5.

Education in United Kingdom

In England, education is compulsory for children ages 5-16. Most children attend primary
schools until they are eleven and then transfer to secondary schools. In the primary school, the
subjects are taught by the same teacher for a year before moving on to the next teacher and
next grade level on the next year. (Sadker, 2002)

5.1. Basic Education

The core subjects of the national curriculum include English, Mathematics, and Science. Each
key level has definite emphasis that gradually becomes more advanced as the level progresses.

 Foundation Stage.
- This is included in the national curriculum which covers children aged 3-5 years,
but does not have a strong mandate as to what needs to happen during these
years of schooling as it is not yet mandatory.
 Key Stage One. It includes children aged 5-7 years and year groups grades 1-2.

core subjects
English,
Mathematics
Science
Non- core foundation subjects
design/technology
history
art/design
music
physical education

 Key Stage Two.

-It includes children aged 7 to 11 and year groups 3-6.
- Core and non- core foundation subjects, with more emphasis on more difficult
topics --- sex education to additional statutory areas which is left up to the policy
of school governors (school board).

 Key Stage Three.

- It includes children aged 11-14 years and year groups 7-9.
- It mandates the same basics in Key Stages One and Two, but adds Foreign
Language, and Information/Communication Technology to the mix while adding
appropriate difficulty to the core subjects.

 Key Stage Four.

- It includes those aged 14-16 and year groups 10-11.
- It covers the statutory program of study that must be taught to all students.
- Most schools include in their core curriculum courses that lead to qualifications.
five subject areas which are
-English
-Math
- Science
 - Information
- Communication Technology (ICT)
- Physical Education

 Post 16 Education.

It is not mandatory in England. Students can either continue education or enter the
working world. Some secondary schools go beyond the 11-16 mandate to 11-18 and the
student may stay there. If the high school does not offer these ‘Sixth Form” extra years,
the student may go to a “Further Education College” (FEC). The following certificates or
diploma can be awarded in the Post 16 Education.

5.2. Higher Education

- In 1992, the binary divide in the higher education system was abolished.

- Divisions continue to label pre-1992 universities as the “old” universities and former
polytechnics as the “new” universities.

- Universities are not only concerned with the undergraduate and postgraduate teaching.

- Master’s degree is usually achieved after two more years study following an Ordinary or
an Honours degree. The students are awarded M.A. or M.Sc.

- A doctorate is normally awarded after several years (three years full time) of research
under the direction of a member of a department in the possession of a doctorate and
the presentation of a doctoral dissertation or thesis.

6. Education in the United States of America

- The levels of education in the US are similar to those in other countries. Public schools are
funded by a city, state, or federal government, while private colleges and universities are
supported by tuition and private contributions. All students must pay the same tuition no matter
where they come from.

6.1. Basic Education

 Pre-primary education

- Type of school providing this education are kindergarten, nursery schools, preschool
programmes, child/day care centers.
- Age level is 4-6 years old and the duration is 2 Years.

 Primary education- elementary school-

There are varied levels of schooling in the primary education.
- Grades 1 to 4 children are from ages 6 to 10. Transition to middle school
- Grades 1 to 5 children are from ages 6 to 11 transition to middle school
- Grades 1 to 6 children are from ages 6 to 12 transition to junior high school
- Grades 1 to 7- children are from ages 6 to 14 transition to junior high school
  Middle school education
- Grades 4-6, 5-7, or 6-8
- Age level is from 10-14
- Length of the program is 3 years.

 Secondary education-high school

Grades 7-12 or 8-12
Ages 12-18 years old
-High school diploma is awarded.
2 levels
- Junior high school
Grades 7-8, 7-9, or 8-9
Ages 12-14 years old

- Senior high school

Grades 9-12, or 10-12
Ages 14-18 years old.

Duration of compulsory education is from entry of 6 years Old to exit of 18 years old.

6.2. Higher Education

These higher education institutions are classified according to the following categories:

- Research universities (I and II) - Comprehensive doctorate granting institutions that

have extensive theoretical and applied research in a wide variety of programs.

- Doctorate granting universities (I and II) - Universities offering comprehensive studies

but awards Doctorate in limited fields or areas.

- Master’s (Comprehensive) universities and colleges (I and II) - Institutions offering

academic and professional programmes at the Bachelor’s and Master’s levels but do not
award research doctorate.
-
- Baccalaureate (Liberal Arts) Colleges (I and II) - Institutions offering Bachelor’s
degrees but not higher. Associate of Arts colleges.

- Professional school and other specialized institutions- Institutions that offer only
one or few related courses in the professional or academic with degree levels from
associate to research doctorates.

- Postsecondary vocational and technical schools- Institutions offering short non-

degree training programs of less than two years duration, leading to certificates or
diplomas in occupational specialties.

7. Education in New Zealand

- New Zealand education system is world-class, modern and responsive.

