The properties, which may be improved

 Stabilizing austenite – increasing the temperature range, in which austenite

exists.
The elements, having the same crystal structure as that of austenite (cubic face centered –
FCC), raise the A4 point (the temperature of formation of austenite from liquid phase) and
decrease the A3 temperature.
These elements are nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu).
Examples of austenitic steels: austenitic stainless steels, Hadfield steel (1%C, 13%Mn,
1.2%Cr).
 Stabilizing ferrite – decreasing the temperature range, in which austenite exists.
The elements, having the same crystal structure as that of ferrite (cubic body centered –
BCC), lower the A4 point and increase the A3 temperature.
These elements lower the solubility of carbon in austenite, causing increase of amount of
carbides in the steel.
The following elements have ferrite stabilizing effect: chromium (Cr), tungsten (W),
Molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si).
Examples of ferritic steels:transformer sheets steel (3%Si), F-Cr alloys.
 Carbide forming – elements forming hard carbides in steels.
The elements like chromium (Cr), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), titanium
(Ti), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), zirconium (Zr) form hard (often complex) carbides,
increasing steel hardness and strength.
Examples of steels containing relatively high concentration of carbides: hot work tool
steels, high speed steels.
Carbide forming elements also form nitrides reacting with Nitrogen in steels.
 Graphitizing – decreasing stability of carbides, promoting their breaking and
formation of free Graphite.
The following elements have graphitizing effect: silicon (Si), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co),
aluminum (Al).

 Decrease of the eutectoid concentration.

The following elements lower eutectoid concentration of carbon: titanium (Ti), molybdenum
(Mo), tungsten (W), silicon (Si), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni).

 Increase of corrosion resistance.

Aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and chromium (Cr) form thin an strong oxide film on the steel
surface, protecting it from chemical attacks.

Characteristics of alloying elements

Manganese (Mn) – improves hardenability, ductility and wear resistance. Mn eliminates
formation of harmful iron sulfides, increasing strength at high temperatures.
Nickel (Ni) – increases strength, impact strength and toughness, impart corrosion
resistance in combination with other elements.
Chromium (Cr) – improves hardenability, strength and wear resistance, sharply increases
corrosion resistance at high concentrations (> 12%).
Tungsten (W) – increases hardness particularly at elevated temperatures due to stable
carbides, refines grain size.
Vanadium (V) – increases strength, hardness, creep resistance and impact resistance due
to formation of hard vanadium carbides, limits grain size.
Molybdenum (Mo) – increases hardenability and strength particularly at high
temperatures and under dynamic conditions.
Silicon (Si) – improves strength, elasticity, acid resistance and promotes large grain sizes,
which cause increasing magnetic permeability.
Titanium (Ti) – improves strength and corrosion resistance, limits austenite grain size.
Cobalt (Co) – improves strength at high temperatures and magnetic permeability.
Zirconium (Zr) – increases strength and limits grain sizes.
Boron (B) – highly effective hardenability agent, improves deformability and machinability.
Copper (Cu) – improves corrosion resistance.
Aluminum (Al) – deoxidizer, limits austenite grains growth.