CHAPTER

REAL ANALYSIS
Unit 1.1: Point Set Topology and Countability

MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions)

1. Let 𝑋 be a connected subset of real numbers. If every [June 2017]

element of 𝑋 is irrational, then the cardinality of 𝑋 is 7. Let ℤ denote the set of integers and ℤ≥0 denotes the set
(a) Infinite (b) Countably infinite {0,1,2,3, … . }. Consider the map 𝑓: ℤ≥0 × ℤ → ℤ Given by
(c) 2 (d) 1 𝑓(𝑚, 𝑛) = 2𝑚 . (2𝑛 + 1). Then the map 𝑓 is
[Dec. 2011] (a) Onto (surjective) but not one-one (injective)
1 1 (b) One-one (injective) but not onto (surjective)
2. The numbers of limit points of the set {𝑚 + 𝑛 : 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ}
(c) Both one- one and onto
is
(d) Neither one-one nor onto
(a) 1 (b) 2
[Dec. 2017]
(c) Finitely many (d) Infinitely many
8. Which of the following is necessarily true for a function
[June 2013]
𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 ?
3. Consider the following sets of functions on ℝ (a) If 𝑓 is injective, then there exists 𝑔: 𝑌 → 𝑋 such that
𝑊 = The set of constant functions on ℝ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑦)) = 𝑦 for all 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌
𝑋 = The set of polynomial functions on ℝ (b) If 𝑓 is surjective, then there exists 𝑔: 𝑌 → 𝑋 such that
𝑌 = The set of continuous function on ℝ
𝑓(𝑔(𝑦)) = 𝑦 for all 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌
𝑍 = The set of all functions on ℝ
(c) If 𝑓 is injective and 𝑌 is countable then 𝑋 is finite
Which of these sets has the same cardinality as that of ℝ ?
(d) If 𝑓 is surjective and 𝑋 is uncountable then 𝑌 is
(a) Only 𝑊 (b) Only 𝑊 and 𝑋
countably infinite
(c) Only 𝑊, 𝑋 and 𝑍 (d) All of 𝑊, 𝑋, 𝑌 and 𝑍
[Dec. 2017]
[June 2014]
9. Let 𝐷 be a subset of the real line. Consider the assertion:
4. The number of surjective maps from a set of 4 elements
“Every infinite sequence in 𝐷 has a subsequence which
to a set of 3 elements is
converges in 𝐷. This assertion is true if
(a) 36 (b) 64
(a) 𝐷 = [0, ∞) (b) 𝐷 = [0,1] ∪ [3,4]
(c) 69 (d) 81
(c) 𝐷 = [−1,1) ∪ (1,2] (d) 𝐷 = = (−1,1]
[Dec. 2014]
[Dec. 2017]
5. Let 𝐴 be a closed subset of ℝ, 𝐴 ≠ 𝜙 , 𝐴 ≠ ℝ. Then 𝐴 is
10. Given that there are real constants 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 such that the
(a) The closure of the interior of 𝐴
identity 𝜆𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)2 + (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)2
(b) a countable set
holds for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ. This implies
(c) a compact set
(a) 𝜆 = −5 (b) 𝜆 ≥ 1
(d) Not open
(c) 0 < 𝜆 < 1 (d) There is no such 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
[Dec. 2015]
[June 2018]
6. Let 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑥 + 𝛾 be a polynomial where 1
11. Let 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)| 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑛2 , where 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and either
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 ∈ ℝ . Fix 𝑥0 ∈ ℝ . Let 𝑆 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ ℝ3 : 𝑝(𝑥) =
𝑥 ∈ ℚ 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ∈ ℚ}. Here ℚ is the set of rational numbers
𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )2 + 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) + 𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
and ℕ is the set of positive integers. Which of the following
Then the number of elements in 𝑆 is
is true?
(a) 0
(a) S is a finite non-empty set
(b) 1
(b) S is countable
(c) Strictly greater than 1 But finite (c) S is uncountable
(d) Infinite (d) S is empty [June 2018]
2 Mathematics - Practice Book
12. Which of the following sets is uncountable? (d) If 𝑌 is uncountable, then 𝑋 is uncountable
𝑝
(a) {𝑥 ∈ ℝ| log(𝑥) = 𝑞 for some 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ} [DEC 2019]
18. Which of the following sets is countable?
(b) { 𝑥 ∈ ℝ|(cos(𝑥))𝑛 + (sin(𝑥))𝑛 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑛 ∈
ℕ} (a) The set of all functions from 𝑄 to 𝑄
𝑝 (b) The set of all functions from 𝑄 to {0, 1}
(c) { 𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 = log ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ}
𝑞 (c) The set of all functions from 𝑄 to {0, 1} which vanish
𝑝
(d) { 𝑥 ∈ ℝ| cos(𝑥) = 𝑞
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ} outside a finite set.
13. Let 𝑋 ⊂ ℝ be an infinite countable bounded subset of ℝ. (d) The set of all subsets of ℕ
Which of the following statement is true? [Dec. 2019]
(a) X cannot be compact 19. Let 𝑌 = {1,2,3, … … ,100} and let ℎ: 𝑌 → 𝑌 be a strictly
(b) X contains an interior point increasing function. The total number of functions 𝑔: 𝑌 →
(c) X may be closed 𝑌 satisfying 𝑔(ℎ(𝑗)) = ℎ(𝑔(𝑗)), ∀ 𝑗 ∈ 𝑌 is
(d) Closure of X is countable (a) 0 (b) 100!
100
[Dec. 2019] (c) 100 (d) 10098
14. Let ≤ be the usual order on the field ℝ of real numbers.
Define on order ≤ on ℝ2 by (𝑎, 𝑏) ≤ (𝑐, 𝑑) if (𝑎 > 𝑐) or Answer Key
1
(𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≤ 𝑑). Consider the subset 𝐸 = {(𝑛 , 1 − 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 d d a d b a,b b,d b b
) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} with respect to ≤ which of the following
𝑛
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
statements is true?
b b c,d b b c
(a) inf(𝐸) = (0, 1) and sup(𝐸) = (1, 0)
(b) inf(𝐸) does not exist but sup(𝐸) = (1, 0)
EXPLANATIONS
(c) inf(𝐸) = (0, 1) but sup(𝐸) does not exist
(d) Both inf(𝐸) and sup(𝐸) do not exist 1. Explanation: (d)
[Dec. 2019] Exp.: We know that in ℝ, connected subsets are either
15. Which of the following sets is uncountable? intervals or singletons. If 𝑋 is an interval, then it will
𝑝 contain rationals also, but 𝑋 contains only irrationals.
(a) {𝑥 ∈ ℝ |log 𝑥 = 𝑞 for some p.q ∈ ℕ}
Therefore, 𝑋 is singleton.
(b) {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|(cos(𝑥))𝑛 + (sin(𝑥))𝑛 = 1 for some 𝑛 ∈ ℕ}
𝑝
Thus, cardinality of 𝑋 is 1.
(c) {𝑥 ∈ ℝ |𝑥 = log 𝑞 for some p.q ∈ ℕ}
2. Explanation: (d)
𝑝 1 1
(d) {𝑥 ∈ ℝ |cos 𝑥 = 𝑞 for some p.q ∈ ℕ} Exp.: set of limit points of the set 𝑆 = {𝑚 + 𝑛 ; 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ}
[June 2019] 1
is given by 𝑆 ′ = {𝑛 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} ∪ {0}
16. Let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 be a function and (𝐴𝑛 )𝑛≥1 be a sequence of
⇒ |𝑆 ′ | = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒
subsets of 𝑋. For 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋, 𝐴 ≠ ∅, let 𝑓(𝐴) = {𝑓(𝑎): 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴}
∴ option (d) is correct.
and 𝑓(𝜙) = 𝜙. Then which of the following is true?
3. Explanation:
(a) 𝑓(⋂𝑛≥1 𝐴𝑛 ) = ⋂𝑛≥1 𝑓(𝐴𝑛 )
this question is marked (*) in CSIR answer key
(b) 𝑓(⋂𝑛≥1 𝐴𝑛 ) is a proper subset of ⋂𝑛≥1 𝑓(𝐴𝑛 )
Exp.: 𝑊 = {𝑓|𝑓: ℝ → ℝ is constant}
(c) 𝑓(⋃𝑛≥1 𝐴𝑛 ) = ⋃𝑛≥1 𝑓(𝐴𝑛 )
𝑋 = {𝑓|𝑓: ℝ → ℝ is polynomial}
(d) For any nonempty proper subset 𝐴 of 𝑋, 𝑓(𝐴𝑐 ) =
𝑌 = {𝑓|𝑓: ℝ → ℝ is continuous}
𝑓(𝐴)𝑐
𝑍 = {𝑓|𝑓: ℝ → ℝ }
[DEC 2019]
Notice that
17. Let ℝ denote the set of real numbers and 𝑋 be a non-
𝑊⊆𝑋⊆𝑌⊆𝑍
empty set. Let 𝑌 be the set of all functions from ℝ to 𝑋.
Define, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝛼 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Then which of the following is true?
Then, 𝑓 ∈ 𝑊 ∀𝛼 ∈ ℝ
(a) If 𝑋 is finite, then 𝑌 is countable
Hence, |𝑊 | = 𝑐
(b) 𝑌 is always infinite
For set 𝑌,
(c) If 𝑌 is infinite, then 𝑌 is uncountable
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Chapter – 1 Real Analysis 3
Consider 𝑆 = {𝑓|𝑓: ℚ → ℝ} 7. Explanation: (b)
Then, |𝑆| = 𝑐 𝜒0 = 𝑐 Exp.: 𝑓: ℤ≥0 × ℤ ⟶ ℤ defined by 𝑓((𝑚, 𝑛)) = 2𝑚 (2𝑛 +
Consider a map, 𝜙 ∶ 𝑌 → 𝑆 1)
Defined by 𝜙(𝑓) = 𝑓|𝑄 Let (𝑚1 , 𝑛1 ), (𝑚2 , 𝑛2 ) ∈ ℤ≥0 × ℤ
Claim: 𝜙 is one-one, Then, 𝑓((𝑚1 , 𝑛1 )) = 𝑓((𝑚2 , 𝑛2 ))
Let 𝜙(𝑓) = 𝜙(𝑔) ⇒ 2𝑚1 (2𝑛1 + 1) = 2𝑚2 (2𝑛2 + 1)
⇒ 𝑓|𝑄 = 𝑔|𝑄 ⇒ If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 ⇒ 2𝑛1 + 1 = 2𝑛2 + 1 ⇒ 𝑛1 = 𝑛2
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔 (𝑥)∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℚ If 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2 , Then, without loss of generality we can
∵ ℚ is dense in ℝ consider that 𝑚1 > 𝑚2 and we have
Therefore, ⇒ 2𝑚1−𝑚2 (2𝑛1 + 1) = (2𝑛2 + 1),
|𝑌| ≥ |𝑆| = 𝑐 --- (2) Which is a contradiction because term on left hand side is
From equation (1) a multiple of 2 i.e even number and term on right hand
𝑐 = |𝑊 | ≤ |𝑋| ≤ |𝑌| side is an odd number.
Therefore, 𝐶 = |𝑊 | = |𝑋| = |𝑌| = 𝐶 So, 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 and 𝑛1 = 𝑛2
For set 𝑍, So, 𝑓 is an one-one function.
|𝑍| = |ℝ|ℝ| = 𝑐 𝑐 = 2𝑐 ≠ 𝑐 'f′ is not onto
4. Explanation: (a) As, 0 ∈ 𝐶. 𝐷𝑓 and 𝑓(𝑚, 𝑛) = 2𝑚 (2𝑛 + 1) ≠ 0 ∀(𝑚, 𝑛)
1
Exp.: Number of onto functions from 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵 with (∵ 2𝑚 (2𝑛 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑛 = − 2 ∉ ℤ)
|𝐴| = 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐵 | = 𝑛 is ⇒ 𝑓 is not an onto function.
∑𝑛−1 𝑟
𝑟=0 (−1) 𝑛𝐶𝑟 (𝑛 − 𝑟)
𝑚
; provided 𝑚 ≥ 𝑛 8. Explanation: (b)
Given |𝐴| = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐵 | = 3 Exp.: For option (a),
Number of onto functions from 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵 = Let 𝑋 = {0,1}, 𝑌 = {0,1,2}
2 𝑟
∑𝑟=0(−1) 3𝐶𝑟 (3 − 𝑟) 4
Take, 𝑓: 𝑋 ⟶ 𝑌 be defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
= 3𝐶0 . 34 − 3𝐶1 . 24 + 3𝐶2 = 36 Clearly 𝑓 is injective but for function 𝑔: 𝑌 ⟶ 𝑋 there does
∴ option (a) is correct. not exist pre-image of 2 under 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔.
5. Explanation: (d) ∴ option (a) is incorrect.
Exp.: For options (a) and (c), For option (b),
Take 𝐴 = ℤ As 𝑓 is surjective
̅̅̅∘ ) = 𝜙̅ = 𝜙 ≠ 𝐴
∵ (ℤ ∴ 𝑓: 𝑋 ⟶ 𝑌 for any 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 there exists at least one 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋
So, option (a) is incorrect. for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
Also ℤ is not compact. So, option (c) is incorrect. Define 𝑔: 𝑌 ⟶ 𝑋 in such a way that 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑥
For option (b) and (d), 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
Take, 𝐴 = [0,1] So, option (b) is correct.
As A is closed but uncountable, so option (b) is incorrect. For option (c),
Hence, option (d) is correct. Take, 𝑋 = ℕ, 𝑌 = ℕ
[Moreover in ℝ, the only sets which are open as well as Let 𝑓: ℕ ⟶ ℕ defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, clearly 𝑓 is injective
closed are 𝜙 and ℝ, itself. Since, A is proper closed subset and 𝑌 is countable but 𝑋 is also countable
of ℝ, so A can’t be open. Thus, option (c) is incorrect.
6. Explanation: (b) For option (d), Take, 𝑋 = ℝ, 𝑌 = ℝ
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑥 + 𝛾, where 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 ∈ ℝ Let 𝑓: 𝑋 ⟶ 𝑌 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
Then, Clearly 𝑓 is surjective and 𝑋 is uncountable but Y is also
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )2 + 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑏 ) + 𝑐 uncountable
𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑥 + 𝛾 = 𝑥 2 (𝑎) + 𝑥(𝑏 − 2𝑥0 ) + 𝑎𝑥02 − 𝑏𝑥0 + 𝑐 ∴ option (d) is incorrect.
⇒ 𝑎 = 𝛼, 𝑏 = 𝛽 + 2𝑎𝑥0 , 𝛾 = 𝑎𝑥02 − 𝑏𝑥0 + 𝑐 9. Explanation: (b)
So, 𝑆 = {(𝛼, 𝛽 + 2𝑎𝑥0 , 𝑎𝑥02 − 𝑏𝑥0 + 𝑐)} Exp.: “Every infinite sequence in 𝐷 has a subsequence
⇒ |𝑆| = 1 ⇒option (b) is correct which converges in 𝐷′′ .
This is true only if 𝐷 is compact set.
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In the metric space, 𝑝
∴ {𝑥 ∈ ℝ| cos x = ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ} is countable.
𝑞
Sequentially compact set ⇔ compact set
Hence option (d) is incorrect.
𝑆𝑜, 𝐷 = [0,1] ∪ [3,4] is compact in ℝ
13. Explanation: (c)
But option (a), (c), (d) are not compact in ℝ.
Given X: countable, infinite and bounded – (*)
∴ option (b) is correct
(a) Let’s take an example:
10. Explanation: (b)
1
Exp.: Take, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 𝑑 = 0 𝑋 = {𝑛 ∶ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} ∪ {0}
We will get 𝜆𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 ⇒ 𝜆 = It is bounded and closed on ℝ
1 (∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ) (∵ A set if bounded and closed iff compact on ℝ)
So, options (a), (c) and (d) are incorrect. So (a) is wrong
⇒ option (b) is correct. (b) Let a be any interior point of X
11. Explanation: (b) ⇒ ∃ 𝛿 > 0 s.t.
2 2 1 (𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿) ⊆ 𝑋
Exp.: 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥 + 𝑦 = where 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and either
𝑛2
The open interval (𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿) contain uncountably
𝑥 ∈ ℚ 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ∈ ℚ}.
1 many elements, So X is uncountable, which contradict the
Solving equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑛2 for 𝑦, we get 𝑦 =
(*)
±√1 − 𝑥 2 1
(c) From the example 𝑋 = { ∶ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} ∪ {0}. We can say
For any 𝑥 ∈ ℚ, we have atmost two solution for 𝑦 𝑛
X may be closed
So, for 𝑛 = 𝑘 then the set
1 So, option (c) is correct
𝑆𝑘 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑘 2 , 𝑥 ∈ ℚ} is countable
(d) Let us take an example:- 𝑋 = 𝑄 ∩ [0, 1]
𝑆 ′ = ⋃𝑛∈ℕ 𝑆𝑛 is countable Closure of 𝑋̅ = [0, 1]
Now for any 𝑦 ∈ ℚ, Which is not countable. (∵ the length of set is in finite)
We have at the most two solutions for 𝑥, So for 𝑛 = 𝑘 15. Explanation: (b)
then the set Given 𝐸 ⊆ ℝ
1
𝑆𝑘 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑘 2 , 𝑦 ∈ ℚ} is countable Let (𝑎, 𝑏) be an upper bound of 𝐸, then by definition
′′
So, 𝑆 = ⋃𝑛∈ℕ 𝑆𝑛 is countable “Upper bound: - Let 𝑆 be a subset of ℝ. A real number 𝑢 is
𝑆 = 𝑆′ ∪ 𝑆 ′′ is countable. said to be an upper bound of 𝑆 if ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑆,
12. Explanation: (b) ⇒𝑥≤𝑢
Exp.: (a) ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ We have
𝑝 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑥 is a one-one function and log 𝑥 = 𝑞 ( , 1 − ) ≤ (𝑎, 𝑏), ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛 𝑛
⇒ log 𝑥 takes only rational values. 1 1
⇒ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑎 and 1 − 𝑛 ≤ 𝑏, ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
⇒ There are as many points in the set as there are
If we take 𝑛 = 1 then (∵ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ)
rationals. 1 1
𝑝 ≤ 𝑎 and 1 − ≤ 𝑏
∴ {𝑥 ∈ ℝ| log 𝑥 = 𝑞 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ} is countable 1 1
⇒ 1 ≤ 𝑎 and 0 ≤ 𝑏
Hence option (a) is correct.
⇒ (1, 𝑏) is an upper bound of 𝐸.
(b) (cos x)2 + (sin x)2 = 1 ∀ x ∈ ℕ} is uncountable
(for 𝑏 ≥ 0)
Hence option (b) is correct.
𝑝 i.e.; upper bound of 𝐸 = {(1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), … }
(c) ∀ 𝑞 ∈ ℚ
⇒ sup 𝐸 = 𝑙. 𝑢. 𝑏
𝑝
log (𝑞 ) = 𝑥 is in the set ⇒ sup 𝐸 = {(1, 0)}
𝑝 So, both option (c) & (d) are wrong
{𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 log ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ}
𝑞
Now, let (c, d) be a lower bound of E then by definition
𝑝
⇒ {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 log ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ} is countable. Lower bound: - A real number 𝑙 is said to be lower bound
𝑞
(c) Hence option (c) is incorrect. of 𝑆 if ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑙.
(d) cos 𝑥 takes rational values for countably many real We have
numbers. 1
(𝑐, 𝑑) ≤ ( , 1 − ) ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1
𝑛 𝑛

