VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA BELAGAVI - 590014

A PROJECT REPORT ON
DETERMINATION OF WORKABILITY AND
CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
USING ADMIXTURE
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the 8th semester project work of

BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
AISHWARYA WAGGE 1GG14CV001
MANJUNATHA M S 1GG16CV029
NITHIN M 1GG16CV033
HAREESH U 1GG17CV406

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. P K RAVINDRA
Associate professor
Dept of Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
RAMANAGARA-562159

(Affilitated to visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE)

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project entitled DETERMINATION OF WORKABILITY AND
CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF CONCRETE USING ADMIXTURE is a
bonafide work carried out by AISHWARYA WAGGE (1GG14CV001) MANJUNATHA
M S (1GG16CV029) NITHIN M (1GG16CV033) HAREESH U (1GG17CV406)
in
partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in CIVIL
ENGINEERING of Visvesvaraya technological university, Belagavi during the year 2019-
20. It is to certify that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have
been incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The project report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed
for the said degree.

…………………… ………………….. …………………

Signature of guide Signature of HOD Signature of principal
Dr. P K RAVINDRA Dr. M. NAGESH Dr. G. PUNDARIKA
Associate professor HOD Principal

Name of the Examiner Signature of the Examiner with date

1……………………………. ………………………….
2……………………………. ………………………....
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of any project depends mainly on the people associated with it.
The task of completing a project needs co-operative and proper guidance of
prominent person in the subject line for amateurs like us to extend personally.

We consider it a privilege to express our gratitude and respect to all those

who guided us in the completion of this project work report.

We deem it our proud privilege to thank our principal Dr.PUNDARIKA, for

allowing us to successfully carry out our project.

We also thankful to Dr.M.NAGESH, Professor, Head of the Department of

Civil Engineering, for fostering an academic climate, which made this
endeavour possible.

We are greatful to our project guide Dr.P.K.RAVINDRA, associate

professor, civil engineering department for guidance and moral support
given to us at various stages to make our project a grand success.
ABSTRACT

Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, coarse and fine aggregate, and sometimes
admixtures. Proportioning a concrete mix for a given purpose is the art of obtaining a suitable
ratio of various ingredients of concrete with the required property at the lower cost. The
primary difference between high-strength concrete normal-strength concrete relates to the
compressive strength.
High strength concrete has compressive strength of up to 100Mpa as against conventional
concrete which has compressive strength of less than 40Mpa. Low water cement ratio is a
crucial aspect which can be achieved by using chemical admixture such as super plasticisers.
A mineral admixture introduces favourable behaviour with respect to shrinkage and high
evolution of heat of hydration and enhances durability. The project revolves around the
development of high compressive strength and workability using proper mix of ingredients.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1
Concrete 1

Ingredients of concrete 1

The major reasons for using admixtures are: 3

Different type of admixtures: 3

ADMIXTURES 4

PLASTICIZERS FOR FLOWING 4

SUPER PLASTICISER 5

HISTORY OF SUPER PLASTICISER 6

Use of superplasticiser 6

Mechanism of superplasticiser 7

Dosage of superplasticiser 8

CHAPTER 2 9

LITERATURE REVIEW 9

LITERATURE REVIWE 1 9

LITERATURE REVIEW 2 10

LITERATURE REVIEW 3 11

LITERATURE REVIEW 4 12

CHAPTER 3 13

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY 13

CONCRETE INGREDIENTS 13

CEMENT 13
FINE AGGEREGATES 15

COARSE AGGREGATES 21

WATER 24

CONPLAST SP 500 (SUPER PLASTICISER) 24

Mix design 28

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 28

Slump test 35

Compressive Strength of Concrete 39

CHAPTER 4 43

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 43

SLUMP TEST RESULTS 43

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS 44

CHAPTER 5 45

CONCLUSION 45

REFERENCE 46

List of Figures

FIGURE 1VARIATION IN FINE AGGREGATE SIEVE ANALYSIS........................................20

FIGURE 2 VARIATION OF SIEVE COURSE AGGREGATE....................................................23

FIGURE 3 MIXING THE CONCRETE........................................................................................34

FIGURE 4 CONCRETE FROM SLUMP CONE..........................................................................38

FIGURE 5 CONCRETE CUBES CASTED..................................................................................42

FIGURE 6 GRAPHICAL COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BOTH

CONCRETES..............................................................................................................................44
List of Tables

TABLE 1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT............................................................................14

TABLE 2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE..........................................................16

TABLE 3 UNIT WEIGHT OF FINE AGGREGATE....................................................................17

TABLE 4 BULKING OF SAND....................................................................................................18

TABLE 5 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE..............................................................19

TABLE 6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE....................................................21

TABLE 7 UNIT WEIGHT & %AGE OF VOIDS.........................................................................22

TABLE 8 FINENESS MODULUS OF COURSE AGGREGATE.................................................23

TABLE 9 MIX DESIGN MATERIAL QUANTITY.....................................................................31

TABLE 10 SLUMP TEST RESULTS...........................................................................................43

TABLE 11 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE.........................43

TABLE 12 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF CONCRETE WITH

ADMIXTURES...........................................................................................................................44
To Determine The Workability And Strength Of Concrete Using 2019-20
Admixture

CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION

Concrete

The concrete is the most important construction material which is manufactured at the site. It
is a composite product obtained by mixing cement, water and an inert matrix of sand and
gravel or crushed stone. It undergoes a number of operations such as transportation, placing,
compacting and curing.

Ingredients of concrete

There are three basic ingredients in the concrete mix:

cement
Water
Aggregates (rock and sand)

Portland cement - The cement and water form a paste that coats the aggregate and sand in the
mix. The paste hardens and binds the aggregates and sand together.

