Theory:

In this experiment an orifice plate flow-meter is

calibrated and the calculated coefficient of
discharge, Cd, is compared to the given value in
the lab report as well as other published data. The
orifice plate flow-meter provides a simple and low
cost method for measuring the flow rate in a pipe
using the pressure drop measurement across the
plate. The orifice plate is a circular plate with a
sharp square edge hole in the center inserted in a
pipe. When a fluid is allowed to flow inside the
pipe, the orifice plate obstructs the flow which
results in fluid pressure loss. A schematic diagram
of an orifice plate installed in a pipe with flow from
left to right is shown in figure 1. The pressure loss
is dependent on the orifice diameter, pipe diameter
and the flow rate. Hence the flow rate is less than
the theoretical flow rate which would occur if there
were no losses.
Orifice meter
An orifice meter is a differential pressure flow
meter which reduces the flow area using an orifice
plate. An orifice is a flat plate with a centrally
drilled hole machined to a sharp edge. The orifice
plate is inserted between two flanges
perpendicularly to the flow, so that the flow passes
through the hole with the sharp edge of the orifice
pointing to the upstream. The relationship between
flow rate and pressure drop can be determined
using Bernoulli’s equation as:

√[
2 g (∆ p)
Qactual=Cd . Ao.
ρ 1−(
A2
A1
)4 ]
where
Qactual = Actual = volumetric flow rate m³/s
Cd =Discharge co-efficient of orifice meter
Ao= is the orifice cross sectional area
A1 =area at the inlet side in m2
A2 =area at the throat side in m2
∆ P =Differential pressure head of liquid in m

g =Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

ρ =Density of fluid

Producers:
1. The device is composed of tank filled
with distilled water and reservoir is
composed of pump and control panel.
2. Before start the device all the valves
open to get rid of the bubbles and then
close all valves except valve leading to the
orifice.
3. Turn the pump on and adjust the flow
rate to a constant level using the valve on
the tub. To adjust the flow rate for the rest
of the lab, use the valve located on the
orifice meter. This will avoid introducing
air into the system.
4. Open source of water and pray the
water valve to the tank being by the rising
tube.
5. Open the valve control (valve Rota
meter) on the flow of water to the cylinder
Rota meter.
 6. Note manometer filled with water by
the pump determine the level of change in
height or determine the(h1,h2) a
difference ( ∆ h)
7. Repeat several steps to get several
reading ( ∆ h ).
8. After the end of the experiment all the
valves closed

Calculation:

√ ( p 1−p 2
2g
γ )
V2= D2
1−⌊ ⌋
D1

l m3 1hr m3
1. Qact = 600 hr * 1000 l * 3600 sec = 0.00016 sec

√
2∗9.81 ( 0.019 )
V2= 1−⌊
0.02
⌋4
0.035

m
=0.645 sec

Qideal = A2*V2
π
( D22 )
A= 4
 π
( 0.022 )
= 4

m2
= 0.00126

Qideal = A2*V2
= 0.00126*0.645
m3
= 0.000813 sec

Q act
Cd = Qideal

0.00016
= 0.000813 = 0.197

l m3 1hr m3
2. Qact = 800 hr * 1000 l * 3600 sec = 0.00022 sec

√
2∗9.81 ( 0.042 )
V2= 1−⌊
0.02
⌋4
0.035

m
=0.96 sec

Qideal = A2*V2
π
( D22 )
A= 4

π
( 0.022 )
= 4
 2
= 0.00126 m

Qideal = A2*V2
= 0.00126*0.96
m3
= 0.00121 sec

Q act
Cd = Qideal

0.00022
= 0.00121

= 0.182

l m3 1hr
3. Qact = 1000 hr * 1000 l * 3600 sec =
m3
0.00027 sec

√
2∗9.81 ( 0.058 )
V2= 1−⌊
0.02
⌋4
0.035

m
=1.128 sec

Qideal = A2*V2
 π
( D22 )
A= 4

π
( 0.022 )
= 4

= 0.00126 m2

Qideal = A2*V2
= 0.00126*1.128
3
m
= 0.00142 sec

Q act
Cd = Qideal

0.00027
= 0.00142

= 0.19

3 3
l m 1hr m
4-Qact = 1200 hr * 1000 l * 3600 sec = 0.00033 sec

√
2∗9.81 ( 0.08 )
V2= 1−⌊
0.02
⌋
0.035

m
=1.325 sec
Qideal = A2*V2
π
( D22 )
A= 4

π
( 0.022 )
= 4

= 0.00126 m2

Qideal = A2*V2
= 0.00126*1.325
m3
= 0.00167 sec

Q act
Cd = Qideal

0.00033
= 0.00167

= 0.198
l m3 1hr m3
5. Qact = 1400 hr * 1000 l * 3600 sec = 0.00038 sec

√
2∗9.81 ( 0.11 )
V2= 1−⌊
0.02
⌋4
0.035

m
=1.554 sec
 Qideal = A2*V2
π
( D22 )
A= 4

π
( 0.022 )
= 4

= 0.00126 m2

Qideal = A2*V2
= 0.00126*1.554
m3
= 0.00196 sec

Q act
Cd = Qideal

0.00038
= 0.00196

= 0.194
Cd V2 Qideal ∆h ∆h Qact Qact
m l
m mm m
3
m3
sec sec sec hr
0.19 0.64 0.0008 0.01 19 0.0001 600
7 5 13 9 6

0.18 0.96 0.0012 0.04 42 0.0002 800

2 1 2 2

0.19 1.12 0.0014 0.05 58 0.0002 100

8 2 8 7 0

0.19 1.32 0.0016 0.08 80 0.0003 120

8 5 7 3 0

0.19 1.55 0.0019 0.11 11 0.0003 140

4 4 6 0 8 0

Discussion:
1-In engineering practice, it is rarely possible
to measure the rate of flow of a fluid by a
direct volumetric or gravimetric
determination. Frequently, the metering is
accomplished by the observation of some
measurable quantity related to the rate of
discharge. Orifices, nozzles, Pitot and orifice
meter tubes produce a differential pressure
related to the flow velocity. The differential
pressure can be measured with a manometer,
pressure gage, or pressure sensor. Pressure
sensors are widely used because they provide
a voltage output that can be monitored easily
by computer.

2- After an experience we noticed several

errors in the readings due to lack of bubbles
out completely. In order to correct the piece
must take out all the bubbles from the
pipeline Rota meter by pressure on the tube
and then we pressing the pump to see the
difference between (h1, h2)
But if orifice meter diagonally may differ from
the usual orifice meter and the piece because
the angle changed.
3- To calculate theoretical discharge rate
through orifice meter (Qt) and to measure
actual flow rate (Qa) through orifice meter.To
determine the value of coefficient of
discharge Cd.

4- Also, there may be a slight difference

between Qact and Qideal teams called this
rate errors
Qideal−Qa c t
rate error=
Qact

An error rate as a result of the mistakes of the

process which may be the result of not
controlling the read QR or not to calculate the
exact time when the cylinder with water
movement. And took many different read and
QR's and get different results.
Diagram:
 12

10

6
∆h

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Qact