jonaTan edvardsi da “diadi gamoRviZeba”

`diაdi gamoRviZeba~

amerikuli filosofiuri azri XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan emzadeboda Tvisebrivi brunisaken,

romelsac unda Camoeyalibebina sakuTriv amerikuli filosofiuri azri, moemzadebina erovnuli
erTianobis suli.
am procesSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ramdenime faqtori, romelTa Soris
gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis matarebelia orTodoqsuli puritanizmis wiaRSi Casaxuli
saRvTismetyvelo – filosofiuri, ufro farTod-kulturuli moZraoba, romelic amerikuli kulturis
istoriaSi Sesulia saxeliT `diაdi gamoRviZeba~ Great awakening (1720-1750). es moZraoba
miznad isaxavda puritanuli pietizmis* daxvewas, RvTismsaxurTa ukiduresi orTodoqsuli
dogmatikis kritikul gadaxedvas. `inteleqtualTa~, Tavisi bunebiT revoluciuri moZraoba, miznad
isaxavda amboxs `puritanuli elitis~ winaaRmdeg. `diაdma gamoRviZebam” gansakuTrebulad
mniSvnelovani adgili daikava amerikuli TviTcnobierebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.
misi mTavari figurebi iyvnen: kalvinizmis cnobili kritikosi jorj uaiTfildi, filosofosi da
sasuliero piri jonaTan edvardsi, presbiterianuli eklesiis wevrebi: teneti da devisi.
puritanuli orTodoqsiis centri–bostoni ubrZolvelad “danebda” inglisidan Camosul cnobil
orators, evangelist jorj uaiTfilds.

*pietizmi-protestantizmis wiaRSi Camoyalibebuli religiuri moZraobaa, romelic miznad isaxavda civi da

