Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit

of time.

It can be expressed as:

 Mass flow rate (ex. kg/sec)

 Weight flow rate (ex. kN/sec)
 Volume flow rate (ex. m3/s or lit/s)

Discharge Formulas

Mass flow rate, M = ρQ

Weight flow rate, W = γQ
Volume flow rate, Q = Aѵ

where:

Q = discharge in m3/s or ft3/s

A = cross-sectional area of flow in m2 or ft2

Ѵ = mean velocity of m/s or ft/s

Ρ = mass density in kg/m3 or slugs/ft3

γ = weight density in N/m3 or lb/ft3

Classification of Flow Rate

Flow rate can be identified as:

I. Steady flow – The discharge (Q) is passing a cross-section is constant with

time.

II. Unsteady flow - The discharge (Q) is passing a cross-section varies with time

III. Uniform flow - This happens if the average flow velocity is the same at every
cross-section along a certain length of stream with steady flow. Moreover, it
usually
 occurs when an incompressible fluid flows through a stream with uniform cross-
section.

IV. Non-uniform flow – The average flow velocity and cross-sections changes in a
stream

V. Continuous flow – The discharge (Q) at every section of the stream is the same
at any time, Principle of Conservation of Mass.

Figure 8.1.1

Continuity Equation:
For incompressible fluids:

Q = A1ѵ1 = A2ѵ2 = A3ѵ3 = constant

For compressible fluids:

ρ1A1ѵ1 = ρ2A2ѵ2 = ρ3A3ѵ3 = constant or

γ1A1ѵ1 = γ2A2ѵ2 = γ3A3ѵ3 = constant

VI. Laminar flow – The path of individual fluid particles do not cross or intersect. A
flow can also be a lamina flow when the Reynolds number (Re) is less than at
approximately 2,100.

Figure 8.1.2

VII. Turbulent flow - The path of individual particles is irregular and continuously
cross each other. Turbulent flow normally occurs when the Reynolds number
exceed 2,100, (although the most common situation is when it exceeds 4000).

Figure 8.1.3

Take note:
Re values up to 50,000, laminar flow can be maintained in circular pipes.
However, in these circumstances, this type of flow is inherently unstable and will
quickly become turbulent flow with the smallest disturbance. However, since any
created turbulence will be dampened by viscous friction, turbulent flow in a
straight pipe is nearly difficult to continue for values of R e much below 2100.

A mathematical method of distinguishing between laminar and turbulent flows

was developed by the researcher Osborn Reynolds in 1883. The so-called Reynolds
number, NR, a dimensionless parameter, is defined for circular pipes as:

Dv
N R=
ѵ

where;

D = inside diameter of pipe, ft(m)

v = average velocity, ft/s (m/s)

Ѵ = viscosity of water, 1 x 10-5ft2/s(9.29 x 10-7m2/s)

Low values of NR (up to 2000) describe smooth or laminar water flow, and large
values of NR (above 10,000) indicate turbulent flow. Most flow encountered in hydraulic
engineering is turbulent flow.

VIII. One-Dimensional Flow – A flow wherein the directions and magnitude of the
velocity are identical in an incompressible fluid.

IX. Two-Dimensional Flow – A flow where the fluid particles move in planes or
parallel planes and the streamline patterns are identical in each plane.

X. Streamlines – These are imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the
direction of motion in various sections of the flow of the fluid system.

XI. Stream tubes – These represents elementary portions of a flowing fluid bounded
by a group of streamlines which confine the flow.

XII. Flow nets – These are drawn to indicate flow patterns in case of two -
dimensional flow, or even three-dimensional flow.
1. If the velocity of flow in a 45-mm diameter fire hose is 0.3 m/s, what is the velocity in
a 15 mm diameter jet issuing from a nozzle attached at the end of pipe. Compute
also the power available in the jet.
Given:

dhose = 45 mm

djet = 15 mm

Q = 0.3 m/s

Solution:

By continuity equation,

Qhose = Qjet

Ahѵ h = A j ѵ j

π
¿
4

m
ѵ j =2.7 (velocity of the jet )
s

Power, P = Q γ Ε

Q= Aѵ

π
Q= ¿
4

Q=4.7713 X 10−4 m3 /s

v2
E= =¿ ¿
2g
−4
P=(4.7713 X 1 0 )( 9,810)( 0.3716)

P=(4.7713 X 1 0− 4)( 9,810)( 0.3716)

P=1.7393 watts ( power available ∈the jet)

2. A pipe with diameter of 60 mm has water at 5 m/sec flowing through it. Calculate for
the (a) volume flow rate in m 3/sec and lit/sec, (b) mass flow rate in kg/sec, and (c)
weight flow rate in N/sec.
Given:
Diameter, ø = 60 mm = 0.06 m
Mean Velocity of Flow, V = 5 m/sec
Solution:
(a) Q = AV
π
Q= (0.06)2(5)
4
Q = 0.014137166 m3/sec = 0.0141 m3/sec
Q = 0.014137166 m3/sec x 1000 lit/m3
Q = 14.13716694 lit/m3 = 14.1372 lit/m3

(b) M = ρQ
M = 1000(0.014137166)
M = 14.13716694 kg/sec = 14.1372 kg/sec

(c) W = γQ
W = 9810(0.014137166)
W = 138.6856077 N/sec = 138.6856 N/sec

3. A pipe with 5 inches diameter has water flows through it at a velocity of 28 ft/s.
Determine the volume flow rate (Q) in gallon per minute, weight flow rate (W) in lb/s
and mass flow rate (M) in slug/s.
Given:

v = 28 ft/s

d = 5 in

Solution:

Converting 5 in to ft:

1 ft
5∈ x
12∈¿=0.4166666667 ft ¿
 Calculating the value of Q:

Q= Av

Q=¿¿ ¿

3
−3 ft
Q=4.86978028 x 10
s
3
−3 ft 7.48052 gal 60 s
4.86978028 x 10 x 3
x
s 1 ft 1 min

¿ 2.19 gal /min

Calculating the value of W:

W =γAv

lb
W =(62.4 )¿
ft 3

lb
W =238.24
s

Calculating the value of M:

M =ρAv

2
slugs (π )( 0.4166666667 ft ) ft
W =(1.94 )( )(28 )
ft 3
4 s

slugs
W =7.41
s

4. A 15 inches pipeline has a certain fluid flowing through it with a specific gravity of
0.86 at 6200 gal/min. Determine the average velocity of the fluid in ft/s and the mass
flow rate in slug/s.
Given:

d = 15 in

s.g. = 0.86

v = 6200 gal/min
 Solution:

Converting gal/min to ft3/s:

gal 1 ft 1 min
6200 x x
min 7.48052 gal 60 s

3
ft
¿ 13.813655645
s

Converting in to ft:

1 ft
15∈x
12∈¿ ¿

¿ 1.25 ft

Calculating the average velocity of the fluid:

Q= Av

3 2
ft ( π )( 1.25 ft )
13.813655645 =( )v
s 4

ft
v=11.26
s

Calculating the value of mass flow rate:

M =ρAv

( slugs
M =( 0.86 ) 1.94 3
ft )( 4 )(
( π ) ( 1.25 ft )2
11.26
ft
s )
slugs
M =23.05
s

5. Solve the discharge (in ft 3 /sec ⁡¿ of water through a 60mm pipe if the velocity is 4
m/sec.
Given:

D = 60 mm

V = 4 m/s
 Solution:

Q= Av

π
Q= ¿
4

3
Q=0.113 m / sec

Conversion:

3
3 35.314 ft /s
0.113 m /s × 3
m /s

3
Q=3.99 ft /sec

6. Water flows through a 95 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 6 m/sec. Find (a.) the
volume flow rate in m 3/sec and lit/sec, (b) the mass flow rate in kg/sec, and (c) the
weight flow rate in N/sec.
Given:
d= 95 mm
v = 6 m/s
Solution:
a. Q= Av
π
¿ (0.095)2 (6)
4
m3 lit
¿ 0.0425 x 1000 3
s m

Q=42.50 lit / sec

b. M = pQ
¿ 1000(0.0425)

M =42.50 kg/ sec (Mass flow rate)

c. W =γQ
¿ 9810(0.0425)

W =416.93 N / sec (Weight flow rate)

 Simple Experiment for Understanding Flow Rate

Prepare your:
 Funnel/Cup
 Beaker/Cup
 Stand/Partner

And see the link below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCIBM1-HkdY
 Energy is defined as ability to do work. The kinetic energy and the potential
energy make up the energy that a fluid in motion possesses. Potential energy can
further be separated into energy resulting from position or elevation above a particular
datum and energy resulting from fluid pressure. The amount of energy per pound or
Newton of fluid is called the head.

Kinetic Energy and Velocity Head

The ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.

1 2
K . E .= m v =
2
1 W 2
2 g
v ( )
2
K .E. v
Kinetic∨velocity head= =
W 2g

Velocity Head of Circular Pipes

The velocity head of a full circular pipe of diameter D can be calculated as follows:

( )
2
Q
2
v A Q2
= =
2 g 2 g 2 g A2

v2 Q2 16 Q2
= =

( ( )) 2g(π D )
2g π 2 2 2 4
2g D
4

2 2
v 8Q
= 2
2 g π g D4

Elevation Energy (Potential Energy) and Elevation Head

The fluid's energy as a result of its location or elevation with respect to a datum plane.

Elevation Enegry=Wz =Mgz

Elevation Energy
Elevation Head= =z
W
Pressure Energy (Potential Energy) and Pressure Head
Consider a closed tank of a fluid with a little opening at the top. The fluid will not flow if
there is no pressure at the top. In chapter 2, the equivalent head (pressure head) for a
pressure of p is p/γ . Hence the pressure energy is equivalent to:

p
Pressure Enegry =W
γ
Pressure Energy p
Pressure Head= =
W γ
where:
z = position of the fluid above (+) or below (-) the datum plane
p = fluid pressure
v = mean velocity of flow

Total Flow Energy, E

The sum of kinetic and potential energies is the overall energy or head in a fluid.
Remember that potential energy are pressure and elevation energies.

