SECONDARY EDUCATION IN

COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
1
Unit 6
Secondary Education
Corse Code: 8624
B. Ed.
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
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After study this chapter student will be able to:

1. Relate the comparative education with its purposes.
2. State the reason of comparative study for teachers.
3. Analysis the secondary education system across the
countries.
4. Identify the types of institutions play vital role in
secondary education.
5. Secondary Education in UK, USA, Japan,
Germany, Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Sri Lanka
 COMPARATIVE EDUCATION
3

Comparative Education as a discipline, the study of

educational systems in which one seeks to understand the
similarities and differences among educational systems
(Getao,1996).
Noah and Eckstein (1969) defined comparative education as
follows:
Comparative Education is potentially more than a collection of
data and perspectives from social science applied to education
in different countries. Neither the topic of education nor the
cross-national dimension is central to any of the social
sciences; nor are the social science concerns and the cross-
national dimension central to the works of educators.
 SECONDARY EDUCATION IN
COMPARATIVE
4
PERSPECTIVE
There are some purpose of studying secondary
education in comparative prospective
1. Enhance one's own understanding
2. To generalize educational concepts
3. To know other people
4. To improve education at home
5. To make people practical
6. Humanitarian reasons
7. Problem solving
8. International standards
9. To expose people to innovations
EDUCATION SYSTEM OF
UNITED KINGDOM

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 SECONDARY EDUCATION IN UK
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Secondary Schools
Secondary education lasts for another five to seven years.
Students who are between 12 and 16 years old are legally
required to attend a secondary school in the UK. This stage
of compulsory education is called “lower secondary”.
Upon completing lower secondary, students should be
ready to start a job and take up vocational training, in or
outside of the workplace. Or they go on to “upper
secondary” or “sixth form”, where 16-year-old to 18-year-
old teens prepare for university.
 A-LEVEL EXAMS
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Most British students will probably opt for the A-level degree
rather than the Diploma.
 A-level exams are the main admission requirement for an
undergraduate degree at universities in the UK
Assessment for grading a student’s A-levels is based on
coursework, written exams, and – in some cases, e.g. art –
their practical skills. The selection and number of A-level
courses may already influence a student’s success in applying
for university. But no matter how impressed the admission
office is with a candidate’s academic skills, he or she will
only get a “conditional offer” for a place in a degree course
 A-LEVEL RESULTS
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Nationwide A-level results are normally published in

August.
Then students know if they can indeed attend their
university of choice. If they don’t get the necessary
grades, they may be forced to give up their place at
university and select a different course.
Curriculum
Students also must learn at least one foreign language,
take citizenship classes, and attend personal, social and
health education.
 GCSEs AND DIPLOMAS
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After three years in secondary school, kids are officially assessed by
their teachers. Students then need to choose their subjects for the
nationwide GCSE exams. GCSEs are mandatory examinations at the
end of year 11, i.e. the students’ fifth year in secondary school.
The Diploma is available on four levels with increasing qualifications
(foundation / higher / progression / advanced).
Each of these levels is equivalent to a certain number of GCSE or A-
level credit points.
EDUCATION SYSTEM OF
UNITED STATES

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 SECONDARY EDUCATION IN USA
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 Secondary education in the US starts after sixth grade which

however, again varies from state to state.
 Students completing secondary education after 12th grade are
certified with High School Diploma.
 In the US education system, students should obtain a high
school diploma before applying to college or university.
 International students who would like to attend an American
college or university must have completed coursework and
equivalent years of education as taught at an American high
school.
 CURRICULUM IN USA
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The curriculum widely varies in quality and rigidity;

for instance, some states consider 70 (on a 100-point scale) to
be a passing grade while others consider it to be as low as 60 or
as high as 75.
in the United States: Science (biology, chemistry, and physics),
Mathematics (usually three years minimum, including algebra,
geometry, algebra II, and/or pre-calculus / trigonometry),
English (four years) , Social Science (various history,
government, and economics courses, always including
American history) , Physical education (at least one year).
 ADVANCED PLACEMENT (AP) PROGRAM
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 Many US secondary school districts and private schools allow
students to participate in the Advanced Placement (AP)
programme of the College Board. This programme allows
qualified students to take college level introductory courses in
selected subjects taught by certified faculty