mSrali TeologiisaTvis emociis STabervas. misi ideali aqtiuri, bejiTi (pietas), mkacr zneobaze damyarebuli
qristianobaa. maqs veberi pietizms uwodebs asketuri protestantizmis racionaluri eTikis matarebels.
bostonidan es moZraoba swrafad gavrcelda mTels amerikaSi. amerikuli filosofiis
mkvlevari pol konkini samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom moZraoba
warmoadgenda eqstravaganturi enTuziazmisa da Rrma
morwmuneobis, moralisturi ukidiresobebisa da humanistur
reformaTa wyurvilis, mcired ganswavlul mqadagebelTa da Rrmad
ganswavlul evangelistTa uCveulo sinTezs (Conkin: 1963, gv. 55).
 `diაdi gamoRviZebis~, rogorc praqtikuli-reformatoruli moZraobis momzadebaSi,
aqtiurad iyo CarTuli e.w. `ganaxlebis~ moZraoba (ingl. `revival” – ganaxleba, gamoRviZeba).
misi warmomadgenlebi apelirebdnen morwmuneTa sakraluri grZnobebze, cdilobdnen
gaeRvivebinaT uzenaesis mimarT wrfeli, qvena grZnobebiT SeubRalveli, dauinteresebeli
siyvaruli. araformaluri xasiaTis qadageba warmoadgenda maTi aqtivobis ZiriTad formats,
romelic umeteswilad Ria cis qveS imarTeboda. qadagebebi atarebdnen rigiTi mrevlisaken
mimarTuli intimuri, individualuri saubrebis saxes da aRwevdnen mrevlis nebismieri wevris
gonebasa da gulSi. `diაdi gamoZRviZebis~ wyalobiT რწმენა TandaTanobiT iqca Rrma
pirovnul gamocdilebad.
`didაi gamoRviZebis~ Teoriuli safuZvlebi unda veZioT kongregacionalizmis ganviTarebis
logikur sqemebSi. amerikaSi XVI – XVII saukuneebis inglisidan emigrirebuli opoziciuri
suliskveTebis kongregacionalizmi iqca dominantur eklesiad. mkvlevarebs miaCniaT, rom
protestantuli ganwyoba, romelic mZlavrobda am mimdinareobaSi mkveTrad dasustda da XVIII
saukunis dasawyisisaTvis saerTod Caqra. kongregacionalizmi SeuZlebelia moazrebul iqnes
`aRorZinebisa~da `ganaxlebis~ terminebis gareSe. `ganaxlebis~ moZraobis ZiriTadi moTxovnac
esaa – morwmunis Sinaganad gacnobierebuli ganaxleba, misi sulieri aRorZineba, romelic
miiRweva sakuTar sindisTan da rwmenasTan konfliqtis gadalaxvis gziT. `ganaxlebis~
moZraobis Teoretikosebma win wamoswies bibliuri `saswaulebis~ gagebis problema. isini
cdilobdnen daemtkicebinaT, rom `saswauli~ ar SeiZleba aixsnas simbolurad; rom saWiroa
teqstidan amosvla, `saswulis~ gagebisas erTmniSvnelovnad unda davemyaroT mxolod
teqstualur analizs, teqstis kiTxvas. moZraoba aerTianebda rogorc inteleqtual liderebs, aseve
codnisa da kulturis idealebisagan Sors mdgar ubralo adamianebs, romlebic moZraobis ZiriTad
birTvs warmoadgendnen.
axali inglisis karze momdgari ganmanaTlebloba misi fuZemdebluri ideebiT: adamianTa
bunebiTi Tanasworobis, warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobisa da socialur ganaxlebaTa
aucileblobis Sesaxeb, mSvenivrad moergo `diაdi gamoRviZebis~ suliskveTebas.
amerikeli filosofosi da Teologi jonaTan edvardsi, puritanizmSi “ganaxlebis moZraobis”
aSkara mxardamWeri iyo. igi eseSi `ramodenime azri axal inglisSi amJamad mimdinare, religiis
gamoRviZebis Taobaze~ (1742) `diაd gamoZRviZebas~ ukavSirebs RvTaebriv
winaswarmetyvelebas, radganac WeSmariti qristianobis warmomadgenlebi dasaxldnen aRqmul
miwaze RvTis gangebiT, raTa yvelaze WeSmariti qristianuli eklesia aeSenebinaT, maT
evalebaT sindisisa da rwmenis `diაdi gamoRviZebis~ winamZRoloba. emociur-amaRlebuli
preludiis Semdeg, edvardsi mimarTavs Teologiur argumentacias, moyavs adgilebi bibliidan,
gamosvlaTa wignidan, riTac asabuTebs, rom uflis aRmSeneblobiTi misia dedamiwaze daiwyeba
samyaros Soreul nawilSi, romelic wyliTaa garemoculi da mxolod xomaldiTaa SesaZlebeli iq
misvla. gamosvlaTa am TavSi mocemulia winaswarmetyveleba imis Taobaze, rom swored am
adgilas gaifurCqneba eklesia. `me sxva araferze SemiZlia vifiqro garda amerikisa, romelic aq
nawinaswarmetyvelebia, rogorc Soreuli kunZulebi, sadac movlen Zeni brwyinvale momavlidan~
(Baritz: 1966, gv. 91-92).
msgavsi azrebiT iyo gamsWvaluli revaivelist moZRvarTa qadagebebi da saubrebi. isini
uRvivebdnen amerikelebs siamayis grZnobas, patriotul suliskveTebas, ajerebdnen maT
gansakuTrebuli istoriuli misiis arsebobaSi.
`gamoRviZebis~ liderebis mier umaRles donemde iyo ayvanili qadagebis xelovneba.
qadagebas msmeneli unda mieyavana eqstazur mdgomareobamde, unda gamoewvia masSi
sulieri aRmavloba da ganwmenda, Seeqmna rwmenis ganaxlebis SegrZneba, msmenelTa
warmosaxva mTlianad unda miemarTa ufalTan erTobis transcendentalur gancdasTan.
qadagebebi tradiciulad imarTeboda bunebis wiaRSi- mzis Casvlis, an amosvlis dros; es
amZafrebda saTqmelis efeqts da srulad ipyrobda msmenelTa sulsa da guls. buneba pirvelad iqna
gamoiyenebuli, rogorc RvTaebrivi manifestaciis Tanamyofi, da ara rogorc pasiuri, statikuri
ram... buneba, rogorc masinTezirebeli RvTaebrivis, bunebrivisa da adamianurisa; rogorc
RvTaebriv – sulieris, bunebriv – sulierisa da adamianur – sulieris erToba. amgvari gagebiT
xasiaTdeboda moZraobis suliskveTeba da msoflaRqma.
`diაdma gamoRviZebam~ puritanizmSi Seitana esTetikur-emociuri feni. mSral da
ukiduresad mkarc puritanul `xelovnebas~ daupirispirda si- cocxliT aRsavse personuli
samyarouli xedva.
puritanuli elita nabij-nabij kargavda poziciebs. es tendencia upirvelesad aisaxa oficialuri
eklesiis mdgomareobaze. Zveli, mravali wlis istoriis mqone mrevli gaifanta, warmoiSva
sxvadasxva araoficialuri religiuri mimdinareobebi. `didma gamoRviZebam~ daangria puritanuli
eklesiuri institutebis dominanturi mdgomareoba da biZgi misca meTodizmisa da baptizmis
gaCenas, romelTac Zalian male moipoves popularoba da gaimravles mrevli.
tradiciuli puritanuli dogmatikiT imedgacruebam, saboloo jamSi gamoiwvia misi uaryofa.
axal inglisSi ubralo amerikeli miubrunda puritanizmis sawyisebs. im ideebs, ris gamoc man
datova evropuli sazogadoeba. `ganaxlebis~ moZraobis mier agorebulma talRam dRis wesrigSi
daayena politikuri moTxovnebi, moamzada damoukideblobisTvis gamarTuli samoqalaqo omi,
rasac moyva axali saxelmwifoebrivobis Seqmna. `diაdi gamoRviZeba~ iqca amerikis istoriaSi
momavalis safuZvliani gardaqmnebis macned.
 jonaTan edvardsi