Total Energy=Kinetic Energy + Pressure Energy + Elevation Energy

Total Head=Velocity Head+ Pressure Head+ Elevation Head

In symbol, the total head energy is

v2 p
Total Head , E= + +z
2g γ
where:
v = mean velocity of flow (m/sec or ft/sec)
p = fluid pressure (N/m2, Pa, lb/ft2, or psf)
z = position of fluid above or below the datum plane (m or ft)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/sec2 or 32.2 ft/sec2)
γ = Unit weight of fluid (N/m3 or lb/ft3)
1. A standpipe 8m in diameter and 14m high is filled with water. Calculate the potential
energy of the water if the elevation datum is taken 1.5m below the base of the
standpipe.
Given:
Diameter, ø = 8 m
Height of standpipe = 14 m
Elevation datum = 1.5 m below the base of the standpipe
Solution:
PE=Wz
W =γ x Volume
π 2
¿ 9.81 x ( 8 ) (14 )
4
W =1,926.2kN
PE=6903.46 x 8.5
PE=58 679.41 kN −m

2. Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height a vertical jet of water could rose
if projected with a velocity of 14 m/s.
Given:
v=14 m/s
Solution:
As the jet rises, its kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy.
Neglecting air resistance:
KE=PE
1 2
m v =Wh
2
1W 2
v =Wh
2 g

2
v2 (14 )
h= =
2 g 2(9.81)
h=9.99 m
3. A pump draws water from the reservoir C and lifts it to reservoir D as shown in the
figure. The head lost from C to 1 is 5 times the velocity head in the 180-mm suction
line and the head lost from point 2 is D 15 times the velocity head in the 100 mm
discharge line.

A. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water?

B. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water?

Given:
Q = 0.045 m3/s
HL1 =5 v
HL2 =15 v
d 1=180 mm
d 2=100 mm
Solution:
A. Pressure head at point 1 in meters of water
V 12 V 22
H LC−1=5( ) H L2−D =15( )
2g 2g
Main Equation:
EC =H LC−1−H 2− D + HA =ED
By calculating the velocity in both pipes, we get:
0.045
v1 =
π
¿¿
4
v1 =1.77 m/s
0.045
v 2=
π
¿¿
4
v 2=5.73 m/s
By solving the velocity head for each pipe, we get:
 ¿

¿
Solving for the pressure head at point 1:
EC =H LC−1=E 1

v 2c P c v 2 1 P1
+ + z c −H LC −1 = + + zc
2g γ 2g γ
−5(0.09)=0.09+ H P 1 +(−10)
H P 1=9.46 m

B. Pressure head at point 2 in meters of water

By the equation:
EC =H LC−1−H 2− D + HA =ED or
2 2
v c Pc v D PD
+ + z D −H LC−1 −H L2− D + HA= + + zD
2g γ 2g γ
0−5 ( 0.09 )−15 ( 0.29 ) + HA =200
HA=204.80 m

EC =H LC−1 + HA=E 2

v 2 c P 2c v 21 P 1
+ + z c −H LC−1= + + z c
2g γ 2g γ
−5 ( 0.090 ) +204.8=0.292+ H P 2 +(−10)
H P 2=214.06 m

4. A 6 meter in diameter and 12-meter-tall standpipe is filled with water having the
elevation datum taken 2 meters below the base of the standpipe, compute for the
potential energy of the water?
Given:
Diameter, ø = 6 m
Height of standpipe = 12 m
Elevation datum = 2 m below the base of the standpipe

Solution:
PE=Wz
W =γ x volume
W =9.81 ¿
W =3328.45 kN
 PE=Wz
PE=3328.45 kN x 8 m
PE=26,627.6 kNm

5. A liquid having a specific gravity of 2.2 is flowing in a 30mm diameter pipe. The total
head at a given point was found to be 18 joule per newton. The elevation of the pipe
above the datum is 3.5m and the pressure in the pipe is 65.5 kPa. Compute the
velocity of flow in the stream at that point.
Given:
E=18 m
Sg=2.2
z=3.5 m
p=65.5 kPa
v=?
Solution:
v2 P
E= + + z
2g γ
2
v 65.5
18= + + 3.5
2 g 9.81(2.2)
v=15 m/s

6. A 35 mm diameter nozzle discharges a fluid with a specific gravity of 0.80, determine

the kinetic energy flux of 0.05 m3/s of the discharged fluid.
Given:
d = 35 mm
s.g. = 0.80
Q = 0.05 m3/s
Solution:
Calculating value of velocity:
Q
v=
A

3
m
0.05
s
v=
( π )(0.035 m)2
4
m
v=51.96896101
s
 Calculating value of kinetic energy flux:
1 2
KE= mv
2
1
KE= ρQv 2
2
1 kg m3 m 2
KE= (0.80)(1000 3 )(0.05 )( 51.96896101 )
2 m s s
KE=540154.58 watts
KE=540.15 kW

7. Determine the potential energy of the water in a pipe that is 13 ft in diameter and 36
ft tall. Assume that the elevation datum is taken 4 ft below the base of the pipe.
Given:
d = 13 ft
h = 36 ft
Solution:
PE=mgh
PE=Wh
PE=γVh

( lb
PE= 62.4 3
ft )( 4 )
( 36 ft )( π ) ( 13 ft )2
( 4 ft +18 ft )

6
PE=6.56 x 10 ft lb
Answer Key
 Power is defined as the time-rate of doing work which is usually measured in
watts or horsepower. On the other hand, efficiency is the ability to achieve an end goal
in a given amount of period with little to no waste of energy.