Water- Water is needed to chemically react with the cement (hydration) and too provide
workability with the concrete. The amount of water in the mix in pounds compared with the
amount of cement is called the water/cement ratio. The lower the w/c ratio, the stronger the
concrete. (Higher strength, less permeability)

Aggregates- Sand is the fine aggregate. Gravel or crushed stone is the coarse aggregate in
most mixes.

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Admixture

Another constituent of concrete is admixture. Admixtures are those ingredients in concrete

other than Portland cement, water, and aggregates that are added to the mixture immediately
before or during mixing

Admixtures can be classified by function as follows:

1. Air-entraining admixtures

2. Water-reducing admixtures

3. Plasticizers

4. Accelerating admixtures

5. Retarding admixtures

6. Hydration-control admixtures

7. Corrosion inhibitors

8. Shrinkage reducers

9. Alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors

10. Colouring admixtures

11. Miscellaneous admixtures such as workability, Bonding, damp proofing, permeability

reducing, Grouting, gas-forming, antiwashout, Foaming, and pumping admixtures

Concrete should be workable, finishable, strong, durable, watertight, and wear resistant.
These qualities can often be obtained easily and economically by the selection of suitable
materials rather than by resorting to admixtures (except air-entraining admixtures when
needed).

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Admixture

The major reasons for using admixtures are:

To reduce the cost of concrete construction

To achieve certain properties in concrete more effectively than by other means

To maintain the quality of concrete during the stages of mixing, transporting, placing, and
curing in adverse weather conditions

To overcome certain emergencies during concreting operations

Despite these considerations, it should be borne in mind that no admixture of any type or
amount can be considered a substitute for good concreting practice. The effectiveness of an
admixture depends upon factors such as type, brand, and amount of cementing materials;
water content; aggregate shape, gradation, and proportions; mixing time; slump; and
temperature of the concrete.

Trial mixtures should be made with the admixture and the job materials at temperatures and
humidities anticipated on the job. In this way the compatibility of the admixture with other
admixtures and job materials, as well as the effects of the admixture on the properties of the
fresh and hardened concrete, can be observed. The amount of admixture recommended by the
manufacturer or the optimum amount determined by laboratory tests should be used.

The different type of admixtures

WATER-REDUCING ADMIXTURES
Water-reducing admixtures are used to reduce the quantity of mixing water required to
produce concrete of a certain slump, reduce water-cement ratio, reduce cement content, or
increase slump. Typical water reducers reduce the water content by approximately 5% to
10%. Adding a water-reducing admixture to concrete without reducing the water content can
produce a mixture with a higher slump. The rate of slump loss, however, is not reduced and
in most cases is increased

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AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES
Air-entraining admixtures are used to purposely introduce and stabilize microscopic air
bubbles in concrete. Air entrainment will dramatically improve the durability of concrete
exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing. Entrained air greatly improves concrete’s
resistance to surface scaling caused by chemical deicers. Furthermore, the workability of
fresh concrete is improved significantly, and segregation and bleeding are reduced or
eliminated. Air-entrained concrete contains minute air bubbles that are distributed uniformly
throughout the cement paste. Entrained air can be produced in concrete by use of an air-
entraining cement, by introduction of an airentraining admixture, or by a combination of both
methods. Air-entraining cement is a portland cement with an air-entraining addition
interground with the clinker during manufacture. An air-entraining admixture, on the other
hand, is added directly to the concrete materials either before or during mixing.

HIGH-RANGE WATER REDUCING

ADMIXTURES
High-range water reducers, ASTM C 494 (AASHTO M 194) Types F (water reducing)
and G (water reducing and retarding), can be used to impart properties induced by regular
water reducers, only much more efficiently. They can greatly reduce water demand and
cement contents and make low water-cement ratio, high-strength concrete with normal or
enhanced workability. A water reduction of 12% to 30% can be obtained through the use of
these admixtures. The reduced water content and water-cement ratio can produce concretes
with
(1) Ultimate compressive strengths in excess of 70 MPa (10,000 psi),
(2) Increased early strength gain,
(3) Reduced chloride-ion penetration, and
(4) Other beneficial properties associated with low water-cement ratio concrete

PLASTICIZERS FOR FLOWING

Plasticizers, often called superplasticizers, are essentially high-range water reducers
meeting ASTM C 1017; these admixtures are added to concrete with a low-to-normal slump
and water-cement ratio to make high-slump flowing concrete.

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RETARDING ADMIXTURES
Retarding admixtures are used to delay the rate of setting of concrete. High temperatures
of fresh concrete (30°C [86°F]) are often the cause of an increased rate of hardening that
makes placing and finishing difficult. One of the most practical methods of counteracting this
effect is to reduce the temperature of the concrete by cooling the mixing water and/or the
aggregates. Retarders do not decrease the initial temperature of concrete. The bleeding rate
and bleeding capacity of concrete is increased with retarders.

COLORING ADMIXTURES (PIGMENTS)

Natural and synthetic materials are used to color concrete for aesthetic and safety reasons
(Fig. 6-19). Red concrete is used around buried electrical or gas lines as a warning to anyone
near these facilities. Yellow concrete safety curbs are used in paving applications. Generally,
the amount of pigments used in concrete should not exceed 10% by weight of the cement.
Pigments used in amounts less than 6% generally do not affect concrete properties.

DAMPPROOFING ADMIXTURES
The passage of water through concrete can usually be traced to the existence of cracks or
areas of incomplete consolidation. Sound, dense concrete made with a water cement ratio of
less than 0.50 by mass will be watertight if it is properly placed and cured.

Super plasticiser
Superplasticizers (SP's), also known as high range water reducers, are additives used in
making high strength concrete. Plasticers are chemical compounds that enable the production
of concrete with ca. 15% less water content. Superplasticers allow reduction in water content
by 30% or more. These additives are employed at the level of a few weight per cent.
Plasticizers and superplasticizers retard the curing of concrete.