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Chapter – 1 Real Analysis
1 1
⇒ 𝑐 ≤ 𝑛 and 𝑑 ≤ 1 − 𝑛
If we take 𝑛 → ∞ then
1 1
𝑐≤ ⟶ 0 and 𝑑 ≤ 1 −
∞ ∞
⇒ (0, 1) is an lower bound of E
Now let (0, 𝑥) is also a lower bound of E, 𝑥 ≥ 1
1 1
⇒ (0, 𝑥) ≤ (𝑛 , 1 − 𝑛) ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1 1
⇒ 0 ≤ 𝑛 and 𝑥 ≤ 1 − 𝑛 , ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1 which discards option (b)
For 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 0 < n (∵ 0 ∉ ℕ)
⇒ (0, 𝑥) is a lower bound of E, lower bound of 𝐸 =
{(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), … }
⇒ inf 𝐸 = 𝐺. 𝑙. 𝑏
= does not exist
Hence option (b) is correct
16. Explanation: -
(a) we have log 𝑥 = 𝑝/𝑞
𝑝/𝑞
⇒𝑥=𝑒
= 𝑒𝑟
𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ
𝑟∈𝑄
∵ |𝑄| = 𝑥0 = countable
∴ 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 𝑟 is also countable
Therefore (a) is wrong
(b) (cos 𝑥)𝑛 + (sin 𝑥)𝑛 = 1; 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
Take 𝑛 = 2, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
⇒ 𝑆 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1} = ℝ
∴ |ℝ| = 𝐶 = uncountable
⇒ option (b) is correct
𝑝
(c) 𝑥 = log (𝑞 )
⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑝/𝑞, for some 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ
= 𝑝⁄𝑞 ∈ ℚ
∵ |ℚ| = 𝑥0 = countable
Option (c) is wrong
𝑃 Define 𝑓𝐴 ∶ 𝑄 → {0, 1} such that
(d) cos 𝑥 = 𝑞
= 𝑟 ∈ ℚ, 𝑝. 𝑞 ∈ ℕ
|ℚ| = 𝑥0 = countable
Choices for 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑥 = 𝑟 also countable
Option (d) is wrong
17. Explanation: -
𝑓(⋃𝑛≥1 𝐴𝑛 ) = ⋃𝑛≥1 𝑓 (𝐴𝑛 )
Let, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑓(⋃𝑛≥1 𝐴𝑛 )
∴ 𝑓 −1 ( 𝑦) ∈ ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
Then, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑚 for some 𝑚 ∈ ℕ
∴ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑓(𝐴𝑚 ) ≤ ⋃𝑛≥1 𝑓 (𝐴𝑛 )
∴ 𝑓(⋃𝑛≥1 𝐴𝑛 ) ≤ ⋃𝑛≥1 𝑓(𝐴𝑛 )
Now,
Let 𝑦 ∈ ⋃𝑛≥1 𝑓 (𝐴𝑛 )
5
∴ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑓(𝐴𝑚 ) for some 𝑚 ∈ ℕ
𝑓 −1 (𝑦) ∈ 𝐴𝑚 s.t. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ⋃𝑛≥1 𝐴𝑛 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝑓(⋃𝑛≥1 𝐴𝑛 )
⟶1
∴ ⋃𝑛≥1 𝑓(𝐴𝑛 ) ≤ 𝑓(⋃𝑛≥1 𝐴𝑛 )
So, 𝑓(⋃𝑛≥1 𝐴𝑛 ) = ⋃𝑛≥1 𝑓(𝐴𝑛 )
Option c is true.
18. Explanation: -
If 𝑥 is singleton, then 𝑦 consists of only constant function,
If 𝑥 = {𝑎, 𝑏}, then there are uncountably many functions
from ℝ to, 𝑥, for e.g.
For ∝∈ ℝ
𝑎, 𝑥 =∝∈ ℝ
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑏 𝑥 = ℝ\{∝}
Which is uncountable family of functions from ℝ to 𝑥,
Which discards options (a) and (b)
∴ Option (c) is correct.
19. Explanation:
Option (a) Let 𝑆 = {𝑓 ∶ ℚ → ℚ}
(∵ ℚ is of all rational numbers is which is always
countable.)
i.e.: |ℚ| = 𝜒0
Cardinality of S, |𝑆| = (𝜒0 ) 𝜒0 = 𝑐
{∵ 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 then |𝑓| = |𝐵 ||𝐴| }
Option (b) Let 𝑆 = { 𝑓 ∶ ℚ → {0, 1}}
i.e.: |𝑆| = (2) 𝜒0 = 𝑐
⇒ Uncountable
Option (d), 𝑆 = {Subsets of ℕ}
⇒ S = P(ℕ) (Power set of ℕ)
∵ ℕ = natural number is always countable and
|ℕ| = 𝜒0
Then |P(ℕ)| = 2𝜒0 = 𝑐 (uncountable)
Hence option (d) is wrong.
Option (c) For each finite subset 𝐴 of 𝑄
1; 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
𝑓𝐴 (𝑥) = {
0; 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴
Since 𝑃 = {set of all finite subset of 𝑄} is countable.
∴ 𝐹 = ⋃𝐴∈𝑃{𝑓𝐴 } = Set of all functional from Q to {0, 1}
Which vanishes outside a finite set.
⇒ 𝐹 is countable (∵ 𝐹 is countable union of countable
sets)
⇒ option (c) is correct
19. Explanation: -
We have 𝑌 = {1,2,3 … . ,100} and ℎ: 𝛾 → 𝛾 be strictly
increasing function
So, there is only one strictly increasing function which is
identity map ℎ(𝑗) = 𝑗
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6 Mathematics - Practice Book
Now we have to find total no. of functions, 𝐼: 𝛾 → 𝛾 6. Which of the following sets of functions are uncountable?
satisfying (ℕ stands for the set of natural numbers).
𝑔(ℎ(𝑗)) = ℎ(𝑔(𝑗)), ∀ 𝑗 ∈ 𝛾 As ℎ(𝑗) = 𝑗 (a) {𝑓|𝑓: ℕ → {1,2}}
So, 𝑔(𝑗) = 𝑔(𝑗) (b) {𝑓|𝑓: {1,2} → ℕ}
So, (c) {𝑓|𝑓: {1,2} → ℕ, 𝑓(1) ≤ 𝑓 (2)}
Total No. of function from 𝛾 to 𝛾 is 100100 . (d) {𝑓|𝑓: ℕ → {1,2}, 𝑓(1) ≤ 𝑓 (2)}
[June 2015]
Multiple Select Questions (MSQ) 7. Let 𝐴 be any set. Let ℙ(𝐴) be the power set of 𝐴, that is,
the set of all subsets of 𝐴;
1. Let 𝑋 denote the two-point set {0,1} and write 𝑋𝑗 = {0,1}
ℙ(𝐴) = {B: B ⊆ A}. Then which of the following is/are
for every 𝑗 = 1,2,3, …. Let 𝑌 = ∏∞
𝑗=1 𝑋𝑗 . Which of the
true about the set ℙ(𝐴)?
following is/are true?
(a) ℙ(𝐴) = Φ for some 𝐴
(a) 𝑌 is a countable set
(b) ℙ(𝐴) is a finite set for some 𝐴
(b) Card 𝑌 =Card [0,1]
𝑛
(c) ℙ(𝐴) is a countable set for some 𝐴
(c) ⋃∞
𝑛=1(∏𝑗=1 𝑋𝑗 ) is uncountable
(d) ℙ(𝐴) is an uncountable set for some 𝐴
(d) 𝑌 is uncountable
[June 2016]
[June 2011]
8. Let 𝑠 ∈ (0,1). Then decide which of the following are true
2. For each 𝐽 = 1,2,3 …. Let 𝐴𝑗 be a finite set counting at least 𝑚
(a) ∀ 𝑚 ∈ ℕ, ∃ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑠. 𝑡 𝑠 > 𝑛
two distinct elements, then 𝑚
(b) ∀ 𝑚 ∈ ℕ, ∃ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑠. 𝑡 𝑠 <
(a) ⋃∞
𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 is countable set 𝑛
𝑚
(b) ⋃∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 ∏𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 is uncountable
(c) ∀ 𝑚 ∈ ℕ, ∃ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑠. 𝑡 𝑠 = 𝑛