jonaTan edvardsi (Jonathan Edwards 1703-1759) aris

`diაdi gamoRviZebis~ sulisCamdgmeli, Teoretikosi da
aqtiuri moRvawe. mkvlevarebi mas xSirad pirvel amerikel
filosofosac uwodeben. Aedvardsi Ndaibada ZirZvel
amerikul ojaxSi; misi winaprebis umravlesoba sasuliero piri
iyo; misi mama iyo kongregacionalisturi eklesiis
winamZRoli. Tavad edvardsic sasuliero ierarqias miekuTvneboda. gansakuTrebuli niWiT
dajildovebul edvards, 13 wlisas iReben ielis universitetSi. 1756 wels mas irCeven prinstonis
kolejis sapatio prezidentad. edvardsi cnobili iyo rogorc Rrma inteleqtualuri codnis mqone
RvTismetyveli da ritori; gansakuTrebuli iyo misi unari filosofiuri argumentirebisa.
edvardsis filosofiur-Teologiuri naazrevis mizani iyo puritanizmis radikaluri gadaazreba
lokis filosofiis konservatuli interpretaciis gziT. edvardsis ZalisxmeviT amerikulma filosofiur-
Teologiurma skolam umaRles akademiur dones miaRwia. kerZod, misi Tanadrouli evropuli
filosofiis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, man SesZlo puritanuli fundamentalizmis maxinji
formebis damarcxeba; rigi dogmatebis daTmobiT, Seecada moegeriebina modernistebis
Semotevebi da daecva puritanuli doqtrinebi deizmisagan. man moamzada amerikuli
puritanizmis filosofia ganmanaTleblobisaTvis.

rac Seexeba gavlenebs, aq upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT: sqolastikurad

interpretirebuli aristotelizmi, ramizmi da axali evropuli filosofia, kerZod. dekartes, lokisa da
niutonis naaazrevi.

^* * *

edvardsis SemoqmedebiTi gza or etapad iyofa: 1) `diაdi gamoRviZebis~ moZraoba 2)

zomieri fundamentalizmi da sakuTriv filosofiuri moRvaweoba.
 XVIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi moZlierebuli `diაdi gamoRviZeba~ mTels amerikSi
vrceldeba. am dros edvardsi aris koneqtikutis kongregacionalisturi eklesiis winamZRoli.
`ganaxlebis~ moZraobis “duRili” mis mrevlsac miswvda. axalgazrda sasuliero pirisa da
RvTismetyvelisgan moiTxovs radikaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebas. igi ver rCeba gulgrili
ganviTarebuli movlenebis mimarT da saTaveSi udgeba moZraobas. misi arCevani ar iyo
martivi- igi waawyda seriozul winaaRmdegobas im Zalebisagan, romlebic tradiciul Teokratias
uWerdnen mxars. amave dros, sul male, daaxloebiT or weliwadSi, Tavad rivaivelistTa
moZraobSic gamoikveTa radikalur fundamentalistTa frTa. edvardsi ver egueboda radikalizmis
veranair gamovlinebas da mas mouwia brZola rogorc tradiciuli puritanizmis konservator
momxreebTan, ise fanatikos rivaivelistTa winaaRmdeg. mwvave religiuri brZolis Sesaxeb
sakuTari mosazrebebi edvardsma Camoayaliba naSromSi `traqtati religiuri grZnobebis Sesaxeb~
(1746); erTi saukunis Semdeg am traqtats umaRlesi Sefaseba misca uiliam jeimzma.
fundamentalisturi `ganaxlebis~ moZraobis Secdomebma edvards ubiZga Sexedulebebis
gadaxedvisaken. igi fiqrobs, rom `gamoRviZeba~ unda iyos marTuli, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi RvTismsaxureba anarqiad gadaiqceva. sakuTari poziciis gatarebis mcdelobas
mohyva edvardsis gadayeneba winamZRvris postidan. edvardsi tovebs qalaqs, Stats da iwyebs
indielTa tomebSi misionerul moRvaweobas. ukacriel daba stokbrijSi dasaxlebuli edvardsi 1751-
58 wlebs mTlianad uTmobs filosofiur moRvaweobas. es wlebi metad nayofieri gamodga
misTvis. am periodSi daiwera oTxi naSromi: `Tavisufal nebaze~ (1754), `pirvelSobili codvis
dacvisaTvis~ (1758), `WeSmariti sikeTis bunebisaTvis~ (1765), `samyaros RvTaebrivi
Semoqmedebis mizani~ (1765). am naSromTa wyalobiT igi iqca umniSvnelovanes figurad
amerikul filosofiaSi.
filosofiur-Teologiur traqtatebSi edvardsma scada kalvinisturi rwmenis simbolos filosofiur
bazisze daefuZnebina. edvardsis filosofiur – Teologiuri memkvidreoba lokisa da niutonis
swavlebaTa gamoyenebis saukeTeso nimuSia.

edvardsis filosofiis msoflmxedvelobiTi principebi.

edvardsis filosofiuri xedvis Camoyalibebaze udidesi gavlena iqonia axali drois inglisurma
filosofiam, kerZod jon lokis, isaak niutonisa da jorj berklis naSromebma. axali drois evropuli
azris am ori mimarTulebis-empirizmisa da deizmis- principuli davis pirobebSi gamoikveTa
edvardsis originaluri pozicia.
lokis empirizmisa da niutonis deisturi fizikis Seswavlam edvardsi miiyvana im
daskvnamde, rom maTi midgomebi aryevs puritanuli orTodoqsiis ideur safuZvlebs. magram
edvardsisaTvis arcerTi midgoma ar aris uarsayofi, piriqiT, misi amocanaa gamoiyenos
nebismieri saRi azri, koncefcia, idea, xedva puritanizmis filosofiuri modernizaciis
mimarTulebiT; Tavisi suliskveTebiT emTxveva rivaivelistur kompaniis zogad CarCos.
upirvelesad, edvardsi miznad isaxavs lokis filosofiis konservatul interpretacias, raTa amiT igi
moaqcios amerikuli puritanizmis sivrceSi. lokis ideaTa Teoriis gadmocemas exeba traqtati
`SeniSvnebi azrovnebis Sesaxeb~. igi upirobod iRebs ideaTa lokiseul klasifikacias:
1. martivi ideebi, romlebic iyofa Sinagani da garegani cdis ideebad.
2. rTuli ideebi
3. zogadi ideebi (abstraqciebi)

