CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the procedure that is used in the conduct of the study and it involves

the selection of a research design, population specification and description, sample and

sampling techniques, data collection instruments, data collection procedure and then data

analysis procedure.

3.2 Research Design

The study adopted survey research design. Survey research design according to Cohen,

Manion and Marrison (2018), is descriptive in nature. It gathers data at a particular point of

time in order to ‘describe the nature of existing conditions, or identifying standards against

which existing conditions can be compared, or determining the relationships that exist

between specific events. The survey research design was therefore suitable for this study

since it tends to obtain data from the students of technology department, faculty of education

Bayero University Kano

3.3 Population of the Study

The population of the study are the students of technology department, faulty of education,

Bayero University, Kano. While the estimated population of the study is 173 students

Table 3.1: Population of Department of Technology Education Students

Category Population

100 Level 01

200 Level 44

300 Level 54

400 Level 74

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Total 173

Sources: Department of TechnologyBayero University Kano 2023

3.4 Sample Size

The population of the study comprises of all the students in the department of technology,

faculty of education, Bayero University Kano. The sample size of 105 is determined in

accordance with the Krejcy and Morgan (1970) sample size table. The table is applied at 95%

confidence level and 5% margin of error. Table 3.2 is for the distribution and sample size of

each of the category.

Table 3.2: Table of Sample for the Study

Category Population Sample Size Required

100 Level 01 01

200 Level 44 24

300 Level 54 38

400 Level 74 42

Total 173 105

Sources: Department of TechnologyBayero University Kano 2023

3.5 Sampling Techniques

Stratified sampling technique is employed for the study, because of the nature of the

population. Stratified sampling is a method whereby the population is divided into subgroups,

each group containing subjects with similar characteristics. This is because the technique will

give the subjects equal and independent chance of being selected so as to avoid sampling

biasness. The sample of the study consists of four groups namely, level 100, 200, 300 and

400 students of the department. Systematic sampling is employed to extract the sample of the

study. In the selection, individuals are chosen at regular intervals from the sampling frame.

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The justification is to give guarantee for fairness and flexibility of being selected. In other

word, each subgroup will have equal representation of the population and will minimize

sampling error.

3.6 Data Collection Instrument

The instrument that is used for data collection is researcher developed questionnaire. The

questionnaire intends to measure examination preparation strategies adopted by technology

education students, causes of examination mal practice and strategies for avoiding

examination mal practice among technology education students in Bayero University Kano

The responses is SA= Strongly Agree, A= Agree, N= Neutral, D= Disagree, SD= Strongly

Disagree. The questionnaire is titled: Examination Malpractice Questionnaire (EMQ) which

consists of items. The questionnaire is a closed ended format on a four point Likert rating

scale.

3.7 Data Collection Procedure

The researchers collect an introductory letter from the Department of Technology Education,

Bayero University Kano to the faculty of education, for formal permission to conduct the

study. The researcher spresent the letter seeking for permission to administer the instruments

on the respondents where the study is conducted. However, in order to ensure that the

questionnaires reach the participants and to avoid non-returns of the questionnaires from the

participants, the researchers administer the questionnaires. The distribution and retrieval of

the instruments isdone in two weeks. The response of the respondents is recorded and

subjected to statistical analysis.

3.8 Data Analysis

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Descriptive statistics is used in the study to determine the examination preparation strategies

and causes of mal practice in Bayero University Kano. Descriptive statistics deals with

description of the study of population based on the behavior of samples. Descriptive statistic

is used to measure examination preparation strategies adopted by technology education

students, causes of examination mal practice and strategies for avoiding examination mal

practice among technology education students in Bayero University Kano. Before performing

the statistical test, the researchers code the values of the relevant variables within a row of the

SPSS Data Editor. In addition, the “values” cell of the Variable View screen contains the

coding frame. Including the coding frame instructs SPSS to display each category’s name,

rather than numerical code, in output. With data organized this way, the researchers perform

the test.