(c) ∏∞
𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 is uncountable
(d) ∀ 𝑚 ∈ ℕ, ∃ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑠. 𝑡 𝑠 = 𝑚 + 𝑛
(d) ⋃∞
𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 is uncountable
[Dec. 2016]
[June 2012] 9. For a set 𝑋, let 𝑃(𝑋) be the set of all subsets of 𝑋 and let
3. Consider the two sets 𝐴= {1,2,3} and 𝐵 = Ω(𝑋) be the set of all functions
{1,2,3,4,5}. Choose the correct statements. 𝑓: 𝑋 → {0,1}. Then
(a) The total number of functions from A to B is 125 (a) If 𝑋 is finite then 𝑃(𝑋) is finite
(b) The total number of functions from A to B is 243 (b) If 𝑋 and 𝑌 are finite sets and if there is a 1 – 1
(c) The total number of one-to-one functions from A to B correspondence between 𝑃(𝑋) and 𝑃(𝑌), then there
is 60 is a 1 – 1 correspondence between 𝑋 and 𝑌
(d) The total number of one-to-one functions from A to B (c) There is no 1 – 1 correspondence between 𝑋 and 𝑃(𝑋)
is 120 (d) There is a 1 – 1 correspondence between Ω(𝑋) and
[June 2013] 𝑃(𝑋)
4. 2
Which of the following subset of ℝ are uncountable? [Dec. 2017]
(a) {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2|𝑎 ≤ 𝑏} 10. Let ℝ denote the set of real number and ℚ the set of all
1
(b) {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2|𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ ℚ} rational numbers. For 0 ≤ 𝜀 ≤ , let 𝐴𝜖 be the open
2
(c) {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 |𝑎𝑏 ∈ ℤ} interval (0,1 − 𝜀). Which of the following are true?
(d) {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2|𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚ} (a) sup sup(𝐴𝜖 )<1
1
0<𝜖<
[Dec. 2013] 2
1
5. Let 𝐴 be a subset of ℝ with more than one element. Let (b) 0 < 𝜖1 < 𝜖2 < 2 ⇒ inf(𝐴𝜖1 ) < inf(𝐴𝜖2 )
𝑎 ∈ 𝐴. If 𝐴\{𝑎} is compact, then 1
(c) 0 < 𝜖1 < 𝜖2 < 2 ⇒ sup(𝐴𝜖1 ) > sup(𝐴𝜖2 )
(a) 𝐴 is compact
(d) sup(𝐴𝜖 ∩ ℚ) = sup(𝐴𝜖 ∩ (ℝ\ℚ))
(b) Every subset of 𝐴 must be compact
[Dec. 2017]
(c) 𝐴 Must be finite set
(d) 𝐴 is disconnected
[Dec. 2013]

IFAS Publications
Chapter – 1 Real Analysis 7
(a) 𝑓1 (𝑚, 𝑛) = 2𝑚 3𝑛
11. Which of the following sets are uncountable? (b) 𝑓2 (𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑚 + 𝑛
(a) The set of all functions from ℝ to {0,1} (c) 𝑓3 (𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝑚2 + 𝑛3
(b) The set of all functions from ℕ to {0, 1} (d) 𝑓4 (𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝑚2 𝑛3
(c) The set of all finite subsets of ℕ [30 Nov. 2020]
(d) The set of all subsets of ℕ 17. Which of the following sets are in bijection with ℝ?
[June 2018] (a) Set of all maps from {0,1} to ℕ
12. Let S be an infinite set. Which of the following statements (b) Set of all maps from ℕ to {0,1}
are true? (c) Set of all subsets of ℕ
(a) If there is an injection from 𝑆 to ℕ, then 𝑆 is countable (d) Set of all subsets of ℝ
(b) If there is a surjection from 𝑆 to ℕ, then 𝑆 is countable
(c) If there is an injection from ℕ to S, then 𝑆 is countable Answer Key
(d) If there is a surjection from ℕ to 𝑆, then 𝑆 is countable 1 2 3 4 5 6
B,d A,c A,c A,b,c A,d A,d
13. Consider a function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ then which of the following 7 8 9 10 11 12
are true? B,d A,b A,b,c,d C,d A,b,d A,d
(a) 𝑓 is not one –one if the graph of 𝑓 intersects some line 13 14 15 16 17
parallel to x-axis in at least two Points
A,b,c,d A,b,c,d b
(b) 𝑓 is one-one if the graph of 𝑓 intersects and line
parallel to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 in at most one point
EXPLANATION
(c) 𝑓 is surjective if the graph of 𝑓 intersects every line
parallel to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 1. Explanation: (b), (d)
(d) 𝑓 is not surjective if the graph of 𝑓 does not intersects Exp.: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝑋𝑗 = {0,1} and 𝑌 = ∏∞
𝑗=1 𝑋𝑗
at least one line parallel to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 Since, 𝑋𝑗 ′𝑠 are countable ∀ 𝑗 and infinite product of
[June 2019] countable sets is uncountable
14. Which of the following statement are true? ∴ 𝑌 is uncountable set.
(a) There exist three mutually disjoint subsets of ℝ, each ∴ option (d) is correct.
of which is countable and dense in ℝ Since, [0,1] is also uncountable.
(b) For each 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, there exists 𝑛 mutually disjoint subsets ∴ card 𝑌 = card [0,1]
of ℝ, each of which is countable and dense in ℝ ∴ option (b) is correct.
(c) There exist countably infinite number of mutually Also, finite product of countable sets is countable.
disjoint subsets of ℝ each of which is countable and ⟹ ∏𝑛𝑗=1 𝑋𝑗 is countable and countable union of countable
dense in ℝ
sets is countable
(d) There exist uncountable number of mutually disjoint 𝑛
⟹ ⋃∞
𝑛=1(∏𝑗=1 𝑋𝑗 ) is countable.
subsets of ℝ, each of which is countable and dense in
∴ option (c) is incorrect.
ℝ
2. Explanation: (a), (c)
[Dec. 2019]
Exp.: Since, (i) countable union of countable sets is
15. Suppose that A, B are two non-empty subsets of ℝ and
countable and
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵.
Which of the following conditions imply that 𝐶 is empty? (ii) finite product of countable sets is countable.
(a) A and B are open and C is compact (iii) infinite product of countable sets is uncountable
(b) A and B are open and C is closed ⟹ ⋃∞ 𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 is countable set [By (i)]

(c) A and B are both dense in ℝ ∴ option (a) is correct and option (d) is incorrect.
(d) A is open and B is compact Also ∏𝑛𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 is countable [By (ii)]
𝑛
[30 NOV 2020] ⟹ ⋃∞
𝑛=1 ∏𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 is countable [By (i)]
16. Let ℕ = {1,2,3, … . } be the set of natural numbers. Which ∴ option (b) is incorrect.
of the following functions from ℕ × ℕ to ℕ are injective? Further, ∏∞𝑗=1 𝑋𝑗 is uncountable [By (iii)]

∴ option (c) is correct.