Quantity SI Unit U.S. “Customary” Unit

Power Kilowatt (kW) Horsepower (hp)
Horsepower is defined to be the power an engine produces; which is calculated
through the power needed to move a body of 550 lb-ft/sec. Note that 1 (one)
horsepower is equivalent to:

1 Horsepower = 33, 000 ft-lb/min

= 550ft-lb/sec

= 42.4 BTU/min

= 2545 BTU/hr

= 746 Watts

1 Watt = 1 Joule/sec

= 0.001341 horsepower

1. Assuming that a turbine rated at 650 horsepower when the flow of water through it is
measured to be 25 lb3/s. Assuming that the efficiency is around 80%, determine
head that is acting on the turbine.
Given:
Rated Horsepower = 650 hp
Efficiency = 0.80
Discharge = 25 lb3/s

Solution:

Rated Horsepower=( extracted horsepower ) ( efficiency )

 ( )
γQH
Rated Horsepower= ( efficiency )
lb ft
550
s

( )
3
lb lb
(62.4 3
)(25 ) H
ft s
650 horsepower = ( 0.80 )
lb ft
550
s

H=286.46 ft

2. A jet of water that is discharge from a nozzle into the surrounding air has a diameter
of 250 mm and velocity of 52 m/s. Determine that power in the jet with respect to a
datum which is located at the jet.
Given:
Diameter = 250 mm = 0.25 m
Velocity = 52 m/s
Solution:
Calculating the value of Q:

Q= Av

Q= ( 4 )( )
( π )( 0.25 m )2
52
m
s

m3
Q=2.552544031
s

Calculating the value of H:

2
P v
H= + + z
γ 2g
2 2
m
(52 )
s
H=0+ +0
m2
2( 9.81 )
s

H=137.8185525 m

Calculating the value of P:

 P=γQH

(
P= 9.81
kN
m3 )( 2.552544031
m3
s )( 137.8185525 m )

kN m
P=3451.04
s

P=3451.04 kW

3. In a pipe with a 60 mm diameter, a liquid with a specific gravity of 2.0 is flowing. It

was discovered that the total head was 16.5 Joule per Newton at a certain point. The
pipe is 4 meters above the datum, and its internal pressure is 64.3 kPa. Calculate
the stream's horsepower and flow's velocity at that particular point.
Given:
Diameter, ø = 60 mm = 0.06 m
Specific Gravity = 2.0
Total Head, E = 16.5 Joule/N
Internal Pressure, P = 64.3 kPa

Solution:

2
v P
Total Energy, E= + +z
2g γ

E=16.5 Joule / N (1 Nm/ Joule)

E=16.5 m

v2 64.3
16.5= + +4
2 g ( 9.81)(2)

2
v
=9.22m
2g

v=13.45 m( velocity of flow)

 Power, P=QγE

P=
[ π
4 ]
( 0.06 )2 ( 13.45 ) ( 9810 x 2)(16.5)

P=12311.12 watts(1 hp /746 watts)

Power , P=16.50 hp

4. A liquid having a specific gravity of 2.4 is flowing in a 50mm diameter pipe. The total
head at a given point was found to be 12 joule per newton and the velocity is 15 m/s.
The elevation of the pipe above the datum is 2.5m and the pressure in the pipe is
65.5 kPa. Compute the horsepower and efficiency.

Given:

E = 12 m
Specific Gravity, sg = 2.4
z = 2.5 m
P = 65 kPa
v = 11.49 m/s

Solution:

P=QγE

P=¿

1 hp
P=6373 watts×
746 watts

P=8.54 hp
5. The pump shown draws water from reservoir A at elevation 15 m and lifts reservoir B
at elevation 85 m. The loss of head from A to 1 is three times the velocity head in the
150 mm diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is twelve times the velocity
head in the 120 mm diameter pipe. Determine the rated horsepower of the pump.

Given:

El 1=15 m

El 2=85 m

HL1 =3 v

HL2 =12 v

d 1=150 mm

d 2=120 mm

Solution:

3
Q 1=Q2=0.03 m / s

2 2
v 8Q
= 2
2 g π g D4

v 12 8(0.03)
2
= 2 =0.15 m
2 g π (9.81)(0.15)4

2 2
v2 8(0.03)
= 2 =0.36 m
2 g π (9.81)(0.12) 4

Energy Equation between A and B:

E A −H L A−1 + HA−H 1− B=E B

2 2
v A PA v P
+ + z A −H LA −1+ HA−H L2−B= B + B + z B
2g γ 2g γ

0+ 0+5−3 (0.15)+ HA −12(0.36)=0+0+50

HA=49.77 m
 Power output =Q γ HA

¿( 0.03)( 9810)(49.77)

1 hp
¿ 14,647.31 watts x ( )
746 watts

P=19.63 hp

6. A liquid having specific gravity of 1.6 is flowing in a 48 mm diameter pipe. The total
head at a given point was found to be 22.4 Joule per Newton. The elevation of the
pipe above the datum is 2 m and the pressure in the pipe is 72.3 kPa. Compute the
velocity of flow and the horsepower in the stream at that point.
Given:
Specific gravity, sg = 1.6
Diameter = 48 mm
Elevation of the head above the datum = 2 m
Pressure, P = 72.3 kPa
Solution:
v2 p
Total energy , E= + +z
2g γ
Joule
E=22.4 x ( 1 N −m/Joule )
N
E=22.4 m

v2 72.3
22.4= + +2
2 g 2(9.81)
2
v
=16.71 m
2g
v=18.11 m/ s

Power, P = QγE

= [ π
4 ]
( 0.048 )2 ( 18.11 ) x ( 9810 x 1.6 ) x 22.4

= 11 522watts x ( 7461watts
hp
)
Power, P = 15.45 hp
7. A turbine is rated at 825 hp when the flow of water through it is 0.75m 3/s. Assuming
an efficiency of 92%, what is the head acting on the turbine?

