SIHAY - Plugged 2023 BIOLOGY QUIZ OLYMPIAD-2-26

4/29/23, 5:40 PM SIHAY.
plugged 2023 BIOLOGY QUIZ OLYMPIAD
CELL BIOLOGY *1/1
TRUE OR FALSE. In the electron transport chain, Complex III functions to

couple the oxidation and reduction of flavin adenine dinucleotide to the
transfer of protons from the matrix across the inner mitochondrial
membrane.
True
False
Feedback
FAD is reduced to FADH2 by Complex II. Complex III couples the oxidation and reduction of
ubiquinone.
Pollard, T.D., Earnshaw, W.C., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., & Johnson, G.T. (2016). Cell Biology.
Elsevier. ISBN: 9780323341264
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScwUqtQb6grYC-cOQb4pQmGGEzu24YiKOwQB9EO6pX6EXIEwg/viewscore?vc=0&c=0&w=1&flr=0&viewscore=… 2/26
4/29/23, 5:40 PM SIHAY.plugged 2023 BIOLOGY QUIZ OLYMPIAD

PLANT MORPHO-ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY *1/1
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Mineral elements essential for plant growth can be

categorized into macronutrients (elements required in large amounts),
and micronutrients (elements required in small amounts). Which of the
following macronutrients aids in root development, flower initiation, and
seed and fruit development, and plays a major role in energy storage and
transfer of adenosine di- and triphosphate (ADP and ATP) and di- and
triphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN and TPN)?
A. Potassium (K)
B. Magnesium (Mg)
C. Sulfur (S)
D. Phosphorus (P)
Feedback
Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient in plants which contributes to the storage of

energy in the form of ADP and ATP. It also plays a crucial role in the development of
flowers, fruits, and seeds.
Lobite, N. S. and Timog, E. S. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology: Mineral Elements

Essential for Plant Growth. Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry
and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños. pp. 03.

PARASITOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY *1/1
TRUE OR FALSE. Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted from a human

mother to her fetus.
True
False
Feedback
T. gondii can be transferred from human to human via transplacental infection.
Hickman, Jr, Keen, S., Eisenhour, D., Larson, A., & I’Anson, H. (2019). Integrated Principles
of Zoology (18th ed.). McGraw Hill.
ANIMAL BIOLOGY *1/1
TRUE OR FALSE. The Wolffian duct becomes exclusively a sperm duct or

vas deferens in mammals.
True
False
Feedback
The mesonephric duct becomes the sperm duct or vas deferens in mammals. The
Wolffian duct develops into the sperm duct for male fishes and amphibians only.
Hickman, Jr, Keen, S., Eisenhour, D., Larson, A., & I’Anson, H. (2019). Integrated Principles
of Zoology (18th ed.). McGraw Hill.

ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS *1/1
MULTIPLE CHOICE. What is a measure that combines the number of

species and their abundances compared with those of the other species
within the community?
A. Species Evenness
B. Species Diversity
C. Species Richness
D. Shannon Index
E. Simpson Index
Feedback
Species diversity is a measure that combines the number of species (species richness)
and their abundances compared with those of the other species (species evenness) within
the community. Species richness is the easiest metric to determine: one simply counts all
the species in the community. Species evenness, which tells us about the commonness or
rarity of species, requires knowing the abundance of each species relative to those of the
other species within the community, a harder value to obtain. A number of species
diversity indices can be used to describe species diversity quantitatively. By far the most
commonly used is the Shannon index. The Simpson index is a measure of biodiversity that
considers the number of species present in a community and the relative abundance of
each species.
Bowman, W., Hacker, S., & Cain, M. L. (2017b). Ecology (4th ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. The electron transport chain in the inner

mitochondrial membrane consists of four multiple-subunit protein
complexes referred to as Complexes I, II, III, and IV. Which of the four
complexes reoxidizes ubiquinone and transfers the electrons to
cytochrome c (CytC)?
A. Complex I
B. Complex II
C. Complex III
D. Complex IV
Feedback
NADH is oxidized by Complex I, and Complex II oxidizes transferring the protons and
electrons to the ubiquinone (UQ). Complex III reoxidizes ubiquinone and passes the
electrons on to cytochrome c (CytC) and Complex IV is where oxygen is reduced to water.
Graham, L. E., Graham, J. M., & Wilcox, L. W. (2014). Plant Biology: Pearson New
International Edition. Pearson.

