Osteology

Upper Limb 1
Principles & terminology - bones
• Skeletal system
• bones & cartilages
• subdivisions: by regions, axial &
appendicular
• Compact & spongy bone
• Cells & matrix
• Trabeculae provides strength &
lightness
• Medullary cavity

• Periosteum & bone marrow

• Periosteum, endosteum
• Red & yellow marrows
Principles & terminology - bones
Types of bones
• Long, short, flat, irregular
• Sesamoid
• Pneumatic, e.g. skull

Bony features
• Articular surfaces: facet, head, condyle, trochlea
• Bony markings
• Elevations: line, crest, spine, process, condyle, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter
• Facets
• Depressions: fossa, fovea, groove, sulcus, notch
• Holes: foramen, fissure, meatus, canal
Principles & terminology - bones
• Cartilage
• Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
Principles & terminology - bones
• Ossification
• Intracartiloginous
• Intramembranous

• Primary centre
• Secondary centres & growth plates
• Epiphyses & epiphysial lines
• Long bone growth & growing end
• Neurovascular supply of a bone
• Sensory nerves
• Nutrient, periosteal, methaphyisial, epiphysial
arteries
• Lymph vessels
• Fracture healing
Principles – articular systems
• Articular system = joints
• Fibrous & cartilaginous joints

• Types of synovial joints

• Plane
• Uni-axial
• Bi-axial
• Multi-axial
• Simple & compound
Principles – articular systems
• Articular surfaces & cartilage
• Bony articular surfaces
• Bony non-articular surfaces – provide attachment for intra-articular ligament
• Non-bony articular surfaces: ligaments, fibrocartilage

• Synovial membrane & cavity

• Fibrous capsule
Principles – articular systems
• Ligaments
• Elastic
• Intrinsic vs. extrinsic
• Collateral
• Accessory: costoclavicular, coracoclavicular
Principles – articular systems
• Special structures of joints
• Labrum
• Disc & menisci
• Intracapsular tendon
• Bursae
• Fat pads
Principles – articular systems
• Joint mobility & stability
• Dual properties
• Stability: bony, ligamentous, muscular
• Active & passive movements
• Pairs of movements
• Roll, slide, spin

• Shoulder joint
• Type of joint
• Bone, articular surface, capsules
• Ligaments: capsular, accessory
• Muscles
Principles – articular systems
• Elbow joints
• Type of joint
• Bone, articular surface, capsules
• Ligaments: capsular, accessory
• Muscles
Principles – articular systems
• Dislocation, sublaxation
• Shoulder dislocation
• Elbow dislocation
Principles – articular systems
• Neurovascular supply of a joint
• Bone, ligament, capsule innervations
• Articular branches of nerves & vessels
• Vascular synovium & bone
• Poor vascularity of capsules & ligaments
• Hyaline cartilage: avascular
FOOSH
FOOSH
FOOSH
FOOSH
Galeazzi fracture
FOOSH
Galeazzi fracture

Monteggia fracture
FOOSH
Galeazzi fracture
FOOSH
Galeazzi fracture
FOOSH
Galeazzi fracture
FOOSH
Galeazzi fracture
FOOSH
Galeazzi fracture
Elbow dislocation
Galeazzi fracture
Pulled elbow