.
EDUCATION SYSTEM OF
JAPAN

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 EDUCATION INSYSTEM OF JAPAN
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Education is compulsory and free for all school children from the first
through the ninth grades.
The school year begins on April 1 and ends on March 31 of the
following year.
Schools use a trimester system demarcated by vacation breaks.
 Japanese children attend school five full weekdays and one-half day
on Saturdays.
 The school year has a legal minimum of 210 days, but most local
school boards add about thirty more days for school festivals, athletic
meets, and ceremonies with nonacademic educational objectives,
especially those encouraging cooperation and school spirit.
With allowance made for the time devoted to such activities and the
half-day of school on Saturday, the number of days devoted to
instruction is about 195 per year.
 LOWER-SECONDARY SCHOOL
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Lower-secondary school covers grades seven,

eight, and nine-- children between the ages of
roughly twelve and fifteen--with increased focus on
academic studies.
 Although it is still possible to leave the formal
education system after completing lower secondary
school and find employment, fewer than 4 percent
did so by the late 1980s.
 CURRICULUM IN JAPAN
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All course contents are specified in the Course of
Study for Lower-Secondary Schools.
Some subjects, such as Japanese language and
mathematics, are coordinated with the elementary
curriculum.
Others, such as foreign-language study, usually
English, begin at this level.
The curriculum covers Japanese language, social
studies, mathematics, science, music, fine arts, health,
and physical education.
EDUCATION SYSTEM OF
GERMANY

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 SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN GERMANY
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The secondary education system includes multiple programs at

both the lower secondary and upper secondary levels.
These programs emphasize either vocational skills or preparation
for tertiary-level education, depending on the track.
Hauptschule programs usually end after grade 9 and conclude
with the award of the “Zeugnis des Hauptschulabschlusses”
(certificate of completion of Hauptschule)
Programs offered at the Realschule are academically more
demanding and last until grade 10. Students graduate with the
“Zeugnis des Realschulabschlusses” (certificate of completion
of Realschule
 UPPER-SECONDARY EDUCATION – THE
VOCATIONAL “DUAL SYSTEM”
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The most common form of secondary vocational education,

however, has a heavy focus on practical training. More than
50 percent of German vocational students learn in a work-
based education system. This so-called “dual system,”
which combines theoretical classroom instruction with
practical training embedded in a real-life work environment
 TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS IN GERMANY
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In addition to non-tertiary higher education and government

schools, Germany currently has 396 state-recognized higher
education institutions. The institutions are of two types: 181
universities and university-equivalent institutions, including
specialized pedagogical universities, theological
universities, and fine arts universities; and 215 so-called
universities of applied sciences (Fachhochschulen).
EDUCATION SYSTEM OF
INDONESIA

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 SECONDARY EDUCATION IN INDONESIA
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 According to the National Education Law No. 2/1989 and the
Government Regulation No. 28/1990, basic education is a general
education program with a duration of nine years—six years of
primary education and three years of junior secondary education.
 Nine-year Compulsory Basic Education Program attempts to provide
an education for every Indonesian in the 7 to 15 age group.
 Academic Year
 At the primary and secondary levels the school year lasts 38 weeks
on the average.
 The average length of teaching periods on the primary level is
 30 minutes in grades one and two
 40 minutes in grades three to six
 45 minutes in junior secondary school.
 CURRICULUM IN INDONESIA
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Classroom instruction is provided in the national Bahasa

Indonesian language Curriculum Development Secondary
School Education
This program covers study materials and subjects required
for Class l and II students: Pancasila education and
citizenship, religious education, Indonesian language and
literature, national and general history, English language,
physical and health education, mathematics, natural
sciences, social sciences, and arts education.
 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN INDONESIA
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Vocational secondary school implements education programs

according to the perceived present and future demands for
employment types.
The vocational secondary school curriculum program is
envisioned to be completed in three to four years.
The curriculum is divided into six groups:
1. the agricultural and forestry group
2. the industrial technology group
3. the business and management group
4. the community welfare group
5. the tourism group
6. the arts and handicraft group
EDUCATION SYSTEM OF
MALAYSIA