martivi ideebi is ideebia, romlebic ar iyofa nawilebad, esaa absoluturad cxadi

warmodgenebi moZraobaze, sivrceze, nebaze, ferze.
rTuli ideebi- meqanikuri jamia martivi ideebisa, maTi kombinirebis rezultati.
zogadi ideebi- igive cnebebia, romlebic saganTa da movlenaTa klasebs warmoadgenen.
yoveli sxeuli Sedgeba atomisagan, atomi – ganuyofelobis substanciuri Tvisebis matarebelia. is
Tavisi bunebiTac ganuyofelia.
am sqemidan naTlad Cans, rom edvardsi ar aris ubralo epigoni lokianuri filosofiisa. igi
cdilobs lokis empirizmis morigebas puritanul TeologiasTan. igi warmogvidgens atomizmis
originaluri wakiTxvis mcdelobas. amerikeli mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom nebismieri sxeuli aris an
atomi, an aris Semdgari atomebisagan. atomi, edvardsis mixedviT, aris mcire zomebis
materialuri substancia. amavdroulad igi ganuyofelobis substanciuri Tvisebis matarebelia, anu
yvelaferi rac bunebiT ganuyofelia atomebs ganekuTvneba. (Flower, E. & Murphy:1977, gv.143).
amerikeli filosofosi ganuyoflobas utolebs simkvrives. isini erTi rigis movlenad cxaddeba.
edvardsi midis ufro Sors da tolobis niSnans svavs simkvirives, materialurobasa da
substanciurobas Soris. simkvirivis gareSe ar arsebobs sxeulebrivoba – amtkicebs edvardsi da
gamoyavs mniSvnelovani daskvna, rom substancia, romelic filosofosTa mier moiazreboda,
rogorc TviTkmari da yovelive myarisa da arsebulis safuZveli,“aris TavisTavad arsebuli
simkvrivisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli~(Flower, E. & Murphy, M.:1977, gv.143). simkvrivisa da
winaaRmdegobrivobis gaTanabrebas loki miyavs sxeulebis winaaRmdegobrivi substanciis
modusebad gadaqcevamde, anu lokTan sxeuli warmoadgens winaaRmdegobrivobis Tvisebas.
lokTan substancionaluri `sayrdeni~ materialuri xasiaTisaa. edvardsi sxvagvarad fiqrobs.
gamomdinare iqedan, rom sxeuli aris winaaRmdegobrivoba, igi sxva araferia, Tu ara rTuli idea,
romelic awvdis warmodgenas mkvrivi sxeulis winaaRmdegobriobis Sesaxeb. amgvarad, sxeulis
winaaRmdegobrivoba rTuli ideebis sferos ganekuTvneba da radganac sxeulebi warmoSobiT
idealurni arian, edvardsis mixedviT _ `samyaro idealuria~. `davuSvaT, rom ori sfero arsebobs
gonebis gareT. maTSi araferia ex confession, garda winaaRmdegobrivobisa, anu kanonis
Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobas, sferos SigniT arsebuli sivrce gviwevs. sferos SigniT araferia
garda Zalisa, anu safuZvlisa. es rom sinamdvileSi ase iyos gamova rom, winaaRmdegoba
arsebobs damoukideblad da Zala da safuZveli winaaRmdegobaSia meore safuZvelTan da
winaaRmdegobis kanonTan, rac sruliad SeuZlebelia. gonebisgan damoukideblad ganxilviT
amgvar sasacilo Sedegamde mivalT. sakiTxi martivad gadawydeba, Tu winaaRmdegobrivobis
ideas modusad miviCnevT,… idea SeiZleba winaaRmdegobriobis matarebeli iyos. igi SeiZleba
moZraobdes, gaCerdes da mi-moZraobdes, rogorc wminda Zala, romelSic araferia realuri, mas
SeuZlia imoZraos da gaCerdes – es sruliad warmoudgenelia da amis Sesaxeb sityvis daZvrac ki
ar Rirs, amgvari midgoma CixSi Segviyvans“(Flower, E. & Murphy, M.:1977, gv.144). aqedan
gamomdinare edvardsi askvnis, rom samyaro idealuria; xolo Sesaqmesa da ideaTa ganviTarebis
kanoni aucilebeli da mudmivi. substanciis mxolod erT Tvisebaze dayvanas winaaRmdegobamde
mivyavarT, abstraqtuli Tvisebis obieqturad arseboba SeuZlebelia – igi unda iyos mxolod idea,
anu ganekuTvnebodes azrovnebis sferos.
am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi edvardsis pozicia avlens berklis filosofiis aSkara gavlenas.
edvardsis filosofiis mkvlevarebi faqtobriv masalebze dayrdnobiT amtkiceben, rom edvards ar
hqonda wakiTxuli berklis arcerTi naSromi (Miller, P.:1963, 61-62) da rom edvardsi
damoukideblad mivida cnobil berklianur formulamde “esse est percipi”– arseboba niSnavs iyo
aRqmuli.
edvardsi amtkicebs, rom mxolod cnobierebis matarebeli arsebebi arian dajildovebulni
yofierebis mTeli sisavseobiT. yvela sxva arsebulTa goniereba ganisazRvreba Semecnebadi