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8 Mathematics - Practice Book
3. Explanation: (a),(c) ⇒ 𝐴 is disconnected set
Exp.: If |𝐴| = 𝑛 , |𝐵 | = 𝑚 6. Explanation: (a), (d)
Total number of functions from A to B = |𝐵 ||𝐴| =𝑚 𝑛 Exp.: (a) {𝑓|𝑓: ℕ → {1,2}}
Total number of one-one function from A to B = Total number of functions are 2𝜒∘ , i.e., uncountable.
0 ;𝑛 > 𝑚 (b) {𝑓|𝑓: {1,2} → ℕ}
{ 𝑚 ;𝑛 ≤ 𝑚
𝐶𝑛 𝑛! Total number of functions are 𝜒∘ 2 . It is equivalent to set
Given |𝐴| = 3 , |𝐵 | = 5 ℕ × ℕ which is countable as ℕ is countable.
∴ Total number of functions from A to B = |𝐵 ||𝐴| = 53 = (c) {𝑓|𝑓: {1,2} → ℕ, 𝑓(1) ≤ 𝑓(2)}
125 This set is a subset of {𝑓|𝑓: {1,2} → ℕ} and subset of
& Total number of one-one function from A to B = countable set is also countable
5!
5𝐶33! = × 3! = 60 (d) {𝑓|𝑓: ℕ → {1,2}, 𝑓(1) ≤ 𝑓 (2)}
3! (5−3)!

∴ optons (a) & (c) are correct. It is equivalent to fill ℕ places in which first place must be
4. Explanation: (a), (b), (c) 1 and other places are either 1 or 2, which is again infinite
Exp.: Option(a): {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 |𝑎 ≤ 𝑏} product of countable sets and infinite product of
Choosing a and b both irrationals, we can satisfy the countable sets is uncountable.
requirement of option (a) in uncountably many ways. 7. Explanation: (b), (d)
Option (b): {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 |𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ ℚ} Exp.: for option (a),
It includes all the rational numbers as well as uncountably We know that |𝑃(𝐴)| = 2𝑛 > 0, where |𝐴| = 𝑛 …(1)
many irrational numbers. Take 𝑎 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 𝑦; For, 𝐴 = 𝜙, 𝑃(𝐴) = {𝜙}
𝑥 rational, 𝑦 irrational, implies 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2𝑥 ∈ ℚ, i.e., there ∴ ∄ any 𝐴 for which 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝜙
are uncountably many choices for option(b) ∴ option (a) is not true.
Option (c): {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2|𝑎𝑏 ∈ ℤ} for option (b),
Take 𝑎 ∈ ℝ, 𝑏 = 0; then 𝑎𝑏 = 0 ∈ ℤ and the choices of a by (1), if 𝐴 is finite then, 𝑃(𝐴) is also a finite set
is uncountable, we can satisfy the requirement of option ∴ option (b) is also correct.
(c) in uncountably many ways. For option (d),
Option (d): {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅2 : 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚ} Take, 𝐴 = ℕ, a countable set, then |𝑃(𝐴)| = 2|ℕ| , which is
ℚ being countable, ℚ2 is also countable and consequently cardinality of continuum
option (d) is countable. As cardinality of a continuum is uncountable
5. Explanation: (a), (d) Thus, 𝑃(𝐴) is uncountable
Given: 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ, |𝐴| > 1. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴\{𝑎} is ∴ option (d) is correct.
compact. For option (c),
a) 𝐴\{𝑎} is compact set ⇔ 𝐴\{𝑎} is closed and bounded As discussed in options (a), (b) and (d)
As {𝑎} is also closed and bounded. When 𝐴 is empty or finite, then 𝑃(𝐴) is finite and when 𝐴
Result: Union of two closed and bounded sets is again a is countable, then 𝑃(𝐴) is uncountable
closed and bounded set. Hence, 𝑃(𝐴) can’t be countable for any set 𝐴.
So, 𝐴\{𝑎} ∪ {𝑎} = 𝐴 ⇒ A is compact set. ∴ option (c) is incorrect.
So, option (a) is true. 8. Explanation: (a), (b)
b) & (c) Take 𝐴 = [1,2] ∪ {3}, 𝐵 = (1,2) ⊆ 𝐴 Exp.:
But b is not compact set As 𝑠 ∈ (0,1)
So, option (b) and (c) are not true. Let s be any irrational number between 0 and 1 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑠 ∈
d) Let A is a connected set. Then A can be (0,1) ∩ ℚ𝑐 . So, it can never be written in the form of
𝑝
𝜙, 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡, [𝑎, 𝑏], [𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑎, 𝑏], (𝑎, 𝑏), [𝑎, ∞), , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 ∈ ℤ, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ∗ .
𝑞
(𝑎, ∞), (−∞, 𝑎], (−∞, 𝑎), (−∞, ∞)
So, option (c) and (d) are false.
As, 𝐴 ≠ 𝜙 and |𝐴| > 1
b) ∀𝑚 ∈ ℕ, 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑚, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
⇒ 𝐴 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 9 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑚 𝑚
𝑠< = 𝑚 = 1, which is always true because 𝑠 ∈
⇒ 𝐴\{𝑎}, where 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 can never be compact set 𝑛

⇒ 𝐴 is not connected set (0, `1) 𝑖. 𝑒. 0 < 𝑠 < 1. So, option b is true.

IFAS Publications
Chapter – 1 Real Analysis 9
𝑠
a) For given 𝑚 ∈ ℕ and 𝑠 ∈ (0,1), 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑚 > 0 . Similarly, by denseness property of ℚ𝑐 in ℝ
So, by Archimedean property ∃𝑛 ∈ ℕ such that 𝑠𝑢𝑝(𝐴∈ ∩ ℝ\ℚ) = 1−∈
1 𝑠 𝑚 11. Explanation: (a), (b), (d)
0< < ⇒ <𝑠 Exp.: Using the property that the set of all functions from
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛
So, option (a) is also true. a set 𝐴 to 𝐵 is |𝐵 ||𝐴|
9. Explanation: (a), (b), (c), (d) (a) The set of all functions from ℝ to {0,1} is 2|ℝ| i.e., 2𝑐 or
Exp.: (a) If 𝑋 is finite 𝜒
22 ∘ , which is uncountable.
⇒ |𝑋| = 𝑛 for some 𝑛 ∈ ℕ (b) The set of all functions from ℕ to {0, 1} is 2|ℕ| i.e., 2 𝜒∘ ,
⇒ |𝑃(𝑋)| = 2𝑛 which is uncountable.
⇒ 𝑃(𝑋) is finite (c) The set of all finite subsets of ℕ are countable.
∴ option (a) is correct. (d) The set of all subsets of ℕ is called power set of ℕ
(b) let 𝑋 and 𝑌 are finite and there is one-one which is denoted by P (ℕ)= 2𝜒∘ is uncountable.
correspondence between 𝑃(𝑋) and 𝑃(𝑌) 12. Explanation: (a), (d)
⟹ |𝑃(𝑋)| = |𝑃(𝑌)| ⟹ 2|𝑋| = 2|𝑌| ⟹ |𝑋| = |𝑌| Exp.: Here 𝑆 is an infinite set. So, it can be countable or
Hence, ∃ one-one correspondence between 𝑋 and 𝑌 uncountable as well, now
∴ option (b) is correct. (a) As there is one-one map from 𝑆 to ℕ, so |𝑆| ≤ |ℕ|,
(c) It is a standard result that there is no onto map from a hence must be countable, so option (a) is true
set to its power set. (b) As there is onto map from 𝑆 to ℕ so |𝑆| ≥ |ℕ|, so 𝑆 can
∴ ∄ 1-1 correspondence between 𝑋 and 𝑃(𝑋). be uncountable as well.
∴ option (c) is correct. (c) As there is one-one map from ℕ to 𝑆, so |ℕ| ≤ |𝑆|, so
(d) Since, |𝑃(𝑋)| = 2|𝑋| = |Ω(𝑋)| 𝑆 can be uncountable
Hence, ∃ a one-one correspondence between Ω(𝑋) and (d) As there is onto map from ℕ to 𝑆, so |ℕ| ≥ |𝑆|, so
𝑃(𝑋) 𝑆 must be countable. Thus option (d) is true.
∴ option (d) is correct. 13. Explanation: (a), (b), (c) and (d)
10. Explanation: (c), (d)
1
Given : 0 ≤ ∈ ≤ 2 ⇒ 𝐴∈ = (0,1−∈)
1
(b) 0 < ∈1 <∈2 < 2
𝐴𝜖1 = (0,1 −∈1 ) ⇒ inf 𝐴𝜖1 = 0
𝐴𝜖2 = (0,1 −∈2 ) ⇒ inf 𝐴𝜖2 = 0 (a)
⇒ Option (b) is false ∵ We know that 𝑓 is one one
1
(c) 0 ≤ ∈1 <∈2 ≤ 2 If 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) ⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
𝐴𝜖1 = (0,1 −∈1 ) ⇒ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝐴𝜖1 = 1 −∈1 But here from the graph this contradict
𝐴𝜖2 = (0,1 −∈2 ) ⇒ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝐴𝜖2 = 1 −∈2 i.e.; 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )
=∈1 <∈2 ⇒ −∈2 < −∈1 ⇒ 1 −∈2 < 1 −∈1 ⇒ 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 so 𝑓 is not one –one
⇒ sup 𝐴𝜖2 < 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝐴𝜖1 ⇒ option (a) is true
Option (𝑐) is true
(a) 𝐴𝜖 = (0, 1−∈)
Sup 𝐴𝜖 = 1−∈
sup sup(𝐴𝜖 ) = sup (1−∈) (b)
1 1
0<𝜖< 0<𝜖<
2 2 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑦 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 ∃ at most one 𝑏 = 𝑥
1 1 1
0 <∈< ⇒ − < −∈< 0 ⇒ < 1−∈< 1 Such that 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑎 or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑠𝑢𝑝 (1−∈) = 1 ⇒Option (a) is false ⇒ 𝑓 is one –one
(d) 𝐴∈ = (0,1−∈) (∵ there is no y which can be corresponding to two
𝐴∈ ∩ ℚ = {𝑥 ∈ ℚ|𝑥 ∈ (0,1−∈)} different 𝑥 i.e; every y will be corresponding to one 𝑥 (b)
By denseness property of ℚ in ℝ is true
Sub(𝐴∈ ∩ ℚ) = 1−∈
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10 Mathematics - Practice Book
16. Explanation:
(a) 𝑓1 (𝑚1 , 𝑚2 ) = 2𝑚1 3𝑛1
𝑓1 (𝑚2 , 𝑛2 ) = 2𝑚2 3𝑛2
(c) 𝑓1 (𝑚1 , 𝑛1 ) = 𝑓(𝑚2 , 𝑛2 ) ⇒ 2𝑚1 3𝑛1 = 2𝑚2 3𝑛2
∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 ∃ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 such that ⇒ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
𝑓(𝑏 ) = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑛1 = 𝑛2
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) is onto So, injective function
⇒ 𝑐 is correct (b) 𝑓2 (1,2) = 2 + 1 + 2 = 5
𝑓2 (2,1) = 2 + 2 + 1 = 5
So, not an injective function
(c) 𝑓3 (1,4) = 1 + 64 = 65
𝑓3 (8,1) = 64 + 1 = 65
(d)
So, not an injective function
∃ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 such that 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑎
(d) 𝑓4 (1,4) = 64 ⇒ not an injective function
⇒ 𝑦 ≠ 𝑎 contradict
𝑓4 (8,1) = 64
⇒ so 𝑓 is not onto
17. Explanation: (b)
⇒ (𝑑) is correct
Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 then Total number of functions
14. Explanation: (a), (b), (c), and (d)
|𝑓| = |𝐵 ||𝐴|
(a) Let 𝐴 = {𝜋𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ 𝑄} , 𝐵 = {√2 𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ 𝑄} and 𝐶 =
(a) let 𝑓: {0,1} → ℕ
{𝑒𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ 𝑄}, Here 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 are disjoint, countable and |ℕ| = 𝑥0 , |{0,1}| = 2
dense in ℝ |𝑓| = |ℕ||{0,1}| = 𝑥02 = Countable and |ℝ| = 𝑐 =
(b) Since set of all primes S (say) similar to ℕ, uncountable
∴ for each prime 𝑝 ∈ 𝑠 consider 𝐴𝑝 = {𝑥√𝑝 |𝑥 ∈ ℚ} The bijection from a countable set to uncountable set is
then each 𝐴𝑝 is countable and dense in ℝ and also for not possible
𝑝 ≠ 𝑞 𝐴𝑝 ∩ 𝐴𝑞 = 𝜙 So (a) is wrong
(c) For each 𝑛 take finite subset B of S such that |𝐵 | = 𝑛. (b) 𝑓: ℕ → {0,1}
Then for each 𝑝 ∈ 𝐵, 𝐴𝑝 is countable and dense subset |𝑓| = 2𝑁 = 𝐶 = uncountable and |ℝ| = uncountable
of ℝ So, bijection from uncountable to uncountable is possible
𝑐
(d) For each 𝛼 ∈ ℚ , consider 𝐴𝛼 = {𝛼𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ ℚ} then 𝐴𝛼 So (b) is true.
is countable and dense in ℝ. And for 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℚ𝑐 such (c) Set of all subset of ℕ = 𝑃(ℕ)
that 𝛼 ≠ 𝛽, 𝐴𝛼 ∩ 𝐴𝛽 = 𝜙. = Power set of ℕ
Hence (a), (b), (c), (d) all are correct i.e., |𝑃(ℕ)| = 𝑐 = uncountable
15. Explanation: So (c) is also correct.
Let 𝐴 = ℝ, 𝐵 = ℝ Then 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ℝ (d) set of all subset of ℝ
which is closed. So, = Power set of ℝ = 𝑃(ℝ)
Option (b) is false i.e., |𝑃(ℝ)| = 2𝑐 > 𝐶 = |ℝ|
By above example (c) is also false (d) is wrong
For (d) Let 𝐴 = (𝑎, 𝑏), 𝐵 = [𝑎, 𝑏], clearly A is open and B is
compact and
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = (𝑎, 𝑏) which is non empty
So, option (d) is also false
Also
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is open and is compact means closed and
bounded so
It must be empty set.
So, Option (a) is true.