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 SECONDARY EDUCATING IN MALAYSIA
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The Malaysian education system encompasses education beginning from pre-

school to university.
Pre-tertiary education (pre-school to secondary education) is under the
jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education
Primary education (a period of 6 years)
 Secondary education (5 years which encompasses 3 years of lower secondary
and 2 years of upper secondary) make up 11 years of free education.
Upon completion of secondary education, students can opt to pursue 1 to 2
years of postsecondary education.
This is the university entrance preparatory course.
In total, the 12 years of school education serves as the basic entry requirement
into Year One of a bachelor’s degree programme in higher educational
institutions.
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 FUNDS FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
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 Government-funded Educational Institutions

 The Government provides more than 95% of primary and
secondary education as well as about 60% of the tertiary
education.
 Private-funded Educational Institutions
 The private education providers in Malaysia can be broadly
grouped into 2 categories,
 depending on the levels of education offered,
 ranging from pre-school to tertiary education.
EDUCATION SYSTEM OF
CHINA

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 EDUCATING SYSTEM IN CHINA
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The Ministry of Education, headquartered in Beijing, is

the state department responsible for the education system
in China.
To serve the needs of over 1 billion people, China has
developed a vast and thorough state administered public
education system.
The Chinese education system offers 128 schooling from
pre-school to graduate school and mandates that every
child receive a basic education.
Nine-Year Compulsory Education (by Law)
 MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM IN CHINA
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The modern education system of China is composed of three parts:

 Pre-school education
Basic education
Higher education.
LEVELS OF EDUCATIONS IN CHINA
1. Primary school, for children ages 6 to 11, covers the first six years of
their compulsory education
2. Junior middle school In junior middle school students will complete
grades 7, 8, and 9, as well as their compulsory education requirement.
3. Senior middle school, the equivalent of high school in the United
States, and finish grades 10, 11, and 12.
4. University or entering the workforce
 CURRICULUM IN CHINA
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The curriculum of elementary school includes Chinese,

Math, English, PE (Physical Education), Music, Drawing,
Science, and Morality / Ethics in primary schools.
 However, only Chinese, Math and PE are set up in many
rural areas.
EDUCATION SYSTEM OF
SRI-LANKA

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 EDUCATION SYSTEM IN SRI-LANKA
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The right to a free education was enshrined in the Sri Lankan

Constitution of 1978, which also mandates compulsory schooling
between the ages of 5 and 14. The current school system – in
place since 1985 – is 13 years total and based on a structure of:
 Primary (5 years)
Junior secondary ( 4 years)
Senior secondary ( 2 years)
Collegiate or pre-university(2 years).
Higher education is based on a structure of 3+2+2 to 5.
 Nine-Year Compulsory Education (by Law)
 TYPES OF SCHOOLS & ACADEMIC YEAR
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TYPES OF SCHOOLS IN SRI LANKA

1. National Schools
2. Provincial School
3. Private schools
4. Religious School
THE ACADEMIC YEAR IN SRI LANKA
University Level:
School Education:
School education is conducted from January to December
and divided into three terms.
university level, from October to June
 CURRICULUM IN SRI-LANKA
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The two main languages of instruction are Sinhala and Tamil.

The curriculum at most public schools at junior Secondary

includes instruction in the student’s first language, English, a

second national language, mathematics, religion, history,
science and technology, health and physical education,
practical and technical skills, social studies, life competencies
and aesthetic studies.
 REFERENCES
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Clark,. N.(2011). Education in Sri Lanka. Retrieved from http://wenr.wes.org/2011/05/ wenr-may-2011-feature

 Indonesia - Educational System—overview. Retrieved from

http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/662/Indonesia-EDUCATIONALSYSTEM OVERVIEW.html

MALAYSIA Education System. Retrieved from http://www.gel.co.tz/index.php/ malaysia-education-system

Trines,. T(2016). Education in Germany. Retrieved from http://wenr.wes.org/2016/11/ education-in-Germany

 US-Secondary-Education-System. http://www.usaeducation.info/USA-Education System/ Secondary-

Education.html
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