inteleqtis mqone arsebaTa arsebobis faqtiT. amasTan, mcdaria vamtkicoT, rom suli materialuri
samyaros aCrdilia; viTareba radikalurad sapirispiroa: swored suli aris misi WeSmariti arsi.
radganac materialur saganTa arseboba ganisazRvreba subieqtis aRqmiT, Tavad samyaros
arsebobac damokidebulia subieqtis mier mis Semecnebaze. sxva sityviT, Semecnebuli subieqti
qmnis samyaros. edvardsi aqve dasZens, rom samyaro mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT Seimecneba
(iqmneba) RmerTis mier kreaciis aqtiT. swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli samyaros arseboba.
edvardsi aRniSnavs, rom yovel subieqts SeuZlia da unda Seqmnas sakuTari samyaro, radganac
igi sayovelTaobis nawilis Semmecnebelicaa da mkvlevaric. aqedan igi askvnis, rom `(fizikur)
sxeulTa substancia xdeba ~ararad~ (sicarieled), anu sxvad arafrad, garda RmerTisa, romelic
sakuTari kanonebiT moqmedebs sivrcis im nawilSi, sadac misi myofoba gansakuTrebiT
aucilebelia.. ar arsebobs sxva substancia, garda RmerTisa. mxolod da mxolod momentis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad Cven mivmarTavT sxeulebriv arsebobas. gansacvifreblad zustadaa
naTqvami RmerTis Sesaxeb, rom igi aris “ens entium” (Flower, E. & Murphy, M.:1977, gv.144).
edvardsis mier miniSnebuli `ormagi~ (RmerTisa da subieqtis) kreacia qmnis puritanizmis
mier saZiebel formulas: yoveli calkeuli adamianis mier samyaros mecnierulad Semecneba
saboloo jamSi RmerTis Semecnebaa, RmerTisa, romelic SemoqmedebiTi inteleqtis wyalobiT
samyaros arsebobas `flobs~. am mignebaSi aSkarad Cans mecnieruli codnis SemoqmedebiTi
misia, is, riTac ararseboba arsebobad iqceva, rac bunebriv qaoss aniWebs sazriss da amiT adgens
harmoniasa da samyaroul wesrigs. es motivi kantTan da neokantianelebTanac iCens Tavs.
araras, sicarielisa da `korespondencis~ problema ZiriTad StrixebSi aisaxa edvardsis
ontologiiaSi. aqac edvardsi lokisagan radikalurad sapirispiro poziciazea. `arara sruliad
SeuZlebelia. adamianuri goneba, raginda ra siRrmiseulad ar ganviTardes, arasodes miva iqamde,
rom aRiaros absoluturi sicariele. am azris gafiqrebac ki gvaSfoTebs. igi sulis bunebas
ewinaaRmdegeba. igia yvelaze didi yvela winaaRmdegobaTa Soris da yvela im
winaaRmdegobas moicavs, romelic amtkicebs, rom sagani ar unda arsebobdes~ (Miller,
P. :1963, gv. 68, 78-79). sicarielisa da araras aRiareba, edvarsis azriT, RmerTis yoveladZlier
bunebas ewinaaRmdegeba. RmerTi aris absoluturi yofiereba; es niSnavs, rom yofiereba yvelgan
myofobs. edvardsisTvis cnebebi: sivrce, yofiereba, RmerTi Tanxvedri cnebebia. RmerTi
yovelganaa da yvelaferSia, da ara `nawilobrivad~, `aq da iq~. amitomac, `sicariele~ RvTis
sawinaaRmdego cnebad cxaddeba edvardsis mier. arara dgeba maSin, rodesac mocemuli
konkretuli sagani qreba. es arara SefardebiTi xasiaTisaa; absoluturi arara daclilia arsebobis
yvelanairi safuZvlisagan. `kiTxvis dasma –arsebobs Tu ara absoluturi arara TavisTavad absurdis
Semcvelia, radganac gansxvaveba keTdeba iq, sadac igi xsenebaSic araa. an arseboba an
absoluturi arara-magram maT Soris ar aris gansxvaveba, iseve rogorc ar aris gansxvaveba
msjelobaSi samkuTxedi aris samkuTxedi, an ar aris samkuTxedi. mtkicebulebis sxva saSualeba
ar arsebobs, garda imisa, rom vamtkicoT arseboba: ratom ar aris bunebaSi iseTi movlena,
rogoricaa absoluturi arara? diax, arsebobs is, rasac vuwodebT ararsebobas (nothing), maSin
rodesac vgulisxmobT magaliTad am melans an am qaRalds. aris ararseboba, rodesac sityva
Cemze an Tqvenzea. aris ararseboba dedamiwis da mTeli samyaros mimarTebiTac. mocemulis
garda, arsebobis sxva formebicaa, magram arara, arsebasTan mimarTebaSi, absoluturi
mniSvnelobis mqone yofierebasTan mimarTebaSi, ar aris~ (Miller, P. :1963, gv. 80).
araras edvardsi ukavSirebs subieqtur azrovnebas. igi iqve eZebs Cvens warmodgenas
sicarieleze. es warmodgenebi mxolod cnobierebaSi arsebobs da arsad sxvagan. arara, rogorc