IFAS Publications
Chapter – 1 Real Analysis 11

Unit 1.3: Sequence of Real Numbers

MCQ (Multiple Choice Question) (c) 𝑋 is countable, 𝑌 is countable

1 1 (d) 𝑋 is uncountable, 𝑌 is uncountable
1. The set {𝑛 sin 𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} has
[Dec. 2016]
(a) One limit point and it is 0 9. 𝐿 = lim
1
. Then
𝑛
𝑛→∞ √𝑛!
(b) One limit point and it is 1
(a) 𝐿 = 0 (b) 𝐿 = 1
(c) One limit point and it is – 1
(c) 0 < 𝐿 < ∞ (d) 𝐿 = ∞
(d) Three limit points and these are – 1, 0 and 1.
[June 2017]
[June 2011]
1 𝑛
2.
𝜋
Let 𝑎𝑛 = sin 𝑛. For the sequence 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … the supremum 10. consider the sequence 𝑎𝑛 = (1 + (−1)𝑛 ) . Then
𝑛

is (a) lim sup 𝑎𝑛 = lim inf 𝑎𝑛 = 1

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
(a) 0 and it is attained (b) 0 and it is not attained (b) lim sup 𝑎𝑛 = lim inf 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑒
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
(c) 1 and it is attained (d) 1 and it is not attained 1
(c) lim sup 𝑎𝑛 = lim inf 𝑎𝑛 =
[June 2012] 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑒
1 1 1 1 1
3. lim ( + +⋯+ ) equals (d) lim sup 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑒, lim inf 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑒
𝑛→∞ √𝑛 √1+√3 √3+√5 √2𝑛−1+√2𝑛+1 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
1
(a) √2 (b) [June 2017]
√2

(c) √2 + 1 (d)
1 11. Define the sequence {𝑎𝑛 } 𝑎𝑠 follows:
√2+1 1 2
𝑎1 = 1 and for 𝑛 ≥ 1, 𝑎𝑛+1 = (−1)𝑛 (2) (|𝑎𝑛 | + |𝑎 |).
[June 2014] 𝑛

4. Let 𝑝(𝑥) be a polynomial in the real variable 𝑥 of degree Which of the following is true?
𝑝(𝑛)
5. Then lim is (a) lim sup a n = √2 (b) lim inf a n = − ∞
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛
(a) 5 (b) 1 (c) lim 𝑎𝑛 = √2 (d) sup 𝑎𝑛 = √2
(c) 0 (d) ∞ [June 2018]
[June 2014] 12. If {𝑥𝑛 } is a convergent sequence in ℝ and {𝑦𝑛 } is a
1 1 1 1 bounded sequence in ℝ, then we can conclude that
5. lim ( + +⋯ ) is
𝑛→∞ √𝑛 √2+√4 √4+√6 √2𝑛+√2𝑛+2 (a) {𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 } is convergent
1
(a) √2 (b) (b) {𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 } is bounded
√2
1 (c) {𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 } has no convergent subsequence
(c) √2 + 1 (d)
√2+1
(d) {𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 } has no bounded subsequence
[Dec. 2015]
1 𝑛 [June 2018]
6. lim (1 − 𝑛 2) equals 13. Suppose that {𝑥𝑛 } is a sequence of real numbers satisfying
𝑛→∞
(a) 1 (b) 𝑒 −1/2 the following. For every 𝜀 > 0, There exist 𝑛0 such that
−2 −1
(c) 𝑒 (d) 𝑒 |𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 | < 𝜀 ∀ 𝑛 ≥ 𝑛0 . The sequence {𝑥𝑛 } is
[June 2016] (a) Bounded but not necessarily Cauchy
7. Consider the interval (−1,1) and a sequence {𝛼𝑛 }∞
𝑛=1 of (b) Cauchy but not necessarily bounded
elements in it. Then, (c) Convergent
(a) Every limit point of {𝛼𝑛 } is in (−1,1) (d) Not necessarily bounded
(b) Every limit point of {𝛼𝑛 } is in [−1,1] [Dec. 2018]
(c) The limit points of {𝛼𝑛 } can only be in {−1,0,1} 𝑛+1 1
14. Let 𝐴(𝑛) = ∫𝑛 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 1. For 𝑐𝜖ℝ let
(d) The limit points of {𝛼𝑛 } cannot be in {−1,0,1}
lim 𝑛𝑐 𝐴(𝑛) = 𝐿
𝑛→∞
[June 2016]
(a) 𝐿 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑐 > 3 (b) 𝐿 = 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑐 = 3
8. Consider the sets of sequences
(c) 𝐿 = 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑐 = 3 (d) 𝐿 = ∞ 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑐 < 3
𝑋 = {(𝑥𝑛 ) ∶ 𝑥𝑛 ∈ {0,1}, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} and 𝑌 = {(𝑥𝑛 ) ∈
[Dec. 2018]
𝑋; 𝑥𝑛 = 1 for atmost finitely many 𝑛} Then,
15. Consider a sequence
(a) 𝑋 is countable, 𝑌 is finite
1 1
(b) 𝑋 is uncountable, 𝑌 is countable {𝑎𝑛 }, 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 ( − ).
2 𝑛

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12 Mathematics - Practice Book
Let 𝑏𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 ∀ 𝑛 𝜖 ℕ (a) lim inf 𝑥𝑛 = 0 ⇒ lim 𝑥𝑛2 = 0
Then which of the following is true? (b) lim sup 𝑥𝑛 = 0 ⇒ lim 𝑥𝑛2 = 0
(a) lim 𝑏𝑛 = 0 (c) lim inf 𝑥𝑛 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛≥1 is bounded
𝑛→∞
(b) limsup 𝑏𝑛 > 1/2 (d) lim inf 𝑥𝑛2 > 4 ⇒ lim sup 𝑥𝑛 > 4
𝑛→∞
1
[Dec. 2019]
(c) limsup 𝑏𝑛 < − 21. Let 𝛼>0 be a real number. Then
𝑛→∞ 2
1
(d) 0 ≤ lim inf 𝑏𝑛 ≤ lim sup 𝑏𝑛 ≤ 1/2 lim 𝛼 𝛼
(1 + 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝛼
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ n→∞ 𝑛 𝛼+1
[June. 2019] (a) ∞
16. Which of the following is true? (b) equal to 0
(−1) 𝑛
(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 does not converge (c) equal to 1
1 (d) positive and strictly less than 1
(b) ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 converges
1 [DEC 2019]
(c) ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 ∑𝑚 = 1 (𝑚+𝑛)2 converges 1/𝑛
((𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)…(𝑛+𝑛))
1 22. lim
(d) ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 ∑𝑚 = 1 (𝑚+𝑛)2 diverges 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑒 4
(a) is equal to (b) is equal to
[June. 2019] 4 𝑒

17. For 𝑛𝜖ℕ, which of the following is true? (c) is equal to 𝑒 (d) does not exist
(a) √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 >
1
for all, except possibly finitely [30 NOV 2020]
√𝑛
23. Consider the sequence {𝑎 }
𝑛 𝑛>1 , where 𝑎𝑛 = 3 +
many 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 2
1 5 (− 2) + (−1)𝑛 (4 + (−1)𝑛 𝑛). Then the interval
(b) √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 < for all, except possibly finitely
√𝑛
(liminf 𝑎𝑛 , limsup 𝑎𝑛 ). is given by
many 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
(a) (−2, 8)
(c) √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 > 1 for all, except possibly finitely many 11 13
(b) ( 4 , 4 )
𝑛
(c) (3, 5)
(d) √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 > 2 for all, except possibly finitely many 1 7
(d) ( , )
4 4
𝑛
[Feb 2022]
[June. 2019]
18. Consider the sequence
Answer Key
1 1
{𝑎𝑛 } = (−1)𝑛 ( − ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 𝑛
Let 𝑏𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ then which of the following is a c b c b a b b a d
true? 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
(a) lim 𝑏𝑛 = 0 a b d b b d b b b b
𝑛→0
1
(b) lim sup 𝑏𝑛 > 21 22 23
𝑛→∞ 2
(c) lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑏𝑛 < −1/2
𝑛→∞
1
(d) 0 ≤ lim inf 𝑏𝑛 ≤ lim sup 𝑏𝑛 ≤ 2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
[June 2019] EXPLANATION
19. For 𝑛 ∈ ℕ which of the following is true?
1 1. Explanation: (a)
(a) √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 > ∀ except possibly finitely many n 1
√𝑛
1
Exp.: Since,|sin (𝑛)| ≤ 1,
(b) √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 < ∀ except possibly finitely many n.
√𝑛 1 1 1 1
⇒− ≤ sin ( ) ≤
(c) √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 > 1∀ except possibly finite many n. 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1 1
(d) √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 > 2 ∀ except possibly finite many n. By squeeze principle sin ( ) → 0
𝑛 𝑛
[June 2019] [If ∵ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) is bounded in deleted
𝑥→𝑐
20. Let (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛≥1 be a sequence of non-negative real numbers.
neighbourhood of 𝑐, then lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 0] ∴ the set
𝑥→𝑐
Then which of the following is true?
1 1
{ lim sin : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} has one limit point and it is `0´.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛

IFAS Publications
Chapter – 1 Real Analysis 13
2. Explanation: (c) 7. Explanation: (b)
𝜋 1
Exp.: The given sequence is 𝑎𝑛 = sin 𝑛 Exp.: (a) Let 𝛼𝑛 = 1 −
𝑛
𝜋
i.e., {sin 𝜋, sin 2 , sin 3 , sin 4 , …} = {0,1,
𝜋 𝜋 √3
,
1
, … }. Then 𝛼𝑛 ∈ (−1,1)∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
2 √2
But lim 𝛼𝑛 = 1 ∉ (−1,1)
Now very clearly as |sin 𝑥 | ≤ 1 and 1 is also attained by 𝑛→∞
1
the sequence, so option c holds. c) Let 𝛼𝑛 =
2
3. Explanation: (b) Then 𝛼𝑛 ∈ (−1,1)∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
Exp.: To find 1
𝛼𝑛 → 2 ∉ {−1,0,1}
1 1 1 1
lim ( + + ⋯+ ) So, option (c) is not true
𝑛→∞ √𝑛 √1+√3 √3+√5 √2𝑛−1+√2𝑛+1

= lim
1
(
1 √3−√1
+
1 √5−√3
+⋯+ (d) Let 𝛼𝑛 = 0∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛→∞ √𝑛 √1+√3 √3−√1 √3+√5 √5−√3
Then 𝛼𝑛 → 0. So option (d) is not true.
1 √2𝑛+1−√2𝑛−1
) Consider 𝛼𝑛 = 𝑎 ∀𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ∈ (−1,1)
(√2𝑛−1+√2𝑛+1) √2𝑛+1−√2𝑛−1
1 √3−√1 √5−√3 √2𝑛+1−√2𝑛−1 ∴ lim 𝛼𝑛 = 𝑎
= lim [ + + ⋯+ ] 𝑛→∞
𝑛→∞ √𝑛 2 2 2 1
1 √2𝑛+1−√1
Further, 𝛼𝑛 = −1 + and lim 𝛼𝑛 = −1
𝑛 𝑛→∞
= lim [ ]=
𝑛→∞ √𝑛 2 1
And 𝛼𝑛 = 1 − 𝑛 and lim 𝛼𝑛 = 1
1 √2𝑛+1−√1 1 2𝑛+1 1 1 1 𝑛→∞
lim [ ] = lim [√ − √ ] = √2 = Set of limit points of 𝛼𝑛 = [−1,1]
𝑛→∞ 2 √𝑛 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 𝑛 2 √2

4. Explanation: (c) Hence (b) is correct.

Exp.: As we know that rate of divergence towards infinity 8. Explanation: (b)
of exponential function is much higher than that of 𝑋 = {(𝑥𝑛 ): 𝑥𝑛 ∈ {0,1}, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ}
polynomial functions. {𝑓|𝑓: ℕ → {0,1}}
𝑝(𝑛) |𝑋| = 2ℵ0 ⇒ 𝑋 is an uncountable set
So, lim =0
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛
Let 𝑌1 = {(𝑥𝑛 ) ∈ 𝑥|𝑥𝑛 = 1 𝑓𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑛}
𝑝(𝑛) 𝑛5 ∞
Also, 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 . lim = lim (∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚) Let 𝑓: 𝑌1 → ℕ
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 𝑛→∞ 2𝑛
[Apply L’-Hospital rule (5 times)] Let 𝑦𝑚 ∈ ℕ be sequence such that 1 is at 𝑚𝑡ℎ place
5! 𝑓(𝑦𝑚 ) = m
= lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 (𝑙𝑜𝑔2)5
Then 𝑓 is one-one function
∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑐) is correct.
⇒ |𝑌1 | ≤ |ℕ|
5. Explanation: (b)
⇒ 𝑌1 is countable set.
1 1 √2−√4 1 √4−√6
Exp.: 𝑎𝑛 = ( × + × +⋯+ Similarly
√𝑛 √2+√4 √2−√4 √4+√6 √4−√6
√4−√6
+⋯+
1
×
√2𝑛−√2𝑛+2
) 𝑌2 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) ∈ 𝑥|𝑥𝑛 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛′ 𝑠 },
√4−√6 √2𝑛+√2𝑛+2 √2𝑛−√2𝑛+2
and it is also a countable set
1 √2−√4 √4−√6 √2𝑛−√2𝑛+2
= ( (−2)
+ + ⋯+ ) Also, 𝑌 = ⋃𝑛∈ℕ 𝑌𝑛
√𝑛 (−2) (−2)
1 1 As, countables union of countables sets is again a
= × (−2) [√2 − √2𝑛 + 2]
√𝑛
countable set.
1 2 2
= − [√ − √2 + ] ⇒ 𝑌 is a countable set.
2 𝑛 𝑛
9. Explanation: (a)
As 𝑛 → ∞
1 1 Exp.: By Cauchy’s Second theorem on limits, we have
𝑎𝑛 → − 2 [−√2] = 1
√2 𝑎𝑛 +1
lim (𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 = lim .
6. Explanation: (a) 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
𝑛 1 𝑛! 𝑛! 1
Exp.: lim (1 − 𝑛2) = 𝑒 𝛼
1 So, lim 𝑛 = lim = lim = lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ √𝑛! 𝑛→∞ (𝑛+1)! 𝑛→∞ 𝑛!(𝑛+1) 𝑛→∞ (𝑛+1)
𝑛→∞
10. Explanation: (d)
∞ 𝑔(𝑥)
(Since, It is of the form 1 . So, we can use, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 𝑛
𝑛→∞
(1 + ) ; 𝑛 ∈ 2ℕ
𝛼
𝑒 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 = lim 𝑔(𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥) − 1]) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑛→∞
1 𝑛
{(1 − 𝑛) ; 𝑛 ∈ ℕ\2ℕ
1
𝑆𝑜, 𝛼 = lim (1 − − 1) 𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2
1
1 𝑛 𝑎2𝑛 → 𝑒, 𝑎2𝑛−1 → 𝑒
⇒ lim (1 − 𝑛2) = 𝑒 0 = 1
𝑛→∞
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1 𝑖−1 1 𝑖
So, 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑒 , 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑒 ∴ 𝐴𝑛,𝑛 ≥ ∑𝑛−1
𝑖=2 ≥ ∑𝑛−1
𝑖−2 → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞
𝑖2 2 𝑖
So, Option (d) is correct ∴ 𝐴𝑛,𝑛 → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞
11. Explanation: (a) 1
∴ ∑∞ ∞
𝑚=1 ∑𝑛=1 (𝑚+𝑛)2 → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞
Exp.: 𝑎1 = 1
1 2
17. Explanation: (b)
𝑎𝑛+1 = (−1)𝑛 ( ) (|𝑎𝑛 | + |𝑎 |) Exp.: √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛
2 𝑛
1 1 1 (√𝑛+1−√𝑛) (√𝑛+1+√𝑛)
= (−1)𝑛 ( ) |𝑎𝑛 | + (−1)𝑛 (|𝑎 |) =
2 2 𝑛 (√𝑛+1+√𝑛)
1 2 𝑛+1−𝑛
𝑎2𝑛+1 = (−1)2𝑛 ( ) (|𝑎2𝑛 | + ) >0 =
2 |𝑎 | 2𝑛 √𝑛+1+√𝑛
12. Explanation: (b) 1 1 1
= < < ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1 √𝑛+1+√𝑛 2√𝑛 √𝑛
Exp.: Let 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛 be the convergent sequence and 𝑦𝑛 = 18. Explanation:
(−1)𝑛 bounded sequence. 1 1
1
𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 ( − )
2 𝑛
But + (−1)𝑛 is not convergent.
𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘
Since it has two point 1 & - 1. Thus
So, option (a) is incorrect, Also, It has a convergent & −1
𝑎1 = 2
+1
bounded subsequence Therefore options (c) & (d) are 1
incorrect. As every convergent sequence is bounded, and ⇒ 𝑏1 = 𝑎1 = 1 − 2
1 1
the sum of two bounded sequence is again a bounded 𝑎2 = −
2 2
sequence. Hence option (b) is correct. ⇒ 𝑏2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = 1 − 2
1

13. Explanation: (d) −1 1

1 𝑎3 = +3
Exp.: Consider the sequence 𝑥𝑛 = ∑ 𝑛 2
1 1 1
1 1 1 ⇒ 𝑏3 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = (1 − 2 + 3) − 2
Then |𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 | = | ∑ 𝑛+1 − ∑ 𝑛 | = 𝑛 +1 , Here |𝑥𝑛+1 −
1 1
𝑥𝑛 | can be made less then 𝜖 ∀𝜖 > 0. 𝑎4 = 2 − 4
1 1 1
But 𝑥𝑛 is unbounded and non-convergent hence not ⇒ 𝑏4 = 𝑎1 + ⋯ + 𝑎4 = 1 + 2 + 3 − 4
cauchy. 𝑎5 =
−1
+5
1
2
So, option (d) is correct answer. 1 1 1 1 1
14. Explanation: (b) ⇒ 𝑏5 = 𝑎1 + ⋯ + 𝑎5 = (1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5) − 2
𝑛+1 1 1
𝑛+1 1 𝑥 −2 𝑎6 = 2 − 6
Exp.: 𝐴(𝑛) = ∫𝑛 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥 = [ −2 ]
𝑛 1 1 1 1 1
−1 𝑛+1 1 1 1 2𝑛+1 ⇒ 𝑏6 = 𝑎1 + ⋯ . . +𝑎6 = (1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − 6)
𝐴(𝑛) = [2𝑥 2] 2𝑛
= 2 − 2(𝑛 + 1)2 = [
2 𝑛 2 (𝑛+1)2
]
1 1 1 1 1
𝑛
(1 − + − + ⋯ + ) − ; 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
1 (2𝑛+1)(𝑛 𝑐) 2 3 4 𝑛 2
𝑐
𝑛 𝐴(𝑛) = 2 𝑏𝑛 = { 1 1 1 1
𝑛 2 (𝑛+1)2
(1 − + − + ⋯ − ) ; 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
Now if 𝑐 = 3 2 3 4 𝑛

