.

3. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION – voicing the inner thoughts

Example: The student tells his problem to the teacher.

4. MOTIVATION - encouraging
Example: The teacher gave pieces of advice to the student

5. SOCIAL INTERACTION - means coming together to achieve unity in the society

Example: “Are you okay, my friend?”

1|Page PREPARED BY MR. ARJAY JIMENEZ

 IMPORTANT NOTICE: NO PART OF THIS MATERIAL MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL,
PHOTOCOPYING, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION

===ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION===
1. SOURCE/ SPEAKER/ ENCODER
• Someone who sends information
2. CHANNEL/MEDIUM/MEDIA
• Method by which the information is sent.
3. MESSAGE
• Information sent
4. NOISE/BARRIER
• Something that interferes with the information. Simply, the Barrier of Communication
5. RECEIVER/ LISTENER/ DECODER
• An individual who decodes/receives the information

6. FEEDBACK/RESPONSE
• The response of the receiver to the source

PRACTICE:
Park Seo Joon went to SM and asked the vendor if they have a ring because he will be
attending his aunt’s birthday. The vendor told Park Seo Joon that they don’t have the item.
SOURCE: Park Seo Joon
CHANNEL: through speaking
RECEIVER: vendor
MESSAGE: if they have a ring
FEEDBACK: The vendor told Park Seo Joon that they don’t have the item
NOISE: NOT PRESENT

2|Page PREPARED BY MR. ARJAY JIMENEZ

 IMPORTANT NOTICE: NO PART OF THIS MATERIAL MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL,
PHOTOCOPYING, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION

===MODELS OF COMMUNICATION===
1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
- Focuses on the SPEAKER AND THE MESSAGE.
-Most Important element is the Setting: (LCD) Legal, Deliberative, Ceremonial
Example: The maid of honor delivered a speech during the party

2. SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL
-Introduces the concept of NOISE.
Example: While video calling her sister, Ivana’s tablet turned off due to empty battery

3. WHITE’S MODEL
- Introduces the concept of FEEDBACK
IT IS CIRCULAR AND CONTINUOUS. It has NO beginning and NO end. Also called
as the Cyclical Model.

4. SCRAMM’S MODEL
-Proponent: Wilbur Scramm “Father of Mass Communication”
- “FIELD OF EXPERIENCE” definition: The things a person has learned or acquired.

Example: After 20 years of being in Kuwait, Summer’s parents finally decided to visit their
relatives in IloIlo. After a few days, Summer was scolded by her aunt for not using “po” and
“opo” upon talking to the elderly.

EXPLANATION: Summer didn’t learn how to use “po” and “opo’ in the Kuwait (FIELD OF
EXPERIENCE)

3 MODELS OF COMUNICATION
1. LINEAR – LINE NO FEEDBACK (ARISTOTLE, BERLO, AND SHANNON-WEAVER
MATHEMATICAL)

2. INTERACTIVE – WITH FEEDBACK (SHANNON-WEAVER, WHITE’S)

3. TRANSACTIONAL- NO SORCE/RECEIVER TAGGING BECAUSE THEY ARE ALL

“COMMUNICATORS” (SCRAMM)

3|Page PREPARED BY MR. ARJAY JIMENEZ

 IMPORTANT NOTICE: NO PART OF THIS MATERIAL MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL,
PHOTOCOPYING, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION
===VERBAL VS. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION===

VERBAL COMMUNICATION
-linguistic. Use of letters, words, either spoken words or written words in communication
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS (V.O.W.EL.)
VISUAL, ORAL, WRITTEN, and ELECTRONIC

NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

-It is communication of feelings, emotions, attitudes, and thoughts through body
movements / gestures / eye contact, etc.
COMPONENTS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
1. KINESICS - Deals with physical movement, sometimes called affective displays.
2. OCCULESICS - Deals with eye behavior. O-cculesics – O-ptical= EYES
3. PROXEMICS - Involves the social use of “space.”
4. HAPTICS - Focuses on touching, HA-ptics = HA-nds= TOUCH
5. VOCALICS/PARALINGUISTICS - variations in pitch, speed, volume, and pauses to
convey meaning.
6. CHRONEMICS - Deals with the use of time. C-honemics – C-lock=TIME
7. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE – outer look.
8. OLFACTICS – Involves the sense of smell. Olfactory Nerve – Nose=SMELL

===EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS===

I. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

1. Stress and Out-of-Control Emotion - restless, stress, overwork

2. Lack of Focus - stop multitasking
3. Inconsistent Body Language - dishonest
4. Negative Body Language - disrespect

4|Page PREPARED BY MR. ARJAY JIMENEZ

 IMPORTANT NOTICE: NO PART OF THIS MATERIAL MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL,
PHOTOCOPYING, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION

II. IMPROVING COMMUNICATION SKILLS

1. Be an engaged listener.
2. Pay attention to nonverbal signals.
3. Keep stress in check.
4. Assert yourself.

Tips to Improve Assertiveness

1. Value yourself and your opinions. They are as important as anyone else’s.
2. Know the needs and wants. Learn to express them without overstepping on the rights of
others.
3. Express negative thought in a positive way. It’s fine to be angry, but is should be in an
intelligent
fashion like the careful selection of words to express anger.
4. Receive feedback positively. Accept compliments graciously, learn from mistakes, and
ask for help
when needed.
5. Learn to say “no.” Know the limits and do not let other take advantage. Look for
alternatives for
everyone to feel good about the outcome.

III. SEVEN C’S OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION by BROOM, CUTLIP, and

CENTER, 2012

1. COMPLETENESS – Complete, Conveys all facts. No NEED for extra message.

2. CONCISENESS – Keep it simple (in writing/ in speaking)

3. CONSIDERATION - “stepping into the shoes of others” Modify your words in message to
suit the audience’s needs while making your message complete

4. CLARITY - emphasizing on a specific message or goal at a time, rather than trying to achieve
too much at once. Be Clear.

5. CONCRETENESS - being particular and clear rather than fuzzy and general.

6. COURTESY- the message should show the sender’s expression as well as should respect the
receiver. Respect the audience’s feelings.

7. CORRECTNESS- No grammar errors. No information errors

5|Page PREPARED BY MR. ARJAY JIMENEZ

 IMPORTANT NOTICE: NO PART OF THIS MATERIAL MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL,
PHOTOCOPYING, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION
===INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION===

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION - is the sharing of ideas and information in spite of

having differences. Intercultural Communication teaches us to become more sensitive among our
differences.

SOCIALIZATION - is the process by which someone follows standards and rules to be

able to be acceptable and sociable

6|Page PREPARED BY MR. ARJAY JIMENEZ