 - It combines proven, traditional principles of education with innovation, creativity and
fresh thinking to produce learners and citizens equipped for the 21" century (New
Zealand Ministry of Education, 2012).

7.1. Basic Education

- School is compulsory for all children in New Zealand from age 6 to 16, and eligible for
free education if they are New Zealand citizens or residents. The average number of
students to teachers is 18 to 1 in primary and 15 to 1 in secondary schools. There are
three types of schools: state-funded, state integrated and private.

The core subjects include:

- English
- Health and Physical education
- Language Mathematics and statistics
- Science
- Social Science
- Technology The Arts
-
- Secondary schools may add other subjects such as accounting, art history, media
studies and specialized science and language studies. There are five competencies
covered by the national curriculum.

These Are:

1. Thinking
2. Using language, symbols, and texts-different ways to Communicate and understand
information
3. Managing self- “can-do” attitude
4. Relating to others- being able to listen, see different points of view and share ideas.
5. Participating and contributing-big a group member and including others

The national curriculum includes a vision for the young people to be confident, lifelong earners.
It also requires the importance of different cultures to value:

- Excellence (aiming high and sticking at it)

- Innovation, inquiry and curiosity (thinking, exploring and creating)
- Diversity (different cultures, languages, and backgrounds)
- Respect (for themselves, for others, for human rights)
- Equity (faimess and justice)
- Community and participation (taking part)
- Ecological sustainability (caring for the environment)
- Integrity (being honest and responsible)
  Primary schools
- New Zealand law requires all children aged six years and over to be in schools by the
age of five, with the first three years in primary education followed by five more years in
secondary school.
 Secondary schools
- Students progress through five levels and must stay until age 17-18. In the first two
years of secondary, grade 9 and 10, all students learn English, Mathematics, Science
and Technology, social studies, arts, physical education and health education.

 School Term
- The New Zealand school year is divided into four terms for primary, intermediate and
secondary schools.
- The exact dates change from year to year. School day usually begins at 9:00 am and
ends at 3:00 pm or 3:30 pm.
- The terms are;

Term 1- Early February until mid-April

Term 2- Late April until the beginning of July
Term 3- Mid-July until later September
Term 4- Mid-October until Mid-December

7.2. Higher Education

Universities in New Zealand

- There are eight government-funded universities in New Zealand and all have
internationally respected academic and research standards.
 - The academic year for Universities start in March to November. However, there are
also courses in the universities that start in July. Summer semester courses may be
available.

Institutes of Technology and Polytechnics

- New Zealand Institutes of Technology and Polytechnics are state-owned and offer
courses that are equivalent in merit to those offered as degrees in universities. There are
20 polytechnic and technology institutes in the country. They also offer short term
courses that may begin any time of the year.

Private Training Institutions and English Language Programs

- There are around 800 private education providers in the country, many of which are
offering short-term English language courses.

8. Education in the Philippines

- This section will introduce the basic information on the current implementation of some K to 12
Curriculum and the forthcoming higher education programs.

8.1. Basic Education (K to 12)

K to 12 basic education in the Philippines consists of Kindergarten, six (6) years of elementary,
four (4) years of junior high school and two (2) years of senior high school. Kindergarten
became mandatory in SY 2012-2013. The teaching in Kindergarten is built around six domains.

From Grades 1 to 10, is a core of academic subjects taught using the spiral progression
approach. This means that the same concepts are taught across subject areas in increasing
breadth and depth.

Grades 1 to 10

Subjects are:

Languages (Mother Tongue, Filipino, English), Math, Science, Social Studies, Technology and
Livelihood Education (TLE) and Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health. (MAPEH). Mother
Tongue is used as the medium of instruction from K to

Grade 3 and is taught as a subject only in Grades 1, 2 and 3. Science as a subject is taught
only beginning Grade 3. TLE is taught starting Grade 4 until Grade 10.

Grades 11 and 12

the subjects are:

-Languages (Filipino and English)

-Math

- Science
-Social Studies combined with TLE – Career Pathways.

Elementary Education is concerned with the learners’ mastery of basic skills and
competencies.

Secondary education is geared towards the consolidation of these knowledge and skills
mastered at the elementary level and is focused on equipping the learner with employable
gainful skills or preparing him/her for middle level skills development or higher education.

The new Philippine Basic Education ladder is shown in the chart below:

The K to 12 Basic Education Program

8.2. Higher Education

- Currently, students who graduate in high school consisting of four years may proceed to
colleges, universities or technical vocational institutions, which are classified as higher
education institutions.

- Higher education institutions are supervised by a government agency called the Commission
on Higher Education or CHED

- Most of the college degree programs require passing a licensure examination for the specific
profession. Some examples are Nursing, Dentistry, Medical Technology, Engineering,
Medicine and Teaching. The examinations are given by the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC) while for Law, the examination is given by the Supreme Court.

After completing the bachelor’s or baccalaureate degrees,

- courses in the master’s program of two years

- doctoral programs for three to five years are offered by authorized colleges and
universities.