(2𝑛+1)𝑛 3 ∵ we know that

Then let 𝑛𝑐 𝐴(𝑛) = lim 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞ = 1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 2 (𝑛+1)2 log(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − − + ⋯.
2 3 3 4
So, option (b) is correct answer.
At 𝑥 = 1
15. Explanation: (b) 1 1 1
1 1 log 2 = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯.
Exp.: {𝑎𝑛 }; 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 (2 − 𝑛)
If 𝑛 → ∞
𝑏𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 1
1 1 log 2 − , 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑏𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1(−1)𝑘 ( − ) 𝑏𝑛 = { 2
2 𝑘 log 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
1
− + 𝐼𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 By theorem “if a sequence {𝑥𝑛 } has two subsequence
lim 𝑏𝑛 = { 2
𝑙𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 that converges to two different limits, then it is not
1
lim sup 𝑏𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 2 > 2 convergent”.
16. Explanation: (d) Option (a) is false
Exp.: ∑∞ ∞ 1 (c) if 𝑛 is odd
𝑚=1 ∑𝑛=1 (𝑘+𝑙)2
1
lim 𝑏2𝑛+1 = log(2) − 2 = 0.6931 − 0.5
∀𝑛 ≥ 3, 𝑖, 2, … , 𝑛 − 1 𝑛→∞
1
= [2+(𝑖−2)]2
1 = 0.1931
[1+(𝑖−1)]2
1 1
If 𝑛 is even
= ⋯ = [(𝑖−1)+1]2 = 𝑖 2 lim 𝑏𝑛 = log 2 = 0.6931
𝑛→∞

IFAS Publications
Chapter – 1 Real Analysis 15
∀ 𝑛 𝑏𝑛 > 0 i.e 𝑏𝑛 is positive But (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛≥1 is unbounded
Therefore option (c) is false (∵ supremum does not exist)
(d) limsup 𝑏𝑛 = 0.693 > 1/2 So, option (c) is wrong
𝑛→∞
(d) Let {𝑥𝑛 } = {3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, … }
liminf 𝑏𝑛 = 0.1931 ≥ 0
𝑛→∞ ⇒ {𝑥𝑛2 } = {9, 16, 9, 16, 9, 16, … }
Therefore (d) is also wrong lim inf{𝑥𝑛2 } = 9 > 4
Hence (b) is true But lim sup 𝑥𝑛 = 4 ≯ 4
19. Explanation: So, option (d) is wrong
Give √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 21. Explanation:
Now ∵ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ so Consider, ∝= 1
𝑛 + 1 > 0 now adding 𝑛2 + 𝑛 both side Then, lim
1
(1 + 2+. . +𝑛)
𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1 > 𝑛2 + 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2
1 𝑛(𝑛+1)
(𝑛 + 1)2 > 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2 2
1 𝑛+1
𝑛 + 1 > √𝑛(𝑛 + 1) = lim
2 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1 > √𝑛(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑛 =2
1

1 > √𝑛[(√𝑛 + 1) − √𝑛]

1
∴ Options (a), (b), (c) gets discarded
[√𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛] < ∴ option (d) is correct.
√𝑛
There (a) is false and (b) is correct 22. Explanation:
1
(c) & (d) √𝑛 > 0 ((𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)…(𝑛+𝑛))𝑛
lim
2√𝑛 > 0 on adding both side 1 + 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1
1 + 𝑛 + 2√𝑛 > 1 + 𝑛 ((𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)…(𝑛+𝑛))𝑛
2
Let 𝑥 = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
(1 + √𝑛) > 1 + 𝑛 1
(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)…(𝑛+𝑛) 𝑛
1 + √𝑛 > √1 + 𝑛 Or 𝑥 = lim { 𝑛𝑛
}
𝑛→∞
1
1 > √1 + 𝑛 − √𝑛 1 2 𝑛 𝑛
Therefore (c) & (d) both false Or = lim [(1 + 𝑛) (1 + 𝑛) … (1 + 𝑛)]
𝑛→∞
20. Explanation: Taking log both side
(𝑥𝑛 )𝑛≥1 be a sequence of non-negative real number 1 1
log 𝑥 = lim [𝑛 log (1 + 𝑛) + 𝑛 log (1 + 𝑛) +
1 2
𝑛→∞
(a) Let {𝑥𝑛 } = {0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, … } 1 𝑛
lim inf 𝑥𝑛 = 0 but lim 𝑥𝑛 does not exist ⋯ 𝑛 log (1 + 𝑛)]
1 𝑟
{𝑥𝑛2 } = {0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 4, … } log 𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑛 log (1 + 𝑛)
𝑛→∞
lim inf 𝑥𝑛 = 0 but lim 𝑥𝑛2 does not exist 1
log 𝑥 = ∫0 log(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
So, option (a) is wrong
Let 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
(b) Let lim sup 𝑥𝑛 = 0 … (*)
2
∵ lim inf(𝑥𝑛 ) ≤ lim sup(𝑥𝑛 ) (1) log 𝑥 = ∫1 log 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
From (*) lim inf(𝑥𝑛 ) ≤ lim sup(𝑥𝑛 ) = 0 log 𝑥 = 𝑧 log 𝑧 − 𝑧|12
And (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛≥1 be a sequence of non-negative real number = [2 log 2 − 2] + 1] = 2 log 2 − 1 ⇒ log 4 − log e 𝑒
so that the terms of sequence will ≥ 0 =log 𝑒4⁄
So that we have 𝑥 = 4⁄𝑒 Correct option
lim inf(𝑥𝑛 ) ≥ 0 (2) Note: We can also use Cauchy’s theorem to evaluate this
From (1) & (2) limit.
0 ≤ lim inf(𝑥𝑛 ) ≤ lim sup(𝑥𝑛 ) = 0 23. Explanation:
Now We have sequence
We have lim inf(𝑥𝑛 ) = lim sup(𝑥𝑛 ) = 0 1 𝑛
If lim inf(𝑥𝑛 ) & lim sup(𝑥𝑛 ) are exist and equal then the {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛>1 , 𝑎𝑛 = 3 + 5 (− )
2
lim(𝑥𝑛 ) also exist. 1 2
+ (−1) ( + (−1)𝑛 )
𝑛
S.t lim inf(𝑥𝑛 ) = lim sup(𝑥𝑛 ) = lim(𝑥𝑛 ) 4 𝑛
⇒ lim 𝑥𝑛 ∙ 𝑥𝑛 = lim 𝑥𝑛2 = 0 The interval of ( lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛 , lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
Hence option (b) is correct
(c) Let {𝑥𝑛 } = {0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, … }
⇒ lim inf{𝑥𝑛 } = 0

IFAS Publications
16 Mathematics - Practice Book
Let, 𝑎𝑛 = (d) This sequence is bounded and Cauchy but not
1 2𝑛 1 2 convergent in ℚ
𝑎2𝑛 = 3 + 5 (− 2) + (−1)2𝑛 ( + (−1)2𝑛 )
4 2𝑛
{ [Dec. 2013]
1 2𝑛+1 1 2
𝑎2𝑛+1 = 3 + 5 (− ) + (−1)2𝑛+1 ( + (−1)2𝑛+1 )
2 4 2𝑛+1 5. Let {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛≥1 be a sequence of positive numbers such that
Then 𝑎1 > 𝑎2 > 𝑎3 > ⋯ Then which of the following is/are
〈𝑎2𝑛 〉 converging to
always true?
1 𝑎𝑛
3 + (5).0 + 1 ( + 0) (a) lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 (b) lim =0
4 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1 13 (c) ∑∞
𝑎𝑛
converges (d) ∑∞
𝑎𝑛
converges
=3+ = 𝑛=1 𝑛 𝑛=1 𝑛 2
4 4
〈𝑎2𝑛+1 〉 converging to [Dec. 2013]
1 1 11 6. Let {𝑎𝑛 }, {𝑏𝑛 } be given bounded sequences of positive real
2 + (5). 0 − 1 ( ) = 3 − =
4 4 4 numbers. Then (Here 𝑎𝑛 ↑ 𝑎 means 𝑎𝑛 increase to 𝑎 as 𝑛
11 13
So, interval is ( , ) 4 4
goes to ∞, similarly, 𝑏𝑛 ↑ 𝑏 means 𝑏𝑛decreases to 𝑏 as 𝑛
Option (b) is true goes to ∞)
(a) If 𝑎𝑛 ↑ 𝑎, then sup(𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) = 𝑎(sup 𝑏𝑛 )
𝑛≥1 𝑛≥1
MSQ (Multiple Select Question)
(b) If 𝑎𝑛 ↑ 𝑎, then sup(𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) < 𝑎(sup 𝑏𝑛 )
𝑛≥1 𝑛≥1
1. Which of the following is/are correct? (c) If 𝑏𝑛 ↑ 𝑏, then inf (𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) = ( inf 𝑎𝑛 )𝑏
1 𝑛≥1 𝑛≥1
(a) 𝑛 log (1 + 𝑛+1) → 1 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞ (d) If 𝑏𝑛 ↑ 𝑏, then inf (𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) > (inf 𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑏
𝑛≥1 𝑛≥1
1
(b) (𝑛 + 1) log (1 + 𝑛) → 1𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞ [June 2014]
2
1
(c) 𝑛2 log (1 + 𝑛) → 1 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞ 7. Let 𝑝𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑛 be a sequence of quadratic
1
polynomials where 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 , 𝑐𝑛 ∈ ℝ for all 𝑛 ≥ 1. Let
(d) 𝑛 log (1 + ) → 1 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞
𝑛2 𝜆0 , 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 be distinct real numbers such that
[June 2011] lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆0 ) = 𝐴0 ,
𝑛→∞
2. If {𝑥𝑛 } and {𝑦𝑛 } are sequence of real numbers, which of
lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆1 ) = 𝐴1 ,
𝑛→∞
the following is/are true?
and lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆2) = 𝐴2 ,
(a) limsup(𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 ) ≤ limsup 𝑥𝑛 + limsup 𝑦𝑛 𝑛→∞
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
Then,
(b) limsup(𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 ) ≥ limsup 𝑥𝑛 + limsup 𝑦𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 (a) lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑛→∞
(c) liminf(𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 ) ≤ liminf 𝑥𝑛 + liminf 𝑦𝑛 (b) lim 𝑃′𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛→∞
(d) liminf(𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 ) ≥ liminf 𝑥𝑛 + liminf 𝑦𝑛 𝜆0 +𝜆1 +𝜆2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 (c) lim 𝑃𝑛 ( ) does not exist
𝑛→∞ 3
[June 2011] 𝜆0 +𝜆1 +𝜆2
3. Which of the following is/are correct? (d) lim 𝑃′𝑛 ( 3
) does not exist
𝑛→∞
1 𝑛+1 [June 2014]
(a) (1 + 𝑛) → 𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞
𝑛+1 8. Let 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 be a sequence of quadratic
1
(b) (1 + 𝑛+1) → 𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞ polynomials where 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 ∈ ℝ for all 𝑛 ≥ 1. Let 𝜆0 , 𝜆1 be
2
1 𝑛 distinct non-zero real numbers such that lim 𝑝𝑛 (𝜆0 ) and
(c) (1 + 𝑛) → 𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞ 𝑛→∞

1 𝑛 lim 𝑝𝑛 (𝜆1 ) exist. Then,

(d) (1 + 𝑛2) → 𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞ 𝑛→∞
(a) lim 𝑝𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
[June 2012] 𝑛→∞

4. Consider the sequence of rational numbers {𝑞𝑘 }𝑘≥1 where (b) lim 𝑝′𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑛→∞
1 𝜆0 +𝜆1
𝑞𝑘 = ∑𝑘𝑛=1 𝑛2
𝑖. 𝑒. , the sequence is 𝑞1 = .1 , 𝑞2 = (c) lim 𝑝𝑛 ( ) does not exist
10 𝑛→∞ 2
.1001 , 𝑞3 =. 100100001 etc. which of the following is (d) lim 𝑝′𝑛 (
𝜆0 +𝜆1
) does not exist
𝑛→∞ 2
true?
[Dec. 2015]
(a) This sequence is bounded and convergent in ℚ 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥𝑛−2
9. Let 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑥2 = 1, and 𝑛 ≥ 3, define 𝑥𝑛 = .
(b) This sequence is not bounded 2

(c) This sequence is bounded, but not a Cauchy sequence Which of the following is /are true?

