‫‪ 6.

8‬ﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﺑﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺻﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﺍﻵﻣﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﺑﺄﻧﻅﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﻋﻘﺏ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺻﺣﻳﺔ ﺟﺳﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺗﻠﺯﻡ ﺇﺟﺭﺍء‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺔ ﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻳﺟﺏ ﺗﺣﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺣﺗﻣﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻏﺫﺍء ﺃﻭ ﺇﻣﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﺎﻩ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺿﻔﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻏﺎﺋﻁ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺧﻁﺭﺍ ً ﻣﻥ ﻏﺎﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻟﻐﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﺳﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﺋﺽ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺫﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺿﻰ ﻭﻛﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﺳﺑﻝ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺿﺭﻱ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺄﺛﺭﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭﺓ‪House, Medical :‬‬
‫‪Centre, Oxfam Pakistan‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻣﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺳﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﺳﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﻣﻁﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻣﺭﺍﻓﻖ ﻟﻸﺷﺧﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺳﻝ ﺍﻷﻳﺩﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻳﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺎء ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺑﻝ ﻏﺳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺑﺱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎء‪ .‬ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻧﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻭﻱ‬
‫)‪(www.communityledtotalsanitation.org‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻥ ﻳﻌﺗﻧﻲ ﺑﻬﻡ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻝ ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﺍﻵﻣﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﻼﺕ )ﻣﻘﺗﺑﺱ ﻣﻥ ﻛﺗﻳﺏ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﺳﻔﻳﺭ ‪(2011‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﻠﺔ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﺭﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﺎﺟﻠﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻭﻁ )ﻣﻐﻁﺎﺓ(‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺳﻳﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ ﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﻭ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺑﺩﺍﺋﻝ ﻭﻗﺗﺎ ً‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﻠﺔ ﺑﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻖ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﻳﺎﺱ ﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻼﺣﺗﻳﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺿﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺛﻳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃﻛﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻭﻁ(‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﺔ – ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﺷﻬﺭﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻳﺽ ﺍﻟﺧﻧﺩﻕ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﻘﻌﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺧﻁﻁﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻳﺽ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺭﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺣﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ )ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺩﺧﻧﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻳﺽ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺑﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺋﺣﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻧﺳﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻳﺿﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺧﻁﻁﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ )ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﻼﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻧﺣﺩﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺑﺯﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻣﺎﺩ ﻭﻳﻁﻬﺭﻫﺎ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﻣﻘﻌﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﺣﺿﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺑﻧﺎء ﻣﺭﺍﻓﻖ ﻳﺳﻬﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻲ ﻭﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ ﻧﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻠﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﻣﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﻁﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺯﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ( ﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﺎﺛﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻔﺿﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺔ )ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺳﻬﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻳﻪ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪...‬ﺇﻟﺦ( ﻭﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺭ ﻻﺑﺩ ﻣﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺛﺎﻣﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﺷﺭﻳﺣﺔ ﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺭﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﺑﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻳﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺭﺝ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺣﻳﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﺍﻟﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺿﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺻﺣﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻧﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺭﺍﺣﻳﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﻕ‪ .‬ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻑ ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁﺎ ً ﺟﻳﺩﺍ ً ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺻﻳﺎﻧﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ ﺗﺩﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻣﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻭﺍﻗﻝ ﺗﻧﺗﺷﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻭﺍﻗﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﻭﺽ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺩﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺭﺫﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺋﺭﺍﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻧﻬﺞ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺑﺣﺭﺹ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻳﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺗﻛﺎﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺷﺭﺍﺕ( ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺿﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﺗﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺟﻠﻳﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ )ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ(‬
‫‪Excreta disposal for physically vulnerable people in‬‬ ‫‪http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/Technical_Notes_14_AR_1‬‬
‫‪emergencies © Oxfam 2007‬‬ ‫‪5300.pdf?ua=1‬‬
‫‪http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/Technical_Notes_7_AR_15‬‬
‫© ‪Management of Dead Bodies after disasters‬‬
‫‪293.pdf?ua=1‬‬
‫‪PAHO 2006‬‬ ‫‪http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/Technical_Notes_13_AR_1‬‬
‫‪WASH in Health Facilities in emergencies © WHO‬‬ ‫‪5299.pdf?ua=1‬‬
‫‪2012‬‬

‫‪© 2015 All In Diary - www.allindiary.org‬‬ ‫‪5th edition 2016‬‬