CELL BIOLOGY *1/1
TRUE OR FALSE. In electrophoresis, a protein mixture is loaded onto a

polymer gel and exposed to an electric field; the polypeptides then
migrate through the gel at varying speeds depending on their size and net
charge.
True
False
Feedback
Electrophoresis is a protein separation technique. It is a technique in which a protein

mixture is loaded onto a polymer gel and subjected to an electric field; the polypeptides
then migrate through the gel at different speeds depending on their size and net charge. If
there are too many proteins in the sample, or if the migration rates of the proteins are very
similar, they can be resolved further using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Alberts, B., Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P.
(2015). Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group.

GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY *1/1
MULTIPLE CHOICE. A genetic disorder that affects male individuals —

characterized by above average height, elongated lower legs and
forearms, a feminine body shape, and low muscle mass.
A. Klinefelter Syndrome or XXY Syndrome
B. Cri-du-chat Syndrome
C. Fragile X Syndrome
D. Prader-Willi Syndrome
Feedback
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a male is born with an additional copy
of X chromosome. It is often used as a clinical description of a phenotypic appearance of
a male with a slightly feminized physique.
Pritchard, D. & Korf, B. (2013). Medical Genetics at a Glance (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd. P. 94
AVERAGE

IDENTIFICATION. Provide the scientific name of the parasitic nematode

usually found in the perianal region and can be recovered using the
cellophane tape preparation for laboratory diagnosis. (Note: write only the
scientific name as is)
Enterobius Vermicularis
Correct answer
Enterobius vermicularis
Feedback
Female pinworms migrate to the perianal region during the night to lay eggs. Cellophane
tape preparation can help stick eggs to the tape and be diagnosed on the laboratory
Zeibig, E. A., & Gockel-Blessing, E. A. (2013). Clinical Parasitology: A Practical Approach.

Elsevier Gezondheidszorg.

ANIMAL BIOLOGY *2/2
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Hibernation is a way for animals to conserve energy

to survive adverse weather conditions or lack of food. What structure of
the brain slows the metabolic, heart, and respiratory rates of hibernators
during winter inactivity?
A. Brain Stem
B. Hypothalamus
C. Pons
D. Medulla
Feedback
Hibernation is a period of winter inactivity in which the hypothalamus of the brain slows
the metabolic, heart, and respiratory rates. During hibernation, thermogenesis is
attenuated at the level of sympathetic premotor neurons within the raphe pallidus and by
deiodinase expression in the hypothalamus.
Miller, S. A., & Harley, J. P. (2001). Zoology (5th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies
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FILL IN THE BLANKS. In publishing a name for a new taxon, a _______

gives the physical properties of the taxon, e.g. morphology, color, odor,
flowering time, chromosomes, chemical properties, or DNA sequence
data, whereas, the _______ of a taxon is a statement of that which
distinguishes the taxon from other taxa in the opinion of the author of the
taxon.
A. diagnosis, description
B. morphology, distinction
C. description, diagnosis
D. distinction, morphology
Feedback
A description gives the physical properties of the taxon, which includes its morphology,
color, odor, flowering time, chromosomes, chemical properties, or DNA sequence data. A
diagnosis of a taxon is a statement used to distinguish the taxon from other taxa based on
the observations of the author of the taxon.
Tobias, A. B. (2021). Taxonomy of Tropical Forest Plants: Botanical Nomenclature.

Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources,
University of the Philippines Los Baños. pp. 11.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Which type of RNA polymerase in eukaryotic cells is

responsible for the transcription of tRNA genes, 5S rRNA genes, some
snRNA genes, and genes for other small RNAs?
A. RNA polymerase I
B. RNA polymerase II
C. RNA polymerase III
D. None of the above
Feedback
RNA polymerase I transcribes ribosomal RNAs only, whereas RNA polymerase II

transcribes precursors of mRNAs (snoRNA genes, miRNA genes, siRNA genes, lncRNA
genes, and most snRNA genes).
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2015).
Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.