IFAS Publications
Chapter – 1 Real Analysis 17
(a) {𝑥𝑛 } is a monotone sequence. Which of the following statements are true?
1
(b) lim 𝑥𝑛 = (a) 𝑎(𝑛) > 𝑐(𝑛) for all sufficiently large 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 2
(b) 𝑏(𝑛) > 𝑐(𝑛) for all sufficiently large 𝑛
(c) {𝑥𝑛 } is a Cauchy sequence
2 (c) 𝑏(𝑛) > 𝑛 for all sufficiently large 𝑛
(d) lim 𝑥𝑛 =
𝑛→∞ 3 (d) 𝑎(𝑛) > 𝑏(𝑛) for all sufficiently large 𝑛
[June 2016] [June 2018]
1 𝑑𝑡
10. If 𝜆𝑛 = ∫0 (1+𝑡)𝑛 for 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then 1
15. Let 𝐴 = {𝑡 sin ( 𝑡 )| 𝑡 ∈ (0, 𝜋 )} .
2

(a) 𝜆𝑛 does not exist for some 𝑛 Which of the following statements are true?
(b) 𝜆𝑛 exists for every 𝑛 and the sequence is unbounded 2 1
(a) sup(𝐴) < 𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ≥ 1
(c) 𝜆𝑛 exists for every 𝑛 and the sequence is bounded −2 1
(b) inf (𝐴) > 3𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ≥ 1
(d) lim (𝜆𝑛 )1/𝑛 = 1
𝑛→∞
(c) sup(𝐴) = 1
[June 2017]
(d) inf(𝐴) = −1
11. Let 𝛼 = 0.10110111011110 … be a given real number
[June 2018]
written in base 10, that is, the 𝑛𝑡ℎ digit of 𝛼 is 1, unless 𝑛
𝑘(𝑘+1) 16. Let {𝑢𝑛 }𝑛≥1 be a sequence of real numbers satisfying the
is of the form − 1 in which case it is 0. Choose all
2 following conditions:
the correct statements from below 1. (−1)𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ≥ 0, for all 𝑛 ≥ 1
(a) 𝛼 is a rational number |𝑢𝑛 |
2. |𝑢𝑛+1 | < 2
, for all 𝑛 ≥ 13
(b) 𝛼 is an irrational number
Which of the following statements are necessarily true?
(c) For every integer 𝑞 ≥ 2, there exists an integer 𝑟 ≥ 1
𝑟 𝑟+1 (a) ∑𝑛≥1 𝑢𝑛 does not converges in ℝ
such that 𝑞 < 𝛼 < 𝑞 (b) ∑𝑛≥13 𝑢𝑛 converges to zero
(d) 𝛼 has no periodic decimal expansion (c) ∑𝑛≥1 𝑢𝑛 converges to a non-zero real number
[June 2017] |𝑢𝑛 |
𝑛
(d) |𝑢𝑛−1 | < for all 2 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 13, then ∑𝑛≥1 𝑢𝑛 is a
( ) 2
𝑎
12. For 𝑎, 𝑏 𝜖 ℕ, consider the sequence 𝑑𝑛 = 𝑛 for 𝑛 > 𝑎, 𝑏. negative real number
( )
𝑏
[Dec 2018]
Which of the following statements are true? As 𝑛 → ∞
17. Let 𝑝𝑛 denote the 𝑛𝑡ℎ prime number, when we
(a) {𝑑𝑛 } converges for all values of 𝑎 and 𝑏
enumerate the prime numbers in the increasing order. For
(b) {𝑑𝑛 } converges if 𝑎 < 𝑏
example, 𝑝1 = 2, 𝑝2 = 3, 𝑝3 = 5, and so on.
(c) {𝑑𝑛 } converges if 𝑎 = 𝑏
Let 𝑆 = {𝑠𝑛 = 𝑝𝑛+1 − 𝑝𝑛 |𝑛 𝜖 ℕ , 𝑛 ≥ 1}. Then which of
(d) {𝑑𝑛 } converges if 𝑎 > 𝑏
the following are correct?
[June 2017]
(a) sup 𝑆 = ∞
13. Let 𝑎𝑚𝑛 , 𝑚 ≥ 1, 𝑛 ≥ 1 be a double array of real numbers.
(b) lim sup 𝑠𝑛 = ∞
Define 𝑛→∞
𝑃 = liminf liminf 𝑎𝑚𝑛, (c) inf 𝑆 < ∞ and inf 𝑆 = 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞
𝑄 = liminf limsup 𝑎𝑚𝑛 (d) lim inf 𝑠𝑛 ≥ 2
𝑛→∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞
[Dec 2018]
𝑅 = limsup liminf 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ,
𝑚→∞
𝑛→∞ 18. Suppose that {𝑥𝑛 } is a sequence of positive reals. Let 𝑦𝑛 =
𝑆 = limsup limsup 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛
. Then which of the following are true?
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 1+𝑥𝑛
Which of the following statements are necessarily true? (a) {𝑥𝑛 } is convergent if {𝑦𝑛 } is convergent
(a) 𝑃 ≤ 𝑄 (b) 𝑄 ≤ 𝑅 (b) {𝑦𝑛 } is convergent if {𝑥𝑛 } is convergent
(c) 𝑅 ≤ 𝑆 (d) 𝑃 ≤ 𝑆 (c) {𝑦𝑛 } is bounded if {𝑥𝑛 } is bounded
[Dec. 2017] (d) {𝑥𝑛 } is bounded if {𝑦𝑛 } is bounded
14. Given that [Dec 2018]
1 𝑛
𝑎(𝑛) = 2 19. Suppose that 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 is a sequence of Positive reals Let 𝑦𝑛 =
10100
100 𝑥𝑛
𝑏(𝑛) = 10 log(𝑛) . Then which of the following are true?
1+𝑥𝑛
1
𝑐(𝑛) = 1010 𝑛2

IFAS Publications
18 Mathematics - Practice Book
(a) < 𝑥𝑛 > is convergent if < 𝑦𝑛 > is convergent lim inf 𝐸𝑛 = ⋃∞ ∞
𝑘=1 ⋂𝑛=𝑘 𝐸𝑛
𝑛
(b) < 𝑦𝑛 > is convergent if < 𝑥𝑛 > is convergent Which of the following statements is true?
(c) < 𝑦𝑛 > is bounded if < 𝑥𝑛 > is bounded (a) lim sup 𝐸𝑛 = lim inf 𝐸𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
(d) < 𝑥𝑛 > is bounded if < 𝑦𝑛 > is bounded
(b) lim sup 𝐸𝑛 = {𝑥; 𝑥 ∈ 𝐸𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑛}
[June 2019] 𝑛
𝑛 (c) lim inf 𝐸𝑛 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐸𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 all but many finitely
20. For each natural number 𝑛 ≥ 1. let 𝑎𝑛 = , where 𝑛
10[log10 𝑛]
many 𝑛}
[𝑥] = smallest integer greater than or equal to 𝑥. Which
(d) lim inf 𝐸𝑛 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐸𝑛 for infinitely many 𝑛}
of the following statements are true? 𝑛

(a) lim inf 𝑎𝑛 = 0 [Nov. 2020]

𝑛→∞
(b) lim inf 𝑎𝑛 does not exist
𝑛→∞
Answer Key
(c) lim inf 𝑎𝑛 = 0.15
𝑛→∞ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(d) lim sup 𝑎𝑛 = 1 a,b a,d a,b d b,d * a,b a,b c,d c,d
𝑛→∞
[Dec. 2019] 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21. Let {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛≥1 be a bounded sequence of real number then b,d b,c a,c,d a,d a,b c,d a,b,c,d b,c b,c d
(a) Every subsequence of {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛≥1 is convergent 21 22 23 24
(b) There is exactly one subsequence of {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛≥1 which is c,d d a c
convergent
(c) There are infinitely many subsequence of {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛≥1 EXPLANATION
which is convergent
(d) There is a sub-sequence of {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛≥1 which is 1. Explanation: (a), (b)
1
1 log(1+ )
convergent (a) lim 𝑛 log (1 + ) = lim 1
𝑛+1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛→∞
[Dec. 2019] 𝑛

Using L’ Hopital rule, we get

22. Let (𝑥𝑛 ) be a sequence of real numbers with |𝑥𝑛 | > 2. 1
−
Then which of the following are true? 1 (𝑛+1)2
= lim (1 + 𝑛+1) ^(−1) 1 =1
𝑥𝑛 𝑛→∞ −
1 𝑛
(a) lim 𝑥𝑛 = ∞ ⟹ lim (1 + 𝑥 ) =∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 ⇒ option (a) is correct
1 𝑥𝑛 1 1
(b) lim 𝑥𝑛 = ∞ ⟹ lim (1 + ) =1 log(1+ )
𝑛 1 𝑛2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛 (b) lim 1 = lim ( 1 ) 1
𝑥𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 1+
1 𝑛+1 𝑛 (𝑛+1)2
(c) lim 𝑥𝑛 = −∞ ⟹ lim (1 + 𝑥 ) =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 = 1(using 𝐿’Hopital rule)
1 𝑥𝑛
(d) lim 𝑥𝑛 = −∞ ⟹ lim (1 + 𝑥 ) >1 So, Option (b) is correct
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛

[DEC 2019] 1 1
(1+ ) 1
𝑛 𝑛2
23. Let 𝑥 > 100 be a given real number, which is not an (c) lim log 1 = lim 1 2
𝑛→0 𝑛→∞ (1+𝑛) 3
𝑛2 𝑛
integer. Let 𝑆 be the set of all rational numbers 𝑟 ≤ 𝑥 of
= ∞ (using 𝐿′ ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒)
the form
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛 So, Option (C) is incorrect
𝑟 = [𝑥] + + + ⋯+ 𝑛 log(1+ 2 )
1 −2
10 102 10 𝑛 1 𝑛3
(d) lim 1 = lim 1 × −1
for some natural number 𝑛 ≥ 1, where 𝑎1 , ... , 𝑎𝑛 are 𝑛→0 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 1+ 2
𝑛 𝑛2

integers such that 0 ≤ 𝑎𝑖 ≤ 9 and [𝑥] denotes the largest =0

integer ≤ 𝑥. Then which one of the following is true?
(a) 𝑆 is infinite and the supremum of 𝑆 is 𝑥
(b) 𝑆 is infinite and the supremum of 𝑆 is an integer
(c) 𝑆 is finite and the supremum of 𝑆 is 𝑥
(d) 𝑆 is finite and the supremum of 𝑆 is an integer
[DEC 2019]
24. Let {𝐸𝑛 } be a sequence of subsets of ℝ
Define lim sup 𝐸𝑛 = ⋂∞ ∞
𝑘=1 