Bones and muscles

Dr. Manjiri Ganjewar

Asst. professor
Dept. of Anatomy
MGM Medical collage, A’BAD.
 What is sclerous tissue?
• Specialized connective tissue which forms
general framework of the body.

• Bears weight without bending

• Types – cartilage and bone

 Cartilage
• Rigidity + elasticity
• Temporary + permanent
• Chondrocytes
• Peculiarities-
– Avascular and non nervous- homogenous
transplantation
– After calcification, cells die
– Growth
 Bones functions
• Rigid framework- 206 bones
• Attachment of muscles , ligaments
• Lever for muscles
• Protection of viscera
• Bone marrow
• Store house
• Timbre of voice
 Classification
• Shape – long, short, flat, irregular, pneumatic,
seasamoid, accessory, heterotopic

• Developmental – 1.cartilagenous, membrano-

cartilagenous, membranous. 2. visceral ,
somatic

• Structural – compact, cancellous

 Bones
• Compact- dense as in ivory but porous –
cortex of bone

• Cancellous bone- made up of meshwork of

trabeculae between which marrow containing
spaces- epiphyses of long bones
 Gross structure
• Shaft – periosteum, cortex, medullary cavity
– Sharpey ‘s fibers
• 2 ends – Cancellous bone covered with
cartilage
• Ossification of bone
– Primary ossification
– Secondary ossification
 ossification
• Areas where bone formation or ossification
starts – centres of ossification

– Primary –main part of bone ossifies- appears

before birth- ex. Shaft of long bone
– Secondary – accessory part of bone is ossifies-
appears after birth ,except……
 Young long bone
• Diaphysis – part of bone ossifies from primary
centre- shaft
• Epiphysis – from secondary centre
– Out of 2 one unites late- growing end of bone
– Law of union- epiphyseal centre which appears
first unites last with diaphysis except fibula
– Growing end- against direction of nutrient
foramen of bone.
– To the elbow I go, from the knee I flee.
• Metaphysis – ends of diaphysis facing
epiphysis
• Bone growth area
• Hair pin ends of nutrient artery
• Osteomyelitis
 Bone description
• Long bones-vertical
• 2 ends + shaft
• 3 borders and 3 surfaces
• Elevation – tubercles, trochanters, tuberosity,
condyle, epicondyle, malleolus, styloid
process, ramus, ridge, crest, lip, line, spine
• Depressions- groove, pit, fossa, sulcus
• Openings – foremen, canal, hiatus
• Cavities- sinus,
• Smooth articular surface- facet, head, condyle
 Differences
Bone Cartilage
Hard Firm
calcium salt+++ -
Rich nerve supply Non nervous
vascular avascular
Bone marrow+ -
Appositional growth Appositional, interstitial growth
 Applied
• Fracture
• Vit D, calcium deficiency
• Cancers
• osteomyelitis
 Muscles
• Musculus – little mouse
• Contractility

• Types- striped,
• unstriped, cardiac
 Classification
• Striped- voluntary, skeletal/ somatic
– Except pharynx , diaphragm
– Rapid contraction, easy fatigue
• Unstriped- visceral/ smooth
– Involuntary,
• Cardiac-
– Striped but involuntary
 Skeletal muscle
• Origin- contractile
• Insertion- rope like- fibrous, less fleshy, less
vascular, resistant to friction
• Nerve supply
• Diagram
• Action – cross at least one joint

• Red muscle- white muscle

 Naming….
• Colour • Anterior- posterior
• Shape • Longus- bravis
• Location • Pollicis- hallucis
• Size • Superficial- deep
• Compartment
• Function
• Heads
 Applied
• Hypoplasia
• Hyperplasia
• Hemiplegia
• Quadriplegia
• Disuse atrophy
• Hypertrophy
• polio myositis
• Thank you.