subieqturi azrovnebis daSveba absoluturi azrovnebiT – RmerTiT ugulvebeliyofa.
 edvardsi amtkicebs, rom mTeli samyaro, yvela misTvis arsebuli movlenebiTurT arsebobs
RvTaebrivi, an individualuri azrovnebis ZaliT. iq, sadac es ukanaskneli iCens sisustes da iwyebs
araras moazrebas, dasaxmareblad modis absoluturi azrovneba, romelic ar aris datvirTuli
materialuriT, sxeulebriviT. samyaro, moicavs ra absolutur yofierebas mTels mis sisavseobaSi,
atarebs usasrulo raodenobis `korespondenciebs~. isini warmoadgenen ontologiur `rgolebs~,
romlebic dedamiwaze RmerTis mudmivad myofobis dasturia.
bunebis cocxali ferebi – balaxis simwvane, cisferi ca, Rrublebis siqaTqaTe, miuxedavad
imisa, rom wmindad fizikur Tvisebebzea damokidebuli (edvardsi zedmiwevniT kargad icnobs
niutonis sinaTlis Teorias), atareben gansakuTrebul harmoniul `datvirTvas~ - isini aRsavseni
arian Sinagani, ufro swored zeesTetikuri da moraluri sazrisiT. `rogor Zalumad gvagoneben
siqveleebsa da sikeTes mziT gaciskrovnebuli, mwvane balaxiTa da nairfrad ayvavilebuli
mindvrebi ... isini zustad gadmogvcemen sulis mSvenier mdgomareobas, madlmosilebas. imas
rac aris RvTisgan, bednierebisa da yvela sikeTeTa momniWebeli uzenaesisagan~ (Miller,
P. :1963, gv. 14).
edvardsis traqtatebSi erTmaneTSi uCveulodaa gadawnuli puritanuli spiritualizmi da
inglisuri empirizmi; edvardsi cdilobs warmoaCinos buneba sulis transcendentur `uxorco~
simboloTa erTobliobad da imavdroulad ipovnos bunebrivi simbolizmis fizikuri sawyisebi.
evangelur-puritanuli modernizmis erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli vlindeba edvardsis mcdelobaSi
ipovnos rwmenis safuZveli, gaafarTovos `teqnologiis~ mecnieruli dasabuTeba. edvardsi cdilobs
daafuZnos Teoria, romelic CrdiloeTis StatebSi sakmaod momZlavrebul deizms daupirispirdeba.
deistebi cdilobdnen gaetanaT RvTaebrivi substancia materialuri samyaros gareT da maTi
erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli arseboba daesabuTebinaT. edvardsis filosofiur-Teologiuri
xedva maT sawinaaRmdego poziciaze dgas. edvardsi axorcielebs ararasa da sicarielis
anihilirebas da avsebs samyaros usasrulod didi raodenobis ~korespondenciebiT~.
adreuli amerikuli puritanizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rigorizmi edvardma Caanacvla
Sinagani optimizmiT aRsavse swavlebiT. mogvianebiT XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis es Teoria
transformirda unitarizmsa da amerikul transcendentalizmSi.
nebisa da rwmenis urTierTdamokidebulebis kvleva edvardsis filosofiis centraluri Temaa.
es sakiTxi gaSuqebulia traqtatSi `nebis Tavisufleba~ (1754).
edvardsis mizania Tavisufali nebis ukvdavebisa da absoluturi aucileblobis dafuZneba,
romelic Tavis mxriv emyareba bunebriv wesrigs. sayovelTao aucileblobis sasargeblod edvardsi
warmogvidgens argumentebs:
pirveli – motivis priotetuloba qcevis agebaSi.
meore – mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris arsebobis aRiareba.
 mesame –bunebriv da moralur aucileblobas Soris gansxvavebis dadgenis aucilebloba.
protestant TeologTa Soris edvardsma pirvelma uaryo determinizmis wmindad
providencialuri midgoma. man scada misi mizez-Sedegobrivobriv kavSirebiT axsna. edvardsis
determinizmis mTavari aqsioma amgvarad gamoiyureboda: yvelafers samyaroSi aqvs arsebobis
mizezi, umizezod araferi ar arsebobs. mizezis cnebis qveS igi gulisxmobda antecedents (laT.:
winare) movlenis safuZvels, romelic Tavis mxriv SesaZlebelia yofiliyo bunebrivi an moraluri,
dadebiTi, an uaryofiTi, mis safuZvelze sagani, an misi w armomSobi pirobebi arsebulad iqceva.
edvardsi fiqrobs rom intuiciis meoxebiT aris SesaZlebeli movlenaTa WeSmariti mizezebis
monaxva. mxolod intuicias SeuZlia daarwmunos adamiani yovel arsebuls aqvs arsebobis
mizezi. amas ewodeba intuiciuri determinizmi. saboloo jamSi edvardsi aRiarebs rom RmerTis,
rogorc miwieri harmoniisa da mSvenierebis idea, aris intuiciuri determinizmis umaRlesi forma