SPs are used where well-dispersed particle suspension is required to improve the flow
characteristics (rheology) of suspensions such as in concrete applications. Their addition to
concrete or mortar allows the reduction of the water to cement ratio without negatively
affecting the workability of the mixture, and enables the production of self-consolidating
concrete and high performance concrete. They greatly improve the performance of the

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hardening fresh paste. The strength of concrete increases when the water to cement ratio
decreases.

The addition of SP in the truck during transit is a fairly modern development within the
industry. Admixtures added in transit through automated slump management systems, such as
Verify, allows a concrete producer to maintain slump until discharge without reducing
concrete quality.

History of Superplasticiser
Kenichi Hattori from japan introduced the first superplasticizer in 1964 which consisted
of beta-naphthalene sulfonate. The second was Melment introduced in Germany in the same
year and consisted of melamine formaldehyde sulfonate condensation. It was after a decade
that the application of the superplasticizers was introduced to America Continent . The
application of the superplasticizers in the concrete started from the 1960s and got known in
the concrete technology and the construction field as a benchmark. This way concrete was
created with a higher functionality and strength. With adding superplasticizers, the concrete
got higher efficiency and yet lower w/c. The superplasticizers are the polyelectrolytes with
organic origin which act like the distribution of the chemicals in the heterogeneous system .
These materials are high reactive. They do not have sulfonic group and get ionized
completely in an alkali environment. The super-plasticizers with high reactivity that do not
defer the concrete's curing in high doses. Make it possible to produce cement with high
amount of fly ash or slag. The superplasticizers are the macromolecules which are hundreds
of times larger than the water molecule. Because of the function of the CA3, the mechanism
of the superplasticizers is defined as the surface absorption. The superplasticizers repel the
similar charges and producing water gets trapped and hence decreases the density. The
mechanism of the superplasticizers is somewhat different from the WRA. The difference
depends on the consistency of the superplasticizers with Portland cement. It is necessary to
know that the superplasticizers in the cement particles won't be fixed by the C3A because this
decreases the cement efficiency. The common dose of the superplasticizer used to increase
the cement efficiency varies between 1-3 litters per cubic meter and the liquid super-
plasticizer includes 40 % active elements. In the process of the w/c ratio reduction, a higher
dose of relatively 5-20 litters per cubic meter of the concrete is used.

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The superplasticizers are commonly classified in the following polymer

groups:

• Melamine formaldehyde sulfonate condensation (SMF)

• Beta-naphthalene sulfonate (SNF)
• Lingo-sulfonate (MLS)
• Derivatives of Poly-carboxylate

Use of superplasticiser

The use of superplasticizers may produce high strength concrete (compressive strength up
to 22,000 psi).

Superplasticizers can also be utilized in producing flowing concrete used in a heavy

reinforced structure with inaccessible areas. Requirement for producing flowing concrete is
defined in ASTM C 1017.

Another benefit of superplasticizers is concrete early strength enhancement (50 to 75%).

The initial setting time may be accelerated up to an hour earlier or retarded to be an hour later
according to its chemical reaction. Retardation is sometimes associated with range of cement
particle between 4 – 30 mm.

Mechanism of superplasticiser

Superplasticizers are soluble macromolecules, which are hundreds of times larger than
water molecule (Gani, 1997). Mechanism of the superplasticizers is known as adsorption by
C3A, which breaks the agglomeration by repulsion of same charges and releases entrapped
water. The adsorption mechanism of superplasticizers is partially different from the WRA.
The difference relates to compatibility between Portland Cement and superplasticizers. It is
necessary to ensure that the superplasticizers do not become fixed with C3A in cement
particle, which will cause reduction in concrete workability.

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Dosage of superplasticiser

Typical dosage of superplasticizers used for increasing the workability of concrete ranges
from 1 to 3 liters per cubic meter of concrete where liquid superplasticizers contained about
40 % of active material. In reducing the water cement ratio, higher dosage is used, that is
from 5 to 20 liters per cubic meter of concrete.

Dosage needed for a concrete mixture is unique and determined by the Marsh Cone Test.

You know that the amount of plasticizers added to concrete ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 % of the
total weight of cement.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE REVIWE 1

A Study on Flow and Strength Characteristics of Superplasticized

Concrete

ABSTRACT

In modern days, due to optimum and rapid construction there is a high demand for the use
of chemical admixtures. Among these admixtures, nowadays, superplasticizer has a great
market as workability is one of the major issues of a freshly prepared concrete, which can be
enhanced by superplasticizer. These superplasticizers, on one hand, they enhance the
workability to sufficient extent by lowering the flow and shear resistance and on the other
hand, lower the water-cement ratio. Even in the case of selfconsolidating concrete,
superplasticizer greatly enhances the workability of fresh and hardened concrete. The
dramatic effect of superplasticizer on properties of concrete in fresh and hardened state was
studied and the properties of concrete inspected are workability and strength. The effect of
superplasticized concrete was experimented, together with one control mix. An experimental
investigation was conducted to determine the dosage of superplasticizer. In this study,
concrete designed for strength of 53 Mpa at 28 days with ordinary portland cement (OPC)
was evaluated for its early age properties. The study is based on the effect of two different
types of superplasticizer namely: Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF) and Poly
Carboxylate Ether (PCE) and comparing with that of control mix. The results of the study
reveal the complex nature of interactions between cement and superplasticizers in concrete.