CELL BIOLOGY *2/2
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Reduced electron carriers generated in the

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which are the nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH), through
oxidative phosphorylation, transfer electrons (e-) into the electron
transport chain (ETC) which generate most of the ATP produced in
cellular respiration. How many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are
produced after one cycle?
A. 2 NADH and 3 FADH2
B. 2 FADH and 3 NADH
C. 3 FADH2 and 1 NADH
D. 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
Feedback
After one cycle, the citric acid cycle is able to synthesize and yield seven (7) products, (1)
guanosine triphosphate (GTP), three (3) molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NADH), one (1) molecule of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), and two (2) molecules
of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Berg J. M., Tymoczko J. L., Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th edition. New York: W H Freeman;
2002. Chapter 17, The Citric Acid Cycle. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21163/

ANIMAL BIOLOGY *0/2
TRUE OR FALSE. Gills are outfoldings of body surface specialized for gas

exchange and have adapted an efficient system of extracting enough
oxygen from the aqueous environment. During respiration, the water
flows over the gills in the opposite direction as the flow of blood through
the gill lamellae. This concurrent mechanism maximizes the interaction
between the entering water with high oxygen concentration and the
blood, therefore allowing the diffusion of oxygen from water into the
blood in capillaries.
True
False
Correct answer
False
Feedback
The mechanism described is a countercurrent mechanism. Countercurrent oxygen

exchange in fish gills maximizes the transfer of oxygen from the entering water to the
blood by ensuring that the water with higher oxygen concentration flowing over the gills
will be able to offload oxygen into the blood as it flows through the gill lamellae via a
maintained concentration gradient.
Wilson, J. M., & Laurent, P. (2002). Fish gill morphology: inside out. Journal of
experimental Zoology, 293(3), 192-213.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. This type of floral symmetry is observed among

flowers where a line drawn through the middle of the structure along only
one plane will produce a mirror image on either side.
A. Actinomorphic
B. Zygomorphic
C. Asymmetrical
D. Isomorphic
Feedback
Bilaterally symmetrical or zygomorphic flowers can be identified when a line drawn

through the middle of the structure along only one plane results in a mirror image on either
side. Radially symmetrical or actinomorphic flowers, on the other hand, can be identified
when a line drawn through the middle of the structure along any plane results in a mirror
image.
Malabrigo, P. L. and Tobias, A. B. (2021). Plant Morphology: Vegetative and Reproductive

Structures. Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural
Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños. pp. 99

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Subviral agents are subcellular infectious particles

that rely on host cell machinery to replicate. However, most subviral
agents lack either the protein or nucleic acid component unlike viruses.
The Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is considered as a subviral agent despite
having both the protein and nucleic acid components of viruses. This is
because HDV relies on a helper virus, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to
successfully replicate. What type of subviral agent does the hepatitis D
virus (HDV) belong?
A. Viroid
B. Satellite RNA or Virusoid
C. Prion
D. Satellite Virus
Feedback
Hepatitis D virus is considered as a satellite virus as it utilizes a helper virus, the hepatitis
B virus for replication. Satellite RNAs on the other hand also require a helper virus to
replicate, however, they are mostly non-protein-coding unlike the HDV.
Krupovic, M., Kuhn, J. H., & Fischer, M. G. (2015). A classification system for virophages
and satellite viruses. Archives of Virology, 161(1), 233–247.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2622-9
DIFFICULT

FILL IN THE BLANKS. Plants that undergo the C4 cycle are associated
with a particular leaf structure known as ______ anatomy. This exhibits an
inner ring of bundle sheath cells around vascular tissues and an outer
layer of mesophyll cells.
Kranz-type
Correct answer
Kranz
Feedback
Kranz Anatomy is the leaf structure associated with C₄ cycle. This exhibit an inner ring of
bundle sheath cells around vascular tissues and outer layer of mesophyll cells.
Taiz, L. et al. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc.

CELL BIOLOGY *0/3
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Transcription in eukaryotes is initiated first with the

assembly of RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex involving multiple
transcription factors. Which order of assembly is correct?
A. TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIID, TFIIF, TFIIH
B. TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE, TFIIH
C. TFIIE, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, TFIIH
Correct answer
B. TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE, TFIIH
Feedback
The preinitiation complex begins with the binding of TFIID to the TATA box followed by
TFIIA to stabilize the TBP-DNA interaction. TFIIB follows since it interacts directly with TBP
and RNAPII. Once RNAPII joins the complex, TFIIF follows to stabilize the interaction of
RNAPII with TFIIB. Lastly, TFIIH and its stimulatory factor TFIIE binds to the complex to
stabilize contact between the proteins the the DNA.