edvardsis eTikur naazrevSi SeimCneva aristotelizmis, Tomizmisa da hobsis filosofiuri

ideebiT gataceba. es gamoixateba edvardsis mier Tavisuflebis, nebisa da bednierebis cnebebis
gaxsnaSi. edvardsi ar mimarTavs wminda werils Tavisuflebis koncefciis gaSlisas. igi cdilobs ar
gascdes saero filosofiis farglebs, miuxedevad imisa, rom misi mizani – Teologiuria. es detali
imis maCvenebelia, rom puritanizmi sul ufro metad ixreba sekularulTan dialogisaken.
edvardsTan aSkarad SeimCneva dogmatikis modernizirebis mcdeloba.
edvardsi emyareba Teologiur Tvalsazris uflis winaswarganzraxulobis Sesaxeb, romelic
moiTxovs samyaroSi sufevdes sruli da absoluturi aucilebloba. Tavisuflebis nebismieri
gamovlena gamoricxulia, radganac ufali, moraluri aucileblobis farglebSi, Wvrets mocemul
momentSi ar arsebul, magram `winaswarganzraxul~ nebayoflobiT aqtebs. edvards sakuTari
poziciis damamtkicebel yvelaze cxad magaliTebad miaCnia voluntarizmisa da Tavisuflebis
amsaxveli istoriuli faqtebi. magaliTad, erTgan mas mohyavs iulius keisaris cxovreba da
moRvaweoba. edvardsis mtkicebiT istoriuli wyaroebis gacnoba adasturebs, rom keisari ar iyo
Tavisufali, radganac misi erTi SexedviT absoluturad Tavisuflad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi
sinamdvileSi ganpirobebuli iyo aseulobiT winaswarganpirobebuli viTarebiT. aq amerikeli
filosofosi avlens TomizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Teologiur absolutizms. RmerTi winaswar
Wvrets yvelafers: yovel movlenas, yovel detals. amis gamo SeuZlebelia arsebobdes individis
doneze moraluri Tavisufleba. adamianis qcevis mTavari motivi aris ”bednierebis mimarT
siyvaruli, sxva sityviT piradi bednierebisaken swrafva. edvardsisaTvis es nebis igiveobrivia.
nebismieri cocxali arsebis, adamianis CaTvliT, moqmedeba ganpirobebulia didi siamovnebis, an
bednierebis ZiebiT. neba, an arCevanis unari gamomdinareobs gonebis dakmayofilebis
mdgomareobidan. nebelobiTi aqti aris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis erTerTi rgoli. amasTan,
rogorc individualuri, ise samyarouli mizez-Sedegobrivoba mWidro kavSirSia.
qristianuli pietizmis aRorZinebis survilma edvardsisagan moiTxova individualuri rwmenis
safuZvlebis kvleva.
edvards umniSvnelovanes amocanad miaCnia rwmenis filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis kvleva. igi miznad isaxavs rwmenis gawmendas garedan Tavs moxveulisagan.
edvardsi wers: `WeSmariti religia umTavresad keTilSobilur grZnobebzea dafuZnebuli~ (Miller,
P. :1963, gv. 74). `grZnobis~ aRsaniSnad edvardsi iyenebs termins `afeqti~ (affection), romelic
XVIII saukunis bolos da XVIII saukunis pirvel nawilSi Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo Teologiur-
filosofiur literaturaSi. afeqti amerikeli filosofiisaTvis aRsavsea Rrma pozitiuri SinaarsiT, afeqti
mTlianad moicavs adamianis suls, imorCilebs da amSvenierebs mas. am azriT afeqtur rwmenas
edvardsi upirispirebs racionalizms. rwmenis miwier gamovlenaSi yvelaze uryevi qristianobis
istoriaa, romelmac miuxedavad gansacdelebisa da Tavdasxmebisa Semoinaxa yvelaze myari da
ucvleli ram – religiuri grZnoba. edvardsi religias adarebs oqros zods, romelsac awrToben cecxlSi
da amiT wmenden mas minarevebisagan. ` ... da maSin igi warmosdgeba pirvelyofili
mSvenierebiTa da bunebrivi srulyofilebiT.… igi irCevs siyvarulsa da sixaruls, imas, raSic religia
xsnis sakuTar Tavs: esaa WeSmariteba, siwinde da didebuleba~ (Miller, P. :1963, gv. 74).
suls aqvs ori unari: a) aRqma da spekulacia (speculation), romelnic erTad qmnian gonebas
da b) azrovnebis sagansa da grZnobas Soris kavSiris gamomuSavebis unari – midrekileba
(inclination). moqmedebaSi gamovlenili midrekileba aris neba, nebaze pasuxismgebeli gonis
(mind) nawils edvardsi uwodebs guls (heart).
amgvari midgomiT axali drois filosofiis gamWoli cneba `guli~ (blez paskali, Tomas
jefersoni) itvirTeba sruliad garkveuli filosofiuri SinaarsiT: esaa gonis nawili, romelic
dakavSirebulia nebelobiT sawyisTan da azrisa da qmedebis sagnis emociur SefasebebTan.
edvardsi gvaZlevs gonis `guliTi funqciis~ detalur klasifikacias. upirvelesad esaa dadebiTi
reaqciebi Sinagani da garegani cdis Sedegebze. Semdgom amisa esaa dapirispirebuli Tvisebebi –
uaryofiTi reaqciebi, gradaciebi.
gulis reaqciaTa pirveli saxeoba gacilebiT mdidaria variaciaTa da SeferilobaTa gamiT.
orive saxeobis reaqcia SeiZleba iyos TavSekavebulica da Riac. garkveuli mimarTulebis mqone
dadebiTi reaqciebis kombinaciisagan edvardss gamoyavs religiuri grZnoba.
adamianis emociur mdgomareobaze saubrisas edvardsi xazs usvams adamianis sxeulSi
mimdinare fiziologiur procesebs, magaliTad- sisxlis wnevas, `sxeulebrivi fluidebis~
intensivobas. es yovelive aregulirebs `guls~, pasuxs agebs erTdroulad rogorc sulierze, ise
sxeulebrivze. adamianis nebismieri qceva ganisazRvreba nebelobiTi sawyisisa da sulieri
midrekilebebis SerwymiT, rac edvardsis azriT sxeulisa da sulis erToblivobis gamoxatulebaa. am
erTianobas aqvs Tavisi kanonebi. aqaa dafuZnebuli rwmenac, rogorc grZnobisa da qcevis
Serwymulobis gansaxiereba.
edvardsi gvTavazobs pozitiuri saxeobis grZnobebis klasifikacias, calcalke axasiTebs maT
da askvnis, rom `WeSmariti religia upiratesad grZnobebisaganaa Semdgari~ (Miller, P. :1963,
gv. 76). amasTan, siyvaruli saxeldeba yvela pozitiuri grZnobis wyarod. igi upirvelesia. negatiuri
emociebic, magaliTad siZulvili warmoiSva siyvarulis, rogorc misi sawinaaRmdegosagan.
religiurobis done edvardsis azriT grZnobaSi gamagrebuli Cvevis simyarezea damokidebuli.
mTavaria ara religiuri emociebis gancda, aramed maTi mudmivad ucvleli Tanayofna adamianSi.
am procesSi `guli~ pasuxs agebs Sinagan religiurobasa da mis garegan gamovlenas Soris
proporciebis dadgenaze, pietur qcevaze.
edvardsis damsaxurebaa adreul amerikul filosofiaSi fsiqologiis problematikis Semotana.
man warmatebiT SesZlo garkveuliyo religiis fsiqologiur safuZvlebSi. edvardsma pirvelad scada
gaeanalizebina religiuri grZnoba religiis fsiqologiis kuTxidan. man gza gauxsna jeimzis
koncefcias religiis filosofiis Sesaxeb. jeimzis mier asi wlis Semdeg Seqmnil gamokvlevaSi
`religiuri cdis mravalferovaneba~, dadebiTad aris Sefasebuli puritani filosofosis Rvawli am
sferoSi.