Given:
825
Power input= =896.74 hp
0.92
Power input=668 968 watts
Solution:
Power input=Qγ HE
668 968=0.75 ( 9810 ) HE
HE=90.92 m
 WORDAMENT

Fill the crossword puzzle by connecting the letters on the given table.

W E A E S R L
G D F P H O F
R F M U O W R
A P I N E A T
H C B R S T E
S I E N U E F
P D Y C L O J
 DID YOU KNOW?

1. Hydraulic power is nearly always generated from mechanical power; since

hydraulic power output is nearly achieved by converting back to mechanical
energy.
2. A pump does not pump pressure; it creates flow, since pressure is caused by the
resistance of flow.
3. Oil is pushed into a pump - by atmospheric pressure - not drawn into it.
 The application of the principles of conservation of energy leads to Bernoulli's
energy theorem. This formula may be summed up as follows:

In physics, Bernoulli's principle states that as a fluid's speed (liquid or gas)

increases, its pressure decreases. Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician, and
physicist, first proposed the theory in 1738 stating that the total energy in a fluid system
flowing steadily remains constant along the flow path. Implying that, a decrease in the
pressure must be balanced by an increase in the fluid's speed.

Figure 5.4.1

Eat section1 + Eadded −Elost ∨extracted=E at section 2 Equation5.4 .1

Therefore, Bernoulli's theorem states that a decrease in fluid pressure is

connected with an increase in fluid velocity if the fluid flows horizontally so that there is
no change in gravitational potential energy. For instance, a fluid running through a
horizontal pipe with different cross-sections would flow faster in constrained parts,
causing the pressure to be lowest where the cross-section is smallest. A term for this
phenomenon is the  Venturi effect which came from the Italian scientist G.B. Venturi
(1746-1822), whose the first person to study the effects of narrowed channels on fluid
flow. Bernoulli’s equation thus simply indicates that the total energy per unit mass of
flowing fluid, at any point in the subsurface, is equal to the sum of the kinetic, potential,
and fluid-pressure energies and is a constant value.

Energy Equation without Head lost

If the fluid moves from section 1 to section 2 without experiencing any head lost,
then the total energy at section 1 must be equal to the total energy at section 2.  The
values we obtain are referred to as ideal or theoretical values since they exclude head
lost in fluid flow. Refer to the illustration below.

Figure 5.4.2

E1=E 2 Equation 5.4 .2

2 2
v 1 ρ1 v 2 ρ2
+ + z 1= + + z 2 Equation5.4 .3
2g γ 2g γ
Energy Equation with Head lost

Accordingly, if the head lost is to be considered, then the values obtained are
termed as actual values. Refer to the illustration below.

Figure 5.4.3
Equation 5.4 .4
E1−HL 1−2=E2

2 2
v 1 ρ1 v 2 ρ2 Equation5.4 .5
+ + z 1= + + z 2 + HL1−2
2g γ 2g γ

Energy Equation with Pump

To increase the head, a pump is utilized. It is usually used to raise water from a
lower to a higher
elevation. For instance, the
pump receives
electrical energy as its input power (P¿¿ input )¿, and it produces flow energy as its
output power (P¿¿ output )¿ . Refer to the illustration below.

Figure 5.4.4

Equation5.4 .6
E1 + HA −HL1−2=E2

v 21 ρ1 v 22 ρ2 Equation5.4 .7
+ + z 1+ HA= + + z 2 + HL1−2
2g γ 2g γ

Output Power of Pump=ϱγHA Equation 5.4 .8

Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor

In order to do mechanical work, turbines or motors collect flow energy, which is

then turned into electrical energy for turbines. Refer to the illustration below.

Figure 5.4.5
Equation5.4 .9
E1−HE −HL1−2=E2

v 21 ρ1 v 22 ρ2 Equation 5.4 .10

+ + z 1= + + z 2 + HL1−2 + HE
2g γ 2g γ

Equation5.4 .11
 Input Power of Turbine=ϱγHE

1. Oil flows from a tank through 150 m of 150 mm diameter pipe and then discharges
into air as shown in the figure. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 600 mm,
determine the pressure needed at point 1 to cause 17 lit/sec of oil to flow.
Given:
Diameter, D = 150 mm

HL1-2 = 600 mm = 0.6 m

Solution:
Q = 0.017 m3/s
Energy equation between (1) and (2):

E1 – HL1-2 = E2

v 21 P 1 + z – HL = v 22 P 2 + z
+ 1 1-2 + 2
2g γ 2g γ
P1 8(0.017)2
0+ + 20 – 0.6 = 2 + 0 + 30
γ π g(0.15)4
P1
= 10.65 m of oil
γ
P1 = 10.65(9.81 x 0.84)
P1 = 87.76 kPa
2. A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 150 mm at section 1
and 400 mm at section 2. Section 1 is 3.6 m below section 2 and the pressures are
90 kPa an 60 kPa respectively. If the discharge is 150 lit/sec, determine the head
lost and the direction of flow.
 Given:

Specific Gravity = 0.877

D1 = 150 mm = 0.15 m
D2 = 400 mm = 0.4 m
P1 = 90 kPa
P2 = 60 kPa
Q = 150 lit/sec

Solution:

Q1 = Q2 = 0.15 m3/s
0.15
v1 = π 2 = 8.49 m/s
(0.15)
4
0.15
v2 = π 2 = 1.19 m/s
(0.40)
4
Taking (1) as datum:

2
v1 P1 8.492 90
E1 = + + z 1 = + +0
2g γ 2(9.81) (9 . 81 x 0 . 877)
E1 = 14.14 m
2
v2 P 2 1.19
2
60
E2 = + + z2 = + + 3.6
2g γ 2(9.81) (9 . 81 x 0 . 877)
E2 = 10.65 m

Since E1 > E2, the flow is from 1 to 2

Head Lost, HL = E1 – E2 = 14.14 – 10.65
Head Lost, HL = 3.49 m
3. Consider that oil with a specific gravity of 0.84 flows from a tank through 350 ft pipe
with a diameter of 3 in, and discharges into open air. If the head
loss from point A to point B is 0.75 ft, determine the pressure needed at
point A to cause a 0.48 ft3/s of oil to flow.
Given:
s.g. = 0.84
d = 3 in
 Q = 0.48 ft3/s
Solution:

Converting in to ft:

1 ft
3∈ x
12∈¿=0.25 ft ¿

Calculating value of v2:

Q
v 2=
A
3
ft
0.48
s
v 2=
( π )( 0.25 ft )2
4
ft
v 2=9.778479704
s

Using Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem:

2 2
P1 v1 P2 v2
+ + z 1= + + z 2 + H L
γ 2g γ 2g

( ) + 100 ft +0.75 ft
2
ft
9.778479704
P1 s
+0+65 ft=0+
(
( 0.84 ) 62.4
lb
ft
3 ) (
2 32.2
ft
s
2 )
2
P1=1951.70 lb /f t

4. A reservoir with a horizontal pipe attached to its right side has a diameter of 12
inches. If the total head loss between point 1 and point 2 is 10 ft, determine velocity
and volume flow rate from the horizontal pipe.
Given:

d = 12 in
HL = 10 ft
Solution:

Calculating value of v2:

2 2
P1 v1 P2 v2
+ + z 1= + + z 2 + H L
γ 2g γ 2g

2
v2
0+ 0+19 ft=0+ + 0+10 ft
ft
2( 32.2 2 )
s
 ft
v 2=24.07488318
s

Converting in to ft:

1 ft
12∈ x
12∈¿=1 ft ¿

Calculating the value of volume flow rate:

Q= A 2 v 2

Q= ( ( π )( 1 ft )2
4 ) ft
(24.07488318 )
s

3
ft
Q=18.91
s

5. The figure below is filled with 11 L/s of water flowing from 1 to 2, the pressure at 1 is
100 kPa and 70 kPa at 2. Compute the head loss between 1 and 2.
Given:
3
Q=11 L/s=0.011m /s
P1=100 kPa
P2=70 kPa

Solution:

3
Q 1=Q 2=0.011m / sec

E1−HL=E 2

V 12 P 1 v 22 P2
+ + z 1−HL= + + z2
2g γ 2g γ
(8)¿ ¿
HL=2.96 m

6. A diverging tube discharges water from a reservoir at a depth of 10 m below the

water surface. The diameter of the tube gradually increases from 150 at the throat
to 225 mm at the outlet. Neglecting friction, determine:
A. the maximum possible rate of discharge through this tube
B. the corresponding pressure at the throat.

Given:
 Depth = 10 m

D1 = 150 mm

D2 = 225 mm

Solution:

A. Energy Equation between 1 and 3

(Neglecting head loss and datum along point 3)

E1=E 2

2 2
v 1 P1 v 3 P3
+ + z 1= + + z 3
2g γ 2g γ
2
v3
0+ 0+10= +0+ 0
2(9.81)

v3 =14 m/s

π
Q=Q3 = ¿
4

3
Q=0.56 m /s

B. Pressure at the throat:

Energy Equation between 2 and 3:

v 22 P 2 v 23 P 3
+ + z 2= + + z 3
2g γ 2g γ

8¿¿

p2=−398.75 kPa

7. Water flows freely from the reservoir shown through a 65 mm diameter pipe at the
rate of 8.69 lit/sec. If the head lost in the system is 13.62 Joule/N, determine the
elevation of the water surface in the reservoir if the discharge end is at elevation 6
m.
Given:
Diameter, D = 65 mm
Rate = 8.69 lit/sec
Head Lost, HL = 13.63 Joule/N
Elevation = 6 m

Solution:
 Q = 6.31 L/s = 0.00631 m3/s 8.69 L/s = 0.00869 m3/s

HL = 11.58 N-m / N = 11.58m 13.62 N-m / N = 13.62m

Energy equation between 1 and 2:

E1−HL=E 2

2 2
v1 p1 v p
+ + z 1−HL= 2 + 2 + z 2
2g γ 2g γ
8 ( 0.00869 )2
0+ 0+ z 1−13.62= 4
+0+6
π 2 g ( 0.065 )
z 1=19.97 m (Elevation of w.s. in the tank)

DID YOU KNOW?

1. Daniel Bernoulli was born into a family of distinguished mathematicians

One of the many eminent mathematicians of the Basel-based Bernoulli family

was Daniel Bernoulli. Daniel was the nephew of Jacob Bernoulli, an early researcher in
probability theory and the discoverer of the mathematical constant "e," and the son of
Johann Bernoulli, one of the calculus's early creators.

