Professional Documents
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by
By
March 2023
MOSQUITE, JESSEL
STI College Surigao
Narciso Street, Surigao City
Surigao del Norte
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
on the
This chapter elaborates the background of the study which explains the basis of our
research, the theoretical and conceptual framework which illustrates the plan and the
fundamental structure that would support the research, the research hypothesis that presents our
the (bef. the word 'statement') the (bef. the word 'importance')
assumption, statement of the problem, terms to be defined, importance of the study as well as
Nowadays, air pollution has grown drastically, and one of the primary reasons is the
smoke produced by stoves. Stoves are the most popular and widely used among the different
in
technologies established in the field of effective household heating and cooking procedures in
both urban and rural communities. Though according to World Health Organization, smoke
from cooking in the kitchen or open spaces is one of the reasons why there is air pollution and
indoor disease.
The Respiratory Health Infection articulated that breathing in air pollutants can irritate
airways and cause shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, asthma episodes, and chest pain.
Exposure to air pollution puts an individual at risk for lung cancer, heart attacks, stroke, and in
extreme cases, premature death. Air pollution is a primary danger to lung health, particularly to
babies and children whose normal breathing is faster than older children and adults. It is also a
older people with
risk to the elderly, who may have higher respiratory rates.
(wordy)
STI College Surigao
Narciso Street, Surigao City
Surigao del Norte
Purok 1 - Katipunan, Poblacion, San Francisco, Surigao del Norte is a rural area where
most households still use the traditional way of cooking, which causes smoke disturbance and
indoor pollution, especially since the houses there are contiguous pasting. Further, with the
cooking tool and employ an eco-friendly stove. The researchers planned to build a smokeless
stove model that can produce less, or if possible, no amount of smoke utilizing carabao dung as
people's exposure Moreover,
biomass fuel to reduce the exposure of people to a high level of smoke disturbance. And since
typical
farming is the common work in the chosen population, we specifically chose carabao dung as
Theoretical Framework
The study's foundation is based on established scientific theories that describe the
product's functions, but from a different standpoint in terms of its potential and innovation.
remove comma
A traditional stove will result in incomplete combustion, which will cause harmful
emissions. As a better alternative, using an innovative smokeless stove for cooking will reduce
the impact the smoke has on the surrounding area as well as being eco-friendly. Further, the
theory implies that traditional ways of cooking must be developed through the innovation of
The secondary theory used as the foundation of this study is called the Haiti Clean Stove
Project – Flame Control which states that a pipe that runs from an attached air control unit to
the base of the stove controls the primary air through the base of the inner cylinder and pre-
heating of the air through conduction and radiation from hot stove body. Controlling the flame
wordy & unnecessary
power to increase burn time generates either high-power heat for activities like frying or low-
The theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many
cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical bounding
assumptions.
STI College Surigao
Narciso Street, Surigao City
Surigao del Norte
improved combustion of carabao dung fuel, this research aims to attain the innovation plan for
will
the product that the researchers are going to formulate.
on
Upon relying to the theories aforementioned in the Theoretical Framework the product
the
will undergo process of experimentation for improvement to make the product more efficient
of •The carabao dung should be directly placed on the
and capable in achieving its intended purpose. mouth of combustion chamber. Allow the air to enter the
air path to combust the wood. If the fire needs to be
adjusted, use the air controller. Remove the wood using
the ashtray when it is totally combusted and becomes
ash.
Research Hypothesis
This study aims to innovate a smokeless stove that can be an alternative cooking tool
and employ an eco-friendly stove. By making this a purposeful investigation, the researchers
must hypothesize the specific main following components of investigations of the study in
concerning
relation to the research questions.
well-innovated
the (bef. smokeless)
Research Questions Hypothesis Null Hypothesis H
How can the innovative If smokeless stove is well The innovated smokeless stove
smokeless stove reduce the innovated, then it can attain to does not reduce people's
exposure of people to a high its ability to reduce the exposure exposure to high levels of
level of smoke disturbance? of people to a high level of smoke disturbance.
smoke disturbance.