IDENTIFICATION. Copy number variation (CNV) may occur because of a

duplication. For example, some members of a diploid species may have
one copy of gene A on both homologs of a chromosome, and thereby
have two copies of the gene. By comparison, other members of the same
species might have one copy of gene A on a particular chromosome and
two copies on its homolog for a total of three copies. The homolog with
two copies of gene A is said to have undergone what process?
Mitosis
Correct answers
Segmental Duplication
segmental duplication
SEGMENTAL DUPLICATION
Segmental duplication
Feedback
Segmental duplication is a tandem copying of a small portion of a chromosome.
Brooker, R. (2019). Concepts of Genetics (3). Pearson NY, NY.

IDENTIFICATION. In distinguishing phylogenetic relationships, this

microarray DNA profiling technology is used to assess the extent of
microbial diversity. This also contains oligonucleotides, short sequences
of nucleotides, complementary to 16s rRNA sequence probes of different
bacterial species. What do you call this microarray?
oligonucleotide
Correct answers
Phylochip
PhyloChip
Feedback
Phylochip is a DNA microarray technology in which any lit spot on, indicates that the
species is part of the microbial community in that environment. Furthermore, this
microarray swiftly and precisely identifies both known and unidentified species and is
capable of testing samples from any source, including air, water, soil, blood, or tissue. The
classification of unknown creatures is based on how closely they resemble recognized
bacteria.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2014, August 29). PhyloChip: DNA Microarray for
Rapid Profiling of Microbial Populations IB-2229. Intellectual Property Office.
https://ipo.lbl.gov/lbnl2229/
Pommerville, J. (2011). Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology (9th ed., p. 287). Jones

and Bartlett Publishers.

CELL BIOLOGY *3/3
MULTIPLE CHOICE. It is the standard method of illumination that uses the

objective lens to both excite and image fluorescence.
A. Immunofluorescence
B. Epifluorescence
C. Deconvolution
D. Confocal Microscopy
Feedback
In epifluorescence microscopy, the sample is illuminated with light of a particular

wavelength that stimulates fluorophores in the sample and causes them to produce light
with a longer wavelength. The same objective lens used for lighting collects the released
fluorescence before directing it to a detector for imaging.

ANIMAL BIOLOGY *0/3
FILL IN THE BLANKS. During gastrulation in sea urchins, most of the cells

of the primary mesenchyme become skeletogenic. A larval skeleton is
formed due to the formation of the __________ from the fusion of the
clusters of mesenchyme cells.
skeletogenic
Correct answers
Syncytial Cables
syncytial cables
Syncytial cables
SYNCYTIAL CABLES
Feedback
As the primary mesenchyme cells migrate from the vegetal pole to the ventrolateral region
of the blastocoel, they fuse into syncytial cables. These cables secrete the insoluble
calcium carbonate that crystallizes into the glistening spicules of the larval skeleton.
Müller, W. (1996). Developmental biology. Springer Science & Business Media.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. In 2020, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer

Doudna received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a genome-
editing technology. This allows geneticists to delete, replace, and edit
specific genes within the cells of different organisms. In this technology,
the single guide RNA (sgRNA) molecule has two components. The ______
component of this sgRNA, usually 76 nucleotides long, is generic. On the
other hand, the _______ component, usually 20 nucleotides in length, is
specific for the genomic DNA to be cleaved.
A. Cas9, crRNA
B. tracrRNA, crRNA
C. crRNA, tracrRNA
D. tracrRNA, Cas9
Correct answer
B. tracrRNA, crRNA
Feedback
Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna are known for the development of the
CRISPR/Cas9 system. In this technology, crRNA and tracrRNA molecules are combined
into a single guide RNA (sgRNA) molecule, which associates with the Cas9 endonuclease.
The tracrRNA component is generic. This means that the same sequence will function
with any crRNA sequence. On the other hand, the crRNA component is specific for the
genomic DNA to be cleaved.
Snustad, D. P., & Simmons, M. J. (2015). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Sons