2. Daniel Bernoulli’s father attempted to force him into a business career

Johann Bernoulli had attempted to compel his son to do the same. While all of
his siblings studied math, his father had other plans for him.

Daniel was sent to Basel University at the age of 13 to pursue a degree in

philosophy and logic. In 1715, he passed the bachelor exams. When he was studying
philosophy, he started learning calculus from his father and older brother Niklaus. For
instance, in 1716, he received his master's degree.

3. Daniel Bernoulli lived for his word and never got married
 He never got married and never had kids, but he lived for his career. When he
was younger, he thought about getting married, but the potential bride turned out to be
quite harsh with money, which turned him off. Bernoulli valued frugality and simplicity of
living, but not meanness. In the end, he loved his independence and an intellectual life
too highly to consider getting married.

On March 17, 1782, Daniel Bernoulli, age 82, passed away in his sleep in Basel,
Switzerland.

4. Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem real life applications

Some interesting applications of the Bernoulli's energy theorem include

understanding the lift force on airplane wings, the behavior of blood flow in the
circulatory system, and the design of pump and turbine systems.

ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE

Energy Grade Line (EGL)- It is a line that represents the total energy of liquid
flowing in a pipe, conduit, or channel. The distance of this line from the datum plane is:

2
v P
+ +z .
2g γ
 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) – This is the line representing the total potential
energy of flow. It connects the water levels in successive piezometer tubes placed at
intervals along the pipe. The distance of this line from the datum plane is:

P
+z
γ

Datum Plane – It is horizontal or vertical reference point on which surface

elevations are based.

Characteristics of EGL and HGL

 HGL slope downwards in the direction of flow, but it may rise or fall due to
changes in velocity or pressure.
 EGL always slopes downward unless there is a pump.
 For uniform pipe cross-section, EGL is parallel to HGL.
 EGL is always above the HGL by an amount equal to the velocity head.
1. Water flows from reservoir A to B. The system's water temperature is 10 °C, the
pipe's diameter is 1 m, and its length is 300 m. What will the discharge in the pipe be
if H = 16 m, h = 2 m, and the pipe is made of steel? Draw the hydraulic and energy
grade lines for your solution. Moreover, at point P, which is midway between the two
reservoirs, what will the pressure be?
Given:
Water temperature = 10 °C
Pipe’s diameter, D = 1 m
Pipe’s length = 300 m
H = 16 m
h=2m
Pipe’s Material = steel
Solution:
Write the energy equation from the water surface in A to the water surface in B
2 2
P1 v1 P v
+ + z 1= 2 + 2 + z 2+ HL
γ 2g γ 2g
2 2
L v p vp equation 1
0+ 0+ H=0+ 0+0+ f +
D 2g 2g
ks
0.00004
D

Therefore, first assume f = 0.011. Rewrite equation 1:

√( √(
H 16 m
(2 g) (2 x 9.81 m/s)
) )
VP = L = 300 m = 8.54 m/s
f +1 0.011 +1
D 1m

Check f:
m
V pD 8.54 x 1 m
Re = = s = 7 x 106
V −6 2
1.3 x 10 m /s

For instance, f= 0.010. Solve for Vp again for better value of f

√( √(
H 16 m
(2 g) (2 x 9.81 m/s)
) )
VP = L = 300 m = 8.86 m/s
f +1 0.010 +1
D 1m
2
D2 π (1 m) π
Q = VA = Vp = 8.86 m/s x = 6.96 m3/s
4 4
 To determine Pp write the energy equation between the water surface in A and point
P:
2 2
P p v2 L vp
o 0+ 0+ H= + −h+ f
γ 2g D 2g

Then,
v 2p fL
Pp = γ (H + h - (1 + ))
2g 2D
Pp = 78480 Pa
Pp = 78.5 kPa

2. If the pressure at 2 is equal 75 kPa and 100 kPa at 1, determine the head loss
between 1 and 2. The diameter of the horizontal pipe is 300mm decreases to
175mm and the volume flow rate is 15L/s of water.
Given:
P1 = 100 kPa
P2 = 75 kPa
Solution:

3
L 1m 3
15 × =0.015 m /sec
s 1000 L
2 2
V 1 P1 v 2 P2
+ + z 1= + + z 2+ HL
2g γ 2g γ

0.015
v1 =
(π )¿ ¿ ¿

v1 =0.212 m/ s

0.015
v 2=
(π)¿ ¿ ¿

v 2=0.624 m/s

(0.212)2 100 ( 0.624)2 75

+ + 0= + +0+ HL
2( 9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) 9.81

HL=2.53 m
3. Determine the total head loss between point A and point B of a 450 mm pipe that is
5.1 m above the datum from point A and 9.4 m above the datum from point B.
Assume that water is flowing through the pipe and consider that v 1 = v2 = 2 m/s.

Given:

v1 = v2 = 2 m/s d = 450 mm z1 = 5.1 m z2 = 9.4 m

Solution:

P 1 v 21 P 2 v 22
+ +z = + +z +H L
γ 2g 1 γ 2g 2

v 21 v 22
since v 1=v 2 ; =
2g 2g

P1 P
+ z 1 = 2 + z 2+ H L
γ γ

340 kPa 260 kPa

+5.1m= + 9.4 m+ H L
kN kN
9.81 3 9.81 3
m m

H L=3.85 m
4. What horsepower must be supplied to the water to pump 2.5 cfs at 68 ◦F from the
lower to the upper reservoir? Assume the pipe is steel. Sketch the hydraulic and
energy grade lines.

