Frequency Support Provided by Inverted Based-Generation Using Grid-Forming Controllers: A Comparison During Islanded Operation

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Frequency Support provided by Inverted Based-Generation using

Grid-Forming Controllers: A comparison during islanded operation
Presentation · October 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27947.77607
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Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt José Luis Rueda

University of South Eastern Norway Delft University of Technology
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Peter Palensky Vijay Kumar Sood

Delft University of Technology Ontario Tech University
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FREQUENCY SUPPORT PROVIDED BY
INVERTED BASED-GENERATION USING GRID-
FORMING CONTROLLERS: A COMPARISON
DURING ISLANDED OPERATION
F. Gonzalez-Longatt* Harold R. Chamorro, Jose Luis Rueda, Peter Palensky and Vijay Sood
Frequency Support provided by Inverted Based-Generation using Grid-Forming Controllers: A comparison during islanded operation
I. INTRODUCTION
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Introduction
• The dynamic behaviour of PEC-interfaced technologies evidently different from
conventional synchronous generators due to the predominant voltage-source converter
(VSC) interface with the grid.
• One of the potential solutions is related to controlling the grid side inverter based on
Voltage source converters (VSCs) using grid forming control.
• This research paper shows a glance of the dynamic performance during a system
frequency disturbance in a test system considering three common grid forming controller
types emulating synchronous generation: Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM), the
Synchronverter (SynC) and grid forming droop (Droop) control; comparing their behaviour
against a classic SG during a power imbalance.
II.GRID FORMING AND GRID FOLLOWING
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II. GRID FORMING AND GRID FOLLOWING (1/2)
• •
•
•
II. GRID FORMING AND GRID FOLLOWING (1/2)
•
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III. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATION
EMULATION CONTROL: GRID FORMING
CONVERTER
III.EMULATION CONTROL: GRID FORMING CONVERTER
• In this paper, the grid forming converter is
based on a VSC that consists of a
controllable AC voltage source behind
low-output impedance (Zvi)
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A. Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM)
• The actual active (pactual) and reactive
(qactual) power produced by the power
converter is calculated from the voltage
and current measurements (v = vd + jvq, i =
id + jiq):
 pactual = vd id + vqiq

(a) Electromechanical behaviour
qactual = vqid − vd iq
• The VSM emulates the mechanical

behaviour of the synchronous machine by
using the swing equation:
 d r ( t )
(b) Voltage support control
Tacel = pref − pactual − D p (r − ref )
dt

 d =  ( t ) − 
 dt r ref
B. Synchronverter
 d 2 ( t ) d ( t )
• The original concept of the synchronverter
Tacel = Tref − Tactual − D p
was introduced by Q. Zhong and G. Weiss dt 2
dt

 d ( t ) =  − 
in a scientific paper titled
“Synchronverters: Inverters that mimic  dt ( r ref )
synchronous generators” in 2011 [12]. In
this paper, the synchronverter is modelled Tactual = M f i f sin 
based on that paper [12].
• The internal voltage (v) is defined as:
• The main difference between the
d
synchronverter and the VSM is the v= M f i f sin 
implementation of the electromechanics dt
• The active (pcalc) are reactive power (qcalc)
dynamic. are calculated as:
 d
 pcalc = dt M f i f i sin 

q = − d M i i cos
 calc dt
f f
10
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C. Grid Forming Droop Control
• The grid-forming droop control uses a • It has been shown in [14] that the
droop approach to calculate frequency frequency calculation of the droop control
(fdroop) and voltage (vdroop) deviation and VSM are similar when parameters are
from the steady-state operation point [13]: tuned accordingly [15].
f droop = m p p
vdroop = mq q
• where mp and mq are the active and reactive

power droop coefficients and p and q
are the low-pass filtered active and reactive
power deviations from the steady-state
operating point, respectively;
11
IV. EXPERIMENTS
12
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IV. EXPERIMENTS
• This paper investigates the performance of • The synchronous generator (SG) is a 210
three common grid forming controller MVA, 15.47 kV, fp = 0.8 is modelled
types emulating synchronous generation considering the simplest model, a constant
during faults conditions. Specifically, three voltage source behind the reactance with
types of grid forming controllers are following parameters Tacel = 18.36 sec, xstr
implemented in this paper: = 0.2 pu.
1. Synchronverter (SynC),
2. Grid forming droop control (simply called
Droop from here onwards) and
3. Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM).
• The performance of three types of grid
forming controllers and a synchronous
generator during fault conditions are
compared in this paper.
13
IV. EXPERIMENTS
14
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IV.
IV.
EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENTS
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2021. http:www.fglongatt.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2021. http:www.fglongatt.org
10/16/2021
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
17
• This paper presented a single glance of the • The authors are looking into the
system frequency response of three development of efficient protection
common grid forming controller types mechanism against under frequency events
emulating synchronous generation in power converted dominated power
considering under frequency events: systems.
Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM), the • The simulations presented in this paper are
Synchronverter and grid forming droop plain and simple but offer a glance at the
control; and compared with a classic future scene of power converter dominated
synchronous generator. systems.
• This paper is just a starting point in • Power converter-based technologies
characterising the performance of the grid enabled with grid forming controllers have
forming controller during under-frequency high speed and behaviour compared to the
events and comparing the performance to synchronous generator.
the classic synchronous generator.
18
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REFERENCES
19
References
• [1] Y. Rajbhandari et al., "Load prioritisation technique to guarantee the continuous • [12] Australian Energey Market Operator, "Black System South Australia 28
electric supply for essential loads in rural microgrids," Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., September 2016," 2017. Accessed: Mar. 30, 2021. [Online]. Available:
vol. 134, no. November 2020, p. 107398, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107398. www.aemo.com.au.
• [2] A. Shrestha, B. Ghimire, and F. Gonzalez-Longatt, "A Bayesian Model to Forecast • [13] IEEFA, "Australia's Opportunity To Plan Ahead for a Secure Zero-Emissions
the Time Series Kinetic Energy Data for a Power System," Energies, vol. 14, no. 11, p. Electricity Grid Towards Ending the Reliance on Inertia for Grid Stability," 2021.
3299, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14113299. • [14]M. Habibullah, F. Gonzalez-Longatt, M. N. . Acosta, H. R. . Chamorro, J. L.
• [3] A. Shrestha and F. Gonzalez-Longatt, "Frequency Stability Issues and Research Rueda, and P. Palensky, "On Short Circuit of Grid-Forming Converters Controllers: A
Opportunities in Converter Dominated Power System," Energies, vol. 14, no. 14, p. glance of the Dynamic Behaviour," 2021.
4184, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14144184. • [15] National Grid, "System Operability Framework 2016," UK Electr. Transm., no.
• [4] J.-M. Roldan-Fernandez, J. Serrano-Gonzalez, F. Gonzalez-Longatt, and M. Burgos- November, pp. 68–72, 2016, Accessed: Mar. 30, 2021. [Online]. Available:
Payan, "Impact of Spanish Offshore Wind Generation in the Iberian Electricity Market: www.nationalgrid.com/sof.
Potential Savings and Policy Implications," Energies, vol. 14, no. 15, p. 4481, Jul. 2021, • [16] N. Hatziargyriou et al., "Stability definitions and characterisation of dynamic
doi: 10.3390/en14154481. behavior in systems with high penetration of power electronic interfaced technologies,"
• [5] M. N. Acosta, F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J. M. Roldan-Fernandez, and M. Burgos-Payan, Dec. 2020. doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2015.2444893.
"A Coordinated Control of Offshore Wind Power and BESS to Provide Power System • [17] R. Jadeja, A. Ved, T. Trivedi, and G. Khanduja, "Control of Power Electronic
Flexibility," Energies, vol. 14, no. 15, p. 4650, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14154650. Converters in AC Microgrid," in Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 11, 2020, pp. 329–355.
• [6] F. Gonzalez-Longatt, M. N. Acosta, H. R. Chamorro, and Jose Luis Rueda, "Power • [18] U. Tamrakar, D. Shrestha, M. Maharjan, B. Bhattarai, T. Hansen, and R. Tonkoski,
Converters Dominated Power Systems," in Modelling and Simulation of Power "Virtual Inertia: Current Trends and Future Directions," Appl. Sci., vol. 7, no. 7, p. 654,
Electronic Converter controlled Power Systems in PowerFactory, First Edit., F. 2017, doi: 10.3390/app7070654.
Gonzalez-Longatt and Jose Luis Rueda, Eds. Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland • [19] Q. C. Zhong and G. Weiss, "Synchronverters: Inverters that mimic synchronous
AG, 2021. generators," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1259–1267, Apr. 2011, doi:
• [7] D. Larrahondo, R. Moreno, H. R. Chamorro, and F. Gonzalez-Longatt, "Comparative 10.1109/TIE.2010.2048839.
Performance of Multi-Period ACOPF and Multi-Period DCOPF under High Integration
of Wind Power," Energies, vol. 14, no. 15, p. 4540, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14154540. • [20] S. Eberlein and K. Rudion, "Small-signal stability modelling, sensitivity analysis
and optimisation of droop controlled inverters in LV microgrids," Int. J. Electr. Power
• [8] H. R. Chamorro et al., "Data-Driven Trajectory Prediction of Grid Power Frequency Energy Syst., vol. 125, no. April 2020, p. 106404, Feb. 2021, doi:
Based on Neural Models," Electronics, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 151, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106404.
10.3390/electronics10020151. • [21] S. D'Arco and J. A. Suul, "Equivalence of virtual synchronous machines and
• [9] M. N. Acosta, F. Gonzalez-Longatt, D. Topić, and M. A. Andrade, "Optimal frequency-droops for converter-based Microgrids," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no.
Microgrid–Interactive Reactive Power Management for Day–Ahead Operation," 1, pp. 394–395, 2014, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2013.2288000.
Energies, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 1275, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14051275. • [22] D. Gmbh, "Grid-forming Converter Templates," 2020.
• [10] F. S. Gorostiza and F. Gonzalez-Longatt, "Deep Reinforcement Learning-
Based Controller for SOC Management of Multi-Electrical Energy Storage System,"
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, pp. 1–1, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2020.2996274.
• [11] "High Penetration of Power Electronic Interfaced Power Sources and the Potential
Contribution of Grid Forming Converters European Network of Transmission System
Operators for Electricity ENTSO-E Technical Group on High Penetration of Power
Electronic Interfaced Power Sources." Accessed: Mar. 30, 2021. [Online]. Available:
www.entsoe.eu.
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FREQUENCY SUPPORT PROVIDED BY
INVERTED BASED-GENERATION USING GRID-
FORMING CONTROLLERS: A COMPARISON
DURING ISLANDED OPERATION
QUESTION AND ANSWERS
F. Gonzalez-Longatt* Harold R. Chamorro, Jose Luis Rueda, Peter Palensky and Vijay Sood
21
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Frequency Support provided by Inverted Based-Generation using

Presentation · October 2021

Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt José Luis Rueda

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Peter Palensky Vijay Kumar Sood

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Autonomous DC Micro grid for Buildings View project

Distributed Simulation of Electricity Grids with an Emphasis on Optimization View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

II.GRID FORMING AND GRID FOLLOWING

II. GRID FORMING AND GRID FOLLOWING (1/2)

II. GRID FORMING AND GRID FOLLOWING (1/2)

III.EMULATION CONTROL: GRID FORMING CONVERTER

A. Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM)

• The VSM emulates the mechanical

C. Grid Forming Droop Control

• where mp and mq are the active and reactive

QUESTION AND ANSWERS

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