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Biogeographic realms are large geographic areas that

share similar floral and faunal diversity, which is primarily due to
geographic isolation dictated by the drifting of continents. One
compelling evidence for the existence of these realms is Wallace's Line,
where a clear and sudden change in biodiversity can be observed. For
instance, marsupials are found only to the east of this line, while animals
such as tigers and elephants are present to the west.
Which two biogeographical realms are separated by the Wallace's line?
A. Neotropical and Australasian
B. Oriental and Neotropical
C. Oriental and Australasian
D. Tropical and Neotropical
E. Neartic and Neotropical
F. None of the above
Correct answer
C. Oriental and Australasian
Feedback
The Oriental and Australasian biogeographic realms are separated by Wallace's imaginary
line across the Indonesian islands. This is as designated by Alfred R. Wallace based on the
mammal and bird distributions in the area. East of this line includes Australia and New
Guinea while west of it includes the islands of Java and Borneo and most of south Asia.
Ali, J. R., & Heaney, L. R. (2021). Wallace’s line, Wallacea, and associated divides and
areas: history of a tortuous tangle of ideas and labels. Biological Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12683

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4/29/23, 5:40 PM SIHAY.

plugged 2023 BIOLOGY QUIZ OLYMPIAD

CELL BIOLOGY *1/1

TRUE OR FALSE. In the electron transport chain, Complex III functions to

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Mineral elements essential for plant growth can be

Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient in plants which contributes to the storage of

Lobite, N. S. and Timog, E. S. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology: Mineral Elements

TRUE OR FALSE. Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted from a human

T. gondii can be transferred from human to human via transplacental infection.

ANIMAL BIOLOGY *1/1

TRUE OR FALSE. The Wolffian duct becomes exclusively a sperm duct or

MULTIPLE CHOICE. What is a measure that combines the number of

MULTIPLE CHOICE. The electron transport chain in the inner

TRUE OR FALSE. In electrophoresis, a protein mixture is loaded onto a

Electrophoresis is a protein separation technique. It is a technique in which a protein

MULTIPLE CHOICE. A genetic disorder that affects male individuals —

A. Klinefelter Syndrome or XXY Syndrome

IDENTIFICATION. Provide the scientific name of the parasitic nematode

Zeibig, E. A., & Gockel-Blessing, E. A. (2013). Clinical Parasitology: A Practical Approach.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Hibernation is a way for animals to conserve energy

FILL IN THE BLANKS. In publishing a name for a new taxon, a _______

Tobias, A. B. (2021). Taxonomy of Tropical Forest Plants: Botanical Nomenclature.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Which type of RNA polymerase in eukaryotic cells is

C. RNA polymerase III

D. None of the above

RNA polymerase I transcribes ribosomal RNAs only, whereas RNA polymerase II

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Reduced electron carriers generated in the

A. 2 NADH and 3 FADH2

B. 2 FADH and 3 NADH

C. 3 FADH2 and 1 NADH

D. 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

TRUE OR FALSE. Gills are outfoldings of body surface specialized for gas

The mechanism described is a countercurrent mechanism. Countercurrent oxygen

MULTIPLE CHOICE. This type of floral symmetry is observed among

Bilaterally symmetrical or zygomorphic flowers can be identified when a line drawn

Malabrigo, P. L. and Tobias, A. B. (2021). Plant Morphology: Vegetative and Reproductive

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Subviral agents are subcellular infectious particles

B. Satellite RNA or Virusoid

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Transcription in eukaryotes is initiated first with the

A. TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIID, TFIIF, TFIIH

B. TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE, TFIIH

C. TFIIE, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, TFIIH

B. TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE, TFIIH

IDENTIFICATION. Copy number variation (CNV) may occur because of a

Segmental duplication is a tandem copying of a small portion of a chromosome.

Brooker, R. (2019). Concepts of Genetics (3). Pearson NY, NY.

IDENTIFICATION. In distinguishing phylogenetic relationships, this

Pommerville, J. (2011). Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology (9th ed., p. 287). Jones

MULTIPLE CHOICE. It is the standard method of illumination that uses the

In epifluorescence microscopy, the sample is illuminated with light of a particular

FILL IN THE BLANKS. During gastrulation in sea urchins, most of the cells

Müller, W. (1996). Developmental biology. Springer Science & Business Media.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. In 2020, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Biogeographic realms are large geographic areas that

Which two biogeographical realms are separated by the Wallace's line?

A. Neotropical and Australasian

B. Oriental and Neotropical

C. Oriental and Australasian

D. Tropical and Neotropical

E. Neartic and Neotropical

F. None of the above

C. Oriental and Australasian

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