How can carabao dung perform The carabao dung is an effective The ability of carabao dung
its potential to be an alternative source of biomass fuel that cannot perform its full tasks to
biomass fuel? powers the smokeless stove to be an alternative biomass fuel.
entire
perform its full tasks.
Is there a difference between the There is a significant difference There is no significant
traditional and innovative between the ability and difference in how the innovative
smokeless stove? performance of traditional and smokeless stove performs
innovative cooking stoves in the compared to the traditional
field of cooking practices. cooking stoves.
primary cooking tool. Though these stoves are effective in terms of their usage, it cannot be
denied that they are not environmentally friendly and are expensive to run. Stoves that use
wood and charcoal also produce smoke that can be a disturbance, especially in the houses of
In this regard, the researchers intend to innovate a smokeless stove that can be an
alternative cooking tool and employ an eco-friendly stove. By making this a purposeful
investigation, the researchers should seek answers to the following questions to determine
• How to design and develop a smokeless stove that will reduce the exposure of
• How can biomass fuel such as carabao dung be an alternative power to operate the
carabao dung will serve as its biomass fuel. The researchers aim to innovate a stove design that
This study aims to build a stove that eliminates smoke disturbance in nearby
researchers aim
households. The goal of the researchers is to provide an alternative smokeless cooking tool that
functions similarly to other traditional cooking tools. However, the innovative smokeless stove
will improve air quality and foster environmental sustainability through renewable energy
The focus of this study is to formulate a stove design that will operate to its full
potential. A stove that uses cow dung as its biomass fuel that emits no smoke. Further, a
The researchers also determined the availability of what type of biomass fuel to be used
so could
in a way also that people can discover and innovate. Putting into considerations, cow dung as
The coverage of this study is to introduce the innovative smokeless stove to the thirty (30)
households in the area of Purok 1- Katipunan, Poblacion, San Francisco, Surigao del Norte and
to be tested by conducting surveys and interviewing the sample populations. The surveys and
interviews will determine if the innovative smokeless stove is accessible and appropriate in the
coverage area.
Standard
Common guidelines set by the researchers are to be followed:
• The research can only cover the chosen sample population of Purok 1- Katipunan,
• The innovative smokeless stove can only be used for cooking one at a time due to its
single combustor.
• The maximum weight of the cookware put on the innovative smokeless stove will be
• This study must be as concise as possible with no illegal activities being done and
of
must adhere to the ethical rules set by the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST).
STI College Surigao
Narciso Street, Surigao City
Surigao del Norte
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter discusses studies related to the potential of cow dung as an alternative
on
biomass fuel. This chapter also includes other literature related to the utilization of cow dung
In Indian societies, residents direct-burn cow dung for cooking purposes. For insulation
in rural homes throughout the winter and summer, it is also used when plastering the walls and
floors. Cow dung produced by three to five cattle per day can power a low-cost 8 to 10 m3
biogas plant, which can generate 1.5 to 2 m3 of biogas per day, enough to power a household
of six to eight people, cook meals twice or three times, light two lamps for three hours, run a
(Gupta et al., 2016)
refrigerator all day, and run a 3-KW motor generator for an hour (Gupta et. al 2016).
immense
The largest potential for electricity production in Poland was found in chicken manure
(Kozlowski et al., 2019)
for about 13.86 GWh and cow manure for about 12.35 GWh (Kozlowski et. Al 2019).
STI College Surigao
Narciso Street, Surigao City
Surigao del Norte
which
In Ethiopia, over 90% of primary energy comes from cow dung and is one of the most
commonly used biomasses as an energy source in rural areas with the outdated cook stoves.
performed
When the water-boiling test was conducted, the suggested gasifier stove performs better than a
three-stone stove in terms of cooking time, specific fuel consumption, and pollutant gas
Compared
emissions. In comparison to the conventional three-stone cook stove, the experimental results
showed that the gasifier stove increased thermal efficiency by 26.6% and reduced PM2.5 and
emissions
carbon monoxide emission by 58.9% and 88.6%. In addition, the gasifier stove demonstrated a
64% fuel-saving efficiency when compared to the three-stone stove and a 54% reduction in
(Tadesse et al., 2020).
cooking time for the same quantity and type of meal (Tadesse et. al, 2020).