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LITERATURE REVIEW 2

Influence of Admixtures on Behavior of Concrete

ABSTRACT

Materials scientists, chemists, engineers, and manufacturers’ technical representatives

have helped the concrete industry to improve our ability to control work times, workability,
strength, and durability of Portland cement concrete by adding some supplementary
substances named admixtures. The function of each admixture focuses on a specific need,
and each has been developed independently of the others. Some admixtures already have
chemistry that affects more than one property of concrete, and some have simply been
combined for ease of addition during the batching process. To better understand
recommended usage for various application of these chemicals admixture in concrete, the
present study is planned to be obtained more specific information in this direction. In this
investigation on performance of concrete with GGBS and different PCE based water reducing
admixture the tests on compressive strength and Workability of the concrete with Ordinary
Portland cement and Portland pozzolana cement with GGBS and admixture are carried out at
different curing periods for M45 grade of concrete to conclude its behavior.

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LITERATURE REVIEW 3

Influence of Chemical admixture dosage on Fresh Properties of Self-

compacting concrete

ABSTRACT

The concrete is a versatile construction material because of a good compatibility existing

between the ingredients of concrete. Each and every ingredient has its potency and significant
effect on properties of concrete. Self-compacting concrete going to be futuristic material
because of it’s inherent properties like flow ability, passing ability, segregation to resistance.
There are plenty of plasticizers and super plasticizers are available to make concrete to be
flow able without compensating the strength. However it is very difficult to obtain the
optimum dosage for making of SCC. The present paper is aiming towards study of effect of
different admixtures dosage on fresh properties of Self-compacting concrete and also
compressive strength of concrete. M40 mix grade of 7 mixes were made to obtain required
admixture dosage. ADVA960 (Poly-carboxylic-ether based) admixture was used. Fresh
properties of SCC are tested by using the slump flow test, V – flow, and L – box test. 7, 28
days of compressive strength of concrete were also tested. At Lower powder content, as
admixture dosage increases, bleeding and segregation will took place. Even though dosage of
admixture increases the variation in compressive strength was marginally. At 0.5% of
admixture dosage, 550kgs of powder content is satisfied the all SCC requirements and
reached target mean strength marginally.

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LITERATURE REVIEW 4

Study on Correlating Properties of Cement Paste and Concrete

ABSTRACT

Concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregates, binding material, water and

admixtures. It is the most widely used construction material on earth. This paper is a study on
loss of workability, setting time, property correlation between paste and concrete for various
admixture and superplasticiser dosages. The mineral admixtures considered are Fly ash and
(Ground granulated blast furnace slag) GGBS with superplasticiser Masterglenium SKY
8233. The flow analysis in paste can be used as a guideline for finding saturation
superplasticiser dosage. The study on setting time shows than results of paste and concrete
are comparable. It is also found that saturated superplasticiser dosage in paste and concrete
can be correlated for better compressive strength. By this study, tests on the paste can be used
as guide for optimising flow behaviours, setting time, compressive strength in concrete
without doing tedious tests in concrete.

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CHAPTER 3

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

The main objective of the project is to determine the workability and strength of

1. Plain cement concrete

2. Concrete to which admixture is added

The admixture added to concrete is “CONPLAST SP-500”

To determine the workability of concrete slump test is adopted, And to determine the strength
of concrete compressive strength test using universal testing machine is adopted

CONCRETE INGREDIENTS
1.CEMENT
Cement is an extremely fine-grounded material with adhesive and cohesive properties and
acts as a binding material in concrete.

The properties of concrete are very much influenced with the properties of cement, hence if
it of worth importance to know the cement properties. Following are the main tests
conducted to know the cement propertie.

Specific gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of substance to the density of a reference
substance. Specific gravity is needed in calculation of soil properties like void ratio, degree
of saturation. This property is very important in the mix design.

Procedure
It is determined by correlated the weights of cement, water, and kerosene. Since, the cement
on mixing with the water hardens, it is mixed with kerosene and the corresponding weight is
used for specific gravity determination.

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Calibrating specific gravity of Cement

Sl no CONENT Weight (gms)

1 Wt. of density 48

2 Wt. of density bottle + 1/3 of cement 91

Wt. of density bottle + cement +

3 105
kerosene

4 Wt. of density bottle + kerosene 80

5 Wt of density bottle + water 20

6 Specific gravity of kerosene 0.79

7 Specific gravity of cement 3.15

Result: Specific gravity of cement=3.15

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2. FINE AGGEREGATES
Aggregates are important constituents of concrete and they constitute 75 to 80% of total
volume of concrete. They reduce shrinkage and effect economy to a great extent. As
aggregates are main part of a body in concrete, its properties affect the economy to a great
extent.
Following are the properties of aggregates, which effect concrete.

i. Size
Largest maximum size that can be under given set of conditions should be used.
Generally 80mm is the largest size of aggregates in concrete, which is generally
used.

ii. Shape
Shape of aggregate is an important characteristic since it affects workability of concrete. As
per shape they are classified as rounded irregular or partly rounded, angular, flaky. The
angular aggregates are generally preferred as compared to other due to their durability and
strength in concrete and good binding capacity

iii. Texture
Generally rough texture aggregates are preferred as compared to smooth due to their good
binding capacity. Rough texture increases the surface area, which increases the bonding
strength of concrete.

iv. Strength
Strength of aggregates is defined as the resistance to given set of forces. It is measured as its
crushing value i.e. resistance to crushing loads and impact value.

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1 Specific gravity
The specific gravity of fine aggregate is define as the ratio between the mass of given
volume of fine aggregate and mass of an equal volume of water

Calibrating specific gravity of fine aggregates

Description Readings

Weight of Pycnometer (W1), grams 645

Weight of Pycnometer+1/3rd of FA (W2), grams 1028

Weight of Pycnometer+1/3rd of FA+ water (W3), grams 1745

Weight of Pycnometer + water (W4), grams 1509

Specific gravity of fine aggregates= (W2-W1)/((W4-W1)-(W3-W2))

= (1028-645)/((1028-645)-(1745-1509))
= 2.74

Result: Specific gravity of fine aggregate=2.74

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2 Unit Weight (Bulk Density) & %age of Voids of Fine Aggregate

We will get %age voids by comparing loose state and compacted state.
Bulk Density is the mass of the unit volume of bulk aggregate.