literatura:

1. Conkin, P. (1968), Puritans and Pragmatists. Eight Eminent American Thinkers.

N. Y. Toronto.
2. Baritz, Loren (1966), Sources of the American Mind. A Collection of Documents
and Texts in American Intellectual History. v. I. John Wiley publisher.
3. Flower, E. and Murphy, M. (1977), A History of Philosophy in America. N. Y. V.
I.
4. Miller, P. (1963), Jonathan Edwards. Cleveland.
5. Edwards, Jonathan ( 2007). Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God,
Meadow Books.
6. Edwards, Jonathan ( 2009). The Works,vol. II Some thoughts concerning the
present revival in New England and the way it ought to be acknowledged and
promoted, Yale University Press. 
7. Edwards, Jonathan ( 2007). The Life and Diary of David Brainerd, Missionary to
the Indians, Cosimo Classics.
 8. Edwards, Jonathan ( 2015) The Nature of True Virtue, Martino Fine Books.
9. Edwards, Jonathan ( (1970) Original Sin, Yale University Press; First edition.
10. Edwards, Jonathan ( 2013) Charity and its Fruits, Dover Publications. 
11. Edwards, Jonathan ( 2013) Freedom of the Will, Digireads.com.
12. Edwards, Jonathan ( 2009) The Works, vol. II Christian Charity or The Duty of
Charity to the Poor, Explain and Enforced, Yale University Press.

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. raSi gamoixateba XVIII saukunis dasawyisis amerikuli filosofiuri azris mzadeba

Tvisebrivi brunisaken?
2. vin iyo aqtiurad CarTuli `diაdi gamoRviZebis~, rogorc praqtikuli moZraobis
momzadebaSi? daaxasiaTeT.
3. ra gavlenebs ganicdida edvardsis filosofiuri azri?
4. romeli traqtati exeba lokis ideaTa Teoriis gadmocemas? daaxasiaTeT.
5. rogor migaCniaT aris edvardsi lokianuri filosofiis ubralo epigoni? ratom?
6. rogor wydeba edvardsTan substanciis problema?
7. axseniT berklis formulasTan-arseboba niSnavs iyo aRqmuli-edvarsis Tvalsazrisis
kavSiri?
8. axseniT rogor moaxerxa edvardsma Tavis filosofiur-Teologiur traqtatebSi rwmenis
simbolos filosofiur bazisze dafuZneba.
9. daasabuTeT rogor ganxorcielda edvardsis filosofiur – Teologiuri memkvidreobaSi lokisa
da niutonis swavlebaTa gamoyeneba?
10. rogoraa gadawyvetili nebisa da rwmenis urTierTdamokidebulebis kvleva edvardsis
filosofiaSi?
11. CamoayalibeT edvardsis damsaxureba puritanuli filosofiaSi.
12. Tqveni azriT, ratom uwodeben edvards pirvel amerikel filosofos?