The combustion and emissions behaviour of loose biomass briquettes made from
forestry and agricultural wastes bound by cactus and cow dung are compared. It was found that
whereas cactus-bonded briquettes smoulder during burning with limited flame, cow dung
good
briquettes ignite to full flame. A promising carbon content of more than 44% and an LHV of
*or (use only one conjunction, this is not
demonstrates
about. 16.5 MJ kg-3 demonstrate its excellent use in systemsproper in formal writing
that generate heat and/or power.
spacing after the comma
massive
However, the large levels of carbon monoxide (CO),sulfur dioxide(SO2), nitric oxide (NO),
and hydrochloric acid (HCl) emissions necessitate more research on their energy potential. It is
significant to note that cow dung pellets have high-quality characteristics, such as kinetic
(Szymajda et al., 2021).
durability above 98% and bulk density ca. 480 kg·m−3 (Szymajda et. al, 2021).
STI College Surigao
Narciso Street, Surigao City
Surigao del Norte
The world is rapidly investigating alternative energy sources instead of relying on fossil
fuels. The energy is renewable and environmentally favourable because it uses fossil fuels,
emitting greenhouse gases and
which emit greenhouse gases and are quickly running out. Cow dung is one of the most
...in the world. Because..
common organic wastes in the world, and because it releases greenhouse gases, produces
odors, and reduces freshwater supplies, it poses a hazard to the environment. On the other
has many
hand, cow dung contains a number of qualities that make it a potential source of renewable
(Chaubey et al., 2022).
energy and a natural organic soil together (Chaubey et. al, 2022).
According to Nong (2022), the study of how water primrose's biogas production
and
efficiency will be affected by an alkaline pretreatment (2% NaOH) as well as the anaerobic co-
digestion of cow dung. The main compositional changes and physico-chemical structure of
untreated biomass and pretreated water primrose were examined using a scanning electron
microscope (SEM). The study states that among the three mixing ratios of co-substrate tested,
at a mixing ratio of 2:1
the best performance in this study was achieved at mixing ratio 2:1 (water primrose to cow
two
dung, w/w) for 2 weeks’ pretreatment time on grass, including all measurements as biogas
production (8610 mL), methane concentration (68.2%), and percentage of total solids
(70.84%), volatile solids (64.76%), and chemical oxygen demand (66.55%) removal efficiency.
STI College Surigao
Narciso Street, Surigao City
Surigao del Norte
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the actions to be taken to investigate the research problem and
applying
the rationale for the application of specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select,
for
process, and analyze information applied to understanding the problem, thereby, allowing to
evaluating have
critically evaluates the study’s overall validity and reliability. These methodologies had been
used to diagnose and examine the effectiveness of smokeless stove using biomass fuels to
Research Design
To assess and apply the Innovative Smokeless Stove, the researchers utilized
Experimental Research Design using survey-based procedures and methods to the population in
with
testing the Smokeless Stove to compare its abilities and capabilities from the old traditional cook
stoves.
The research survey used was the Likert Scale Questionnaire. The acquired data from
has been comprehended
the target population has comprehended qualitatively and quantitatively, and in turn calculated
methods
such data. After the data was collected, statistical method and procedures were applied in order
Population
The target population of this study is the residents of Purok 1 - Katipunan, Poblacion,
San Francisco, Surigao City. To be able to gather the necessary data, the specified people who
used traditional cookstoves in cooking were covered as the subject of the study.