Table :Unit Weight & %age of Voids

Diameter of the cylinder ‘d’ in cm 15

Height of the cylinder ‘h’ in cm 17

Volume of the cylinder ‘V’ πd²/4 x h cm3 3004.14

Weight of empty cylinder W1 gm 2768

Weight of cylinder + Compacted sand W2 gm 7710

Weight of cylinder + Loosely sand W3 gm 7378

Results
a. Compacted State:

 Unit weight of Compacted state is 1.64 gm/cm3

 The percentage of voids in compacted state is 36.92%

b. Loosely Filled State:

 Unit weight of loosely filled state is 1.53 gm/cm3

 The percentage of voids in loosely filled state is 41.15%

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3 Bulking of Fine Aggregate

Bulking means the volume increase of fine aggregate due to presence of moisture content.

Table : Bulking of Sand

Sl.no Weight of % of water Total % of Initial Final Bulking of sand

sand in gm add in each water height in height in h2 — h1
h1×
Trial cm (M1) cmM2 1tt
in %
1 400 2% 2 8.1 10.5 29.62
2 400 2% 4 8.1 11.2 38.27
3 400 2% 6 8.1 12.5 54.32
4 400 2% 8 8.1 13.1 61.72
5 400 2% 10 8.1 12.7 56.79
6 400 2% 12 8.1 12.4 53.08
7 400 2% 14 8.1 11.8 45.67
8 400 2% 16 8.1 11.1 37.03
9 400 2% 18 8.1 10.6 30.86
10 400 2% 20 8.1 10.2 25.92
11 400 2% 22 8.1 9.4 16.04
12 400 2% 24 8.1 8.8 8.64
13 400 2% 26 8.1 8.1 0

Result: The maximum bulking of sand is 61.72%

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4 Sieve analysis of Fine Aggregate

Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea how fine aggregate is. More fineness
modulus valve indicates that the aggregate is coarser and small value of fineness modulus
indicates that the aggregate is finer.

Table: Fineness Modulus Of Sand.

Weight of sample %age weight Cumulative %age of

IS sieve size
retain in gm retained retain in % Passing

4.75mm 0 0 0 100

2.36mm 8 0.8 0.8 99.2

1.18mm 94 9.4 10.2 89.8

600mic 318 31.8 42 58

300mic 482 48.2 90.2 9.8

150mic 88 8.8 99 1.0

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate = sth of cthtl‫ݑ‬t݈vܽ rܽt݈݅‫ ݈݅ ݑ‬%

1tt

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Fig.: Variation of sieve fineness modulus.

Result: The fineness modulus of fine aggregate is 2.42 (Fine sand)

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3. COARSE AGGREGATES
The size of the aggregate bigger than 4.75mm is considered as course aggregate. its
maximum size can be up to 63mm. aggregate materials originate from bed rocks. aggregates
may be derived from igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks or metamorphic rocks . the most
important function of the fine aggregate is to provide workability and uniformly in the
mixture. The fine aggregate also helps for the cement paste to hold the course aggregate
properties in suspension.

1 Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of coarse aggregate is define as the ratio between the mass of
given volume of coarse aggregate and mass of an equal volume of water.

Calibrating specific gravity of coarse aggregates

Description Readings

Weight of dry sample (W1), grams 3000

Weight of basket in water (W2), grams 1550

Weight of sample + basket (W3), grams 3250

Weight of oven dried aggergates (W4), grams 2990

Bulk Specific gravity = (W1)/((W1)-(W3-W2))

= (3000)/((3000)-(3250-1550))
= 2.31
Apparent Specific gravity = (W4)/((W4)-(W3-W2))
= (2990)/((2990)-(3250-1550))
= 2.33
Result: Specific gravity of coarse aggregate=2.74

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2 Unit Weight (Bulk Density) & %age of Voids of Course aggregate

We will get %age voids by comparing loose state and compacted state.
Bulk Density: It is the mass of the unit volume of bulk aggregate

Table: Unit Weight & %age of Voids

Diameter of the cylinder ‘d’ in cm 15

Height of the cylinder ‘h’ in cm 17

Volume of the cylinder ‘V’ πd²/4 x h cm3 3004.14

Weight of empty cylinder (W1) gm 4386

Weight of cylinder + Compacted QD (W2) gm 9314

Weight of cylinder + Loosely QD (W3) gm 8792

Results
c. Compacted State:

 Unit weight of Compacted state is 1.64 gm/cm3

 The percentage of voids in compacted state is 36.92%

d. Loosely Filled State:

 Unit weight of loosely filled state is 1.46 gm/cm3

 The percentage of voids in loosely filled state is 43.84%

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3 Sieve analysis of Course Aggregate

Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea how Course aggregate is More fineness
modulus valve indicates that the aggregate is coarser and small value of fineness modulus
indicates that the aggregate is finer.

Table: Fineness modulus of Course aggregate

Weight of sample %age weight Cumulative
IS sieve size %age of Passing
retain in gm retained retain in %
80mm 0 0 0 100
40mm 0 0 0 100
20mm 874 8.74 8.74 91.26
10mm 9030 90.3 99.04 0.96
4.75mm 84 0.84 99.88 0.12
Pan 12 0.12 100 0

Fineness modulus of Course aggregate = sth of cthtl‫ݑ‬t݈vܽ rܽt݈݅‫ ݈݅ ݑ‬%

1tt

Fig. : Variation of sieve Course aggregate

Result: The fineness modulus of Course aggregate is 8.07

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4. WATER
Water cement ratio is the ratio of the volume of water mixed in concrete to volume of cement
used the strength and workability of concrete depended to a great extent on the amount of
water used. For a given proportion of the materials, there is an amount of water which gives
the greatest strength.