Given:

Q = 2.5 f t 3 /s

Solution:

1 2 1 2 2 2
A= D π= (8) ( π )=50.30 i n ∨0.35 ft
4 4

Q 2.5 f t 3 /s
V= = =7.14 ft /s
A 350 ft 2

ft 2
17.14 ( ft )
VD s 3 −5
ℜ= = =4.3 x 1 0
v 1.1 x 10 ft /s
−5 2

ks
=0.0002 ; f =0.016
D

Assume ,

entrance loss coefficient=0.5

exit loss coefficient=1. 0

V 12
hL= f( L
D
+1.5
2g )
¿¿

Energy equation ¿ water surface ¿ water surface

 2 2
P1 v 1 P2 v 2
+ + z 1+ h p= + + z 2 +h L
γ 2g γ 2g

0+ 0+100+h p =0+0+150+58.5 0

Sketchof hydraulic∧energy grade line :

so h p=108.5 ft

P=Q γ h p

2.5 cfs
( 62.4f t lbs ) ( 108.5 ft ) =16900 ft− lbs ∨¿
3

P=30.80 h

5. A pipeline with a pump leads to a nozzle as shown. Find the flow rate when pump
develops an 80 ft (24.4 m) head. Assume head lost in the 6-inch (152 mm) pipe to
be five times its velocity head while the head lost in the 4-inch (102 mm) pipe to be
twelve time its velocity head. (a) Compute the flow, (b) sketch the energy grade line
and hydraulic grade line, and (c) find pressure head at the suction side.

Given:
HA = 24.4 m
 D1 = 152 mm
D2 = 102 mm
Solution:
a. Discharge
Q1=Q2=Q8=Q
Energy Equation between A and B:
E A −HL1 + HA −HL2=E B

v 2A p A v 2B pB
+ + z A −HL1 + HA −HL2= + + z B
2g γ 2g γ
HA=24.4 m
2 2
v1 8Q
HL1 =5 =5 2 4
2g π g D1

8 Q2
¿5 2 4
π ( 9.81 )( 0.152 )
2
HL1 =773.96Q
2
2
v2 8Q
HL2 =12 =12 2 4
2g π g D2
2
8Q
¿ 12 2 4
π ( 9.81 )( 0.102 )
2
HL2 =9160.13 Q
2 2
vB 8Q
= 2 4
=2450.8 Q 2
2 g π g ( 0.0762 )
2 2 2
0+ 0+21.3 – 773.96 Q + 24.4−9160.13Q =2450.8 Q + 0+24.4
2
12 384.89Q =21.3
m3
Q=0.0415 Discharge
s

b. Energy and Hydraulic grade lines

2 2 2 2
v1 8 ( 0.0415 ) v 8 ( 0.0415 )
= 2 =0.266 m 2 = 2 =1.31 m
2 g π ( 9.81 )( 0.152 ) 4
2 g π ( 9.81 )( 0.102 )4
2 2
vB 8 ( 0.0415 )
= 2 =4.22 m
2 g π ( 9.81 )( 0.0762 )4
2
HL1 =773.96Q =1.33 m
2
HL2 =9160.13 Q =15.78 m
c. Pressure Head at S
Energy Equation between A and S
E A −HL1 =ES

2 2
vA pA vS p S
+ + z A −HL1 = + + z S
2g γ 2g γ
v 2S v 21
= =0.266 m
2g 2g

pS
0+ 021.3−1.33=0.266+ + 15.2
γ
pS
=4.504 m
γ
Or from the figure shown above, the pressure head at S is the vertical distance
from the pipe to the HGL.
pS
=19.704−15.2
γ
pS
=4.504 m
γ
6. Determine the head loss between two points of a horizontal pipe that has a 450 mm
diameter which gradually decreases to 200 mm at point 2. If the pressure at point 1
is determined to be 120 kPa and 75 kPa at point 2. Consider that the volume flow
rate is 20 L/s of water.

Given:

P1 = 120 kPa
P2 = 75 kPa
d1 = 450 mm
d2 = 200 mm

Q = 20 L/s

Solution:

Converting L/s to m3/s:

3
L 1m
20 x
s 1000 L

m3
¿ 0.02
s

Calculating value of head loss:

P 1 v 21 P 2 v 22
+ +z = + +z +H L
γ 2g 1 γ 2g 2

m3
0.02
s
v1 =
( π )( 0.45 m )2
4

m
v1 =0.1257520538
s
 3
m
0.02
s
v 2=
( π )( 0.2 m )2
4

m
v 2=0.6366197724
s

( ) +0= 75 kPa + ( ) + 0+ H
2 2
m m
0.1257520538 0.6366197724
120 kPa s s
+
( ) ( )
L
kN m kN m
9.81 3 2 9.81 2 9.81 3 2 9.81 2
m s m s

H L=4.56 m

To further enhance your knowledge about hydraulic and energy grade line here
is a link for a simulation which will help you to manipulate the data.

PREVIEW OF THE SIMULATOR

LINK
https://sites.ualberta.ca/~dnobes/Teaching_Section/NOBES_SIM_EGLHGL.html