The people of Purok 1-Katipunan, Poblacion, San Francisco, Surigao City were known
to have a population where most residents use stoves that produces disturbing smoke that is
harmful to health and involve the use of expensive fuels. As an open opportunity for the
researchers, the residents of Purok 1-Katipunan, Poblacion, San Francisco, were chosen as the
Figure 1:San Francisco, Surigao, del Norte Map. Image source from: Google Wikipedia
STI College Surigao
Narciso Street, Surigao City
Surigao del Norte
Sampling Method
the
The researchers employed Purposive Sampling method in the survey of 30 respondents.
Purposive Sampling is employed because the researchers purposely selected the respondents
needed
because they have characteristics that need in the sample.
To assess the performance of the improved stove as the basis of the evaluation, the
researchers provided one (1) Innovative Smokeless Stove for the testing. The gathered data
results from every survey are used as a piece of evidence to validate the research hypotheses.
The researchers conducted the survey and collected the filled-out questionnaires. After all the
respondents completed the survey questionnaires, data were collected, tallied, and tabulated.
These data were the basis of the analysis and interpretation of traditional cookstoves.
STI College Surigao
Narciso Street, Surigao City
Surigao del Norte
In addition, the Water Boiling Test will assess the thermal efficiency, the firepower, and
the specific fuel consumption of the stove, where Thermal efficiency is a ratio of the work done
Where Ww is the mass of the water in the pot, the specific heat of water (4.186 J/g 1C),
and the change in water temperature (Tf – Ti), the product of the amount of water evaporated
from the pot (Wv), and the latent heat of evaporation of water (2260 J/g). The carabao dung
equivalent consumed during each phase of the test (fd) and the LHV, lower heating value (also
Specific fuel consumption (SC) is the ratio of the amount of carabao fuel consumed to
; it can be
the amount of water remaining at the end of the trial, can be defined for any number of cooking
tasks and should be considered “the wood fuel required to produce a unit output” whether the
output is boiled water, cooked beans, tortillas, or loaves of bread. In this case specific fuel
consumption refers to a measure of the amount of cow dung required to produce 2L (or kilo) of
To analyze the gathered data, the thermal efficiency, the amount of biomass fuel needed,
and the time needed to boil a specific mass of water are evaluated as the comparison of the
traditional and innovative smokeless stove to release smoke. Further, to effectively interpret the
The arithmetic mean is a measure of central tendency, also known as the average. The
average is the calculated number obtained by adding the quantities together and then dividing
In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of dispersion. It estimates how far apart
individuals in the data are from the mean value. The square root of the mean of the square of
the deviation of all the values of a series derived from the arithmetic mean is defined as the
"standard deviation.”
The variance is a statistical measure of the spread of numbers in a data set. Variance
specifically measures how far each number in the set is from the mean (average) and thus from
Data Analysis
The researchers used first-hand data collected from the selected respondents who
participated in the survey, interviews, and testing to determine the effectiveness of the
Critical analysis and interpretation of figures and numbers
Innovative Smokeless Stove.
are involved in gathering data collection to reach the
rationale behind the emergence of main findings.
To reach the rationale behind the emergence of main findings, Critical analysis and
interpretation of figures and numbers are involved in gathering data collection. Further, the
evaluating
most significant part of analyzing the data is the evaluation of the performance testing of the
, proving
Innovative Smokeless Stove. This proved the effectiveness of the improved stove in different
scientific observations mentioned in the data collection. However, the survey served as
Research Instruments
In order to ensure the result of the experiment, the researchers used different...
To ensure the result of the experiment, different research instruments are to be made
and use to question respondents to measure data. The surveys will be answered and categorized
respondents' experience cookstoves compared to
through the experience of the respondents with their traditional cook stoves in comparison with
the researchers' innovative smokeless stoves. The following sample questionnaires are to be
followed by the researchers. Quantitative surveys can be answered with a yes or no evaluating
the product's efficacy. Qualitative questionnaires, on the other hand, can be answered in the
Figure 2. Graphical representation of the opinion of the sample population for the Traditional Stove
Figure 3. Graphical representation of the opinion of the sample population for the Smokeless Stove.