5. CONPLAST SP 500(SUPER PLASTICISER)

High performance water reducing and superplasticising admixture for microsilica concrete

Uses
To produce pumpable concrete
To produce high strength, high grade concrete by substantial reduction in water resulting
in low permeability and high early strength.
To produce high workability concrete requiring little or no vibration during placing.

Advantages
Improved workability - Easier, quicker placing and compaction.
Increased strength - Provides high early strength for precast concrete if water reduction is
taken advantage of.
Improved quality - Denser, close textured concrete with reduced porosity and hence more
durable.
Higher cohesion - Risk of segregation and bleeding minimised; thus aids pumping of
concrete
Chloride free - Safe in prestressed concrete and with sulphate resisting cements and
marine aggregates.

Standards
Conplast SP500 complies with IS:9103:1999 and BS:5075 Part 3 and with ASTM C494
Type ‘F’ and ‘G’ admixture depending on dosage. Also Confi rms to IS 2645-2003 as
waterproofi ng admixture.

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Description
Conplast SP500 is based on Sulphonated Napthalene Polymers and is supplied as a brown
liquid instantly dispersible in water.
Conplast SP500 has been specially formulated to give high water reductions upto 25%
without loss of workability or to produce high quality concrete of reduced permeability

Properties
Specifi c gravity 1.250 - 1.270 at 270C*
pH at 270C Minimum 6*
Chloride content Nil toIS:456*
* The uniformity parameters like specifi c gravity, pH, chloride content etc. will vary for
specifi c customer requirements and mix design. Please refer our MTC issued for specifi c
product confi guration for measuring our product parameters that will be constantly and
consistently administered.

Compatibility : Can be used with all types of cements except high alumina cement.
Conplast SP500 is compatible with other types of Fosroc admixtures when added
separately to the mix. Site trials should be carried out to optimise dosages.

Workability : Can be used to produce fl owing concrete that requires no compaction. Some
minor adjustments may be required to produce high workable mix without segregation.

Cohesion : Cohesion is improved due to dispersion of cement particles thus minimising

segregation and improving surface fi nish.

Compressive strength : Early strength is increased upto 40% if water reduction is taken
advantage of. Generally, there is improvement in strength upto 20% depending upon W/C
ratio and other mix parameters.

Durability : Reduction in W/C ratio enables increase in density and impermeability thus
enhancing durability of concrete.

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Application instructions

Dosage
rials need to be carried out at site to determine the exact dosage of the admixture for the
particular mix design and materials. However for normal grades of concrete a dosage from
0.5% - 1.0% by weight of cementitious material is recommended, the dosage may be
increased to 1.5% to achieve specifi c slump requirements. For microsilica concrete where
a high amount of water reduction and slump retention are required, trials need to be carried
out to arrive at the correct dosage, as the dosage may increase upto 2.0% or even upto 2.5%
by weight of cementitious material depending on mix design and performance required.

Use at other dosages

Dosages outside the typical ranges quoted above can be used to meet particular
requirements. Contact Fosroc for advice.

Overdosage
An overdose of above the recommended level of admixture may result in high workability,
slight increase in air entrainment and retardation of setting time. The ultimate strength of
the concrete will not be adversely affected and will generally be higher than for normal
concrete if properly placed and cured.

Dispensing
The measured quantity of Conplast SP500 should be added along with the gauging water.
For best results, add Conplast SP500 in the last phase after prewetting the mix with 80% of
the total water required.

Mix design
Fosroc has an advisory service on Concrete Mix Design and can be contacted if assistance
is required.

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Estimating

Packing
Conplast SP500 is supplied in 200 litre, 250kg and bulk tanker.

Storage
Conplast SP500 has a minimum shelf life of 12 months when stored under normal
temperatures. It should be protected from extreme temperatures and preferably stored in
shade.

Precautions

Health & Safety

Conplast SP500 is non-toxic. Any splashes on the skin should be washed immediately
with water. Splashes to the eyes should be washed immediately with water and medical
advice should be sought.

Fire
Conplast SP500 is non fl ammable.

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CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING

a. Grade designation : M25

b. Type of cement : OPC 53 Grade

c. Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20mm

d. Maximum water-cement ratio : 0.50 (Table 5 of IS 456:2000)

e. Workability : 100mm slump

f. Exposure condition :severe

g. Method of concrete placing : Pumping

h. Chemical admixture type : Conplast sp 500 (Super Plasticizer)

TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

i. Cement used : OPC 53 Grade

ii. Specific gravity of cement : 3.15

iii. Chemical admixture : Conplast sp 500 (Super Plasticizer)

iv. Specific gravity of Fine aggregate : 2.74

v. Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate 20mm : 2.74

vi. Water absorption:nil

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TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

f’ck =fck + 1.65 s

where

f’ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days,

fck = characteristics compressive strength at 28 days, and

s = standard deviation.

From Table I of IS 10262:2009, Standard Deviation, s = 4 N/mm2 .

Therefore, target strength = 25 + 1.65 x 4 = 31.6 N/mm2 .

SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO

From table 5 IS456 maximun water cement ratio 0.5

Maximum free water content = 0.55

0.5<0.55

Hence okay

SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

From Table 2 of IS 10262:2009, maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate = 186 litre

(for 25 to 50 mm slump range)

Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186+ (6/186) = 197 litre.

(Note: If Super plasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced upto 20% and above.)

Based on trials with Super plasticizer water content reduction of 20% has been achieved,

Hence the arrived water content = 197-[197 x (20/100)] = 158 litre.

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CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water cement ratio =0.5,

w/c = 0.5

Cement content = w/0.5 =158/0.5 = 316 kg/m³

From table 5 of IS456 minimum water content for severe exposed condition = 320kg/m³

320 > 316 kg/m³ hence ok.

PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3 of (IS 10262:2009) Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size

aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone II) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 =0.62 .

For pumpable concrete these values should be reduced up to 10%.

Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate =0.62 x 0.9 =0.56.

Volume of fine aggregate content = 1 – 0.57= 0.43.

MIX CALCULATIONS
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

a. Volume of concrete = 1 m3

b. Volume of cement = [Mass of cement] / {[Specific Gravity of Cement] x 1000} =

(320/3.15) x (1/1000) =0.101m³

c. Volume of water = [Mass of water] / {[Specific Gravity of water] x 1000} =

(158/1) x (1/1000) = 0.158m³

d. Volume of chemical admixture = (mass of admixture/ specific gravity of admixture) x

(1/1000)= (6.4/1.2 ) x (1/1000) = 0.0053m³

e. Volume of all in aggregate = [a-(b+c+d)] = [1-(0.101 + 0.158 + 0.0053)] = 0.7357m³

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f. Mass of coarse aggregate= e x Volume of Coarse Aggregate x Specific Gravity of Fine

Aggregate x 1000 = 0.7357 x 0.56 x 2.74 x 1000=1128 kg/m3

g. Mass of fine aggregate= e x Volume of Fine Aggregate x Specific Gravity of Fine

Aggregate x 1000 = 0.7357 x 0.44 x 2.74 x 1000=886.95 kg/m3

MIX PROPORTIONS

Cement 320 kg/m³

Water 158 kg/m³

Fine aggregate 886.95 kg/m³

Coarse aggregate 1128 kg/m³

Chemical admixture 64 kg/m³

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Mixing of concrete
Carrying out hand mixing of concrete requires special skills and care during the process for
quality control of fresh concrete. The precautions and the correct way of performing hand
mixing of concrete is to undergo the mixing process as recommended by the standard
procedures.
Concrete is mixed by any two methods, based on requirement as per quality and quantity of
concrete required.

Mixing by hand is employed only to specific cases where quality control is not of much
importance and quantity of concrete required is less. Stone aggregate is washed with water to
remove dirt, dust or any other foreign material before mixing.

The main purpose of mixing the concrete is to finally obtain a uniform mixture that shows
uniformity in terms of color and consistency.

Procedure of Hand Mixing of Concrete

Hand mixing should be done on a smooth, clean and water tight platform of suitable size in
the following manner:

1. Measured quantity of sand is spread evenly.

2. The required quantity of cement is dumped on the sand and spread evenly.
3. The sand and cement is then mixed intimately with spade, turning the mixture over
and over again until it is of even color throughout and free from streaks.
4. The sand cement mixture is then spread out and measured quantity of coarse
aggregate is spread on its top. Alternatively, the measured quantity of coarse
aggregate is spread out and the sand cement mixture is then spread on its top.
5. The whole mass should be mixed at least three times by shoveling and turning over by
twist from center to side, then back to the center and again to the sides.
6. A hollow is made in the middle of the mixed pile.
7. Three quarters of the total quantity of water required should be added while the
materials are turned in towards the center with spades. The remaining water is added

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by a water-can fitted with rose head, slowly turning the whole mixture over and over again
until a uniform color and consistency is obtained throughout the pile.
8. 5 percent extra cement shall be added than the specified for machine mixing, when
hand mix cement concrete is produced.
9. The required PPEs (Personal Protective Equipment) shall be worn by the labors and
masons while mixing and handling the concrete.
10. The mixing platform should be washed at the end of the day.

Precautions during Hand Mixing of Concrete

Certain tips, measures that must be taken care while mixing concrete by hand is mentioned
below:

1. The Hand Mixing procedures have to be carried out only for small concrete works.
Large works will ask for large quantity of concrete at a time, for which we must use
either a machine mixer or ready mix concrete.
2. The hand mixing must be employed only for works that will give adequate interval
time for mixing between the work. This means we must not mix large quantities very
earlier for a work that is going to start later.
3. The mixing procedure have to be conducted on a water tight platform. This platform
have to be impervious. This can be either a concrete platform or a brick floor.
4. The floor must have the space to take one bag of cement at a time and their respective
materials (water + aggregate).
5. Initially, the measured quantities of cement and fine aggregate is mixed properly over
the watertight platform. The mixing is continued till a uniform mixture is obtained.
6. The coarse aggregate has to be placed over this bed of uniform mixture. An
inappropriate order of addition of material must not be followed.
7. The addition of water must be done in intervals and not in a single stretch.
8. The whole mixing must be done neatly and uniformly without a hurry.
9. A good and clean showel should be used for the mixing procedure.

During hand mixing, it is recommended to avoid large buckets for measurement. Use of large
buckets will end up having a large heap that is difficult to be mixed by hand.

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10. In some cases, the large heap is divided into two large heaps and performed
individually. This can be only carried out by one will proper skill and experience.
11. Every time after the use, the worming space have to cleaned and made free from any
debris.
The main issue faced in hand mixing is the addition of too much water that required.
This must be avoided.
12. The workers carrying out the concrete mixing are asked to use masks so as not to
inhale the powder, which can cause serious issues as time passes.
13. For inside concrete works, avoid the hand mixing procedure in the outside or direct
sun. This increase in temperature will evaporate the water content, hence making the
mixture dry.
14. Over mixing of the concrete mixture have to be avoided. Once the required amount of
mixing is performed, keep it idol and mixing in small quantities during the time of
placing.

Figure: mixing of concrete

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Test conducted to determine workability

Depending on the water cement ratio in the concrete mix, the workability may be determined
by the following three methods.

1. Slump test

2. Compaction factor test

3. Vee-bee consistometer test

We have adopted slump test to determine the workability of concrete

SLUMP TEST
Concrete slump test or slump cone test is to determine the workability or consistency of
concrete mix prepared at the laboratory or the construction site during the progress of the
work. Concrete slump test is carried out from batch to batch to check the uniform quality of
concrete during construction.

The slump test is the most simple workability test for concrete, involves low cost and
provides immediate results. Due to this fact, it has been widely used for workability tests
since 1922. The slump is carried out as per procedures mentioned in ASTM C143 in the
United States, IS: 1199 – 1959 in India and EN 12350-2 in Europe.

Generally concrete slump value is used to find the workability, which indicates water-cement
ratio, but there are various factors including properties of materials, mixing methods, dosage,
admixtures etc. also affect the concrete slump value.

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Factors which influence the concrete slump test:

1. Material properties like chemistry, fineness, particle size distribution, moisture
content and temperature of cementitious materials.
2. Size, texture, combined grading, cleanliness and moisture content of the aggregates,
Chemical admixtures dosage, type, combination, interaction, sequence of addition and
its effectiveness.
3. Air content of concrete.
4. Concrete batching, mixing and transporting methods and equipment,
Temperature of the concrete.
5. Sampling of concrete, slump-testing technique and the condition of test equipment,
The amount of free water in the concrete
6. Time since mixing of concrete at the time of testing.

Equipments Required for Concrete Slump Test

Mold for slump test i.e. slump cone, non porous base plate, measuring scale, temping rod.
The mold for the test is in the form of the frustum of a cone having height 30 cm, bottom
diameter 20 cm and top diameter 10 cm. The tamping rod is of steel 16 mm diameter and
60cm long and rounded at one end.

Sampling of Materials for Slump Test

A concrete mix (M15 or other) by weight with suitable water/ cement ratio is prepaid in the
laboratory similar to that explained in 5.9 and required for casting 6 cubes after conducting
Slump test.

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Concrete Slump Test

Procedure for Concrete Slump Cone Test

1. Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.

2. Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
3. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.
4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a uniform
manner over the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent layers, the tamping
should penetrate into the underlying layer.
5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.
7. Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.

8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of
height point of the specimen being tested.

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Slump Value Observation:

The slump (Vertical settlement) measured shall be recorded in terms of millimeters of
subsidence of the specimen during the test.

Figure: Slump Test

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To determine the strength of concrete compressive strength test using

universal testing machine was used

Compressive Strength of Concrete

Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of
concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not.
Concrete compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30
MPa (4400 psi) and higher in commercial and industrial structures.

Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio,

cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control during production of concrete
etc.

Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder. Various standard
codes recommends concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the standard specimen for the test.
American Society for Testing Materials ASTM C39/C39M provides Standard

Compressive Strength Definition

Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its surface
without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to reduce the size, while
in tension, size elongates.

Compressive Strength Formula

Compressive strength formula for any material is the load applied at the point of failure to the
cross-section area of the face on which load was applied.

Compressive Strength = Load / Cross-sectional Area

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Procedure: Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cubes

For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15cm or 10cm X 10cm
x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical moulds
of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After
24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top
surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement
paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days
curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the
Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive
strength of concrete.

Apparatus for Concrete Cube Test

Compression testing machine

Preparation of Concrete Cube Specimen

The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same concrete used
in the field.

Specimen

6 cubes of 15 cm size

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Sampling of Cubes for Test

Clean the mounds and apply oil

Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5 cm thick

Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar

16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)

Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

Curing of Cubes

The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this period the specimens
are marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken
out prior to test.

Precautions for Tests

The water for curing should be tested every 7 days and the temperature of water must be at
27+-2oC.

Procedure for Concrete Cube Test

1. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.
2. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m
3. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine
4. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to
the opposite sides of the cube cast.
5. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
7. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails
8. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

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Figure: cubes prepared for compressive test

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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, we refer it as experimental methodology and laboratory work. In these

concrete cubes of size 150 x 150 x150 mm, are casted ISCM moulds as per obtained mix
proportions and respective grades. The concrete cubes are tested under compression testing
machine (CTM) for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of curing to know the compressive strength.
The results obtained from tests have been systematically represented in the form of tables and
comparative study has been taken up at the required stages and has been indicated.

Slump test results

Slump value of plain cement concrete in 73

mm
Slump value of concrete with admixture 162
in mm

Compressive strength of plain cement concrete

Number of days Load in KN Compressive strength in

N/mm²

7 375 16.66

14 420 18.67

28 435 19.33

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Compressive strength in concrete with admixture

Number of days Load in KN Compressive strength in

N/mm²

7 405 18.00

14 494 21.95

28 535 23.77

The results of compressive strength are shown graphically

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CHAPTER 5

Conclusion
 The workability of concrete increases with increase of chemical admixture
 The compressive strength of the concrete also increases
 By adding super plasticiser, self-compacting concrete can be produced
 The concrete sets normally with optimum addition of admixture. The concrete does
not set if over dosage of admixture is done
 Low water cement ratio can be achieved if admixture is added. The water
cement ratio should be reduced by 0.05 if admixture is added

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REFFERENCE
1. Hannah S. Mattam1, Raunac K. Paulose 2, Sherin Robert 2, Vijay Mathew2, “A Study on
Flow and Strength Characteristics of Superplasticized Concrete” ,International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) , Volume: 05 Issue: 02 | Feb-2018

2. Anitha J1, Pradeepa S1, Lalit Soni2, Rakshit K B3, “Influence of Admixtures on Behavior
of Concrete”, International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.4, No.11,
November 2016

3. Nagaraju1, S. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy2, T. Suresh3, “Influence of Chemical admixture

dosage on Fresh Properties ofSelf-compacting concrete”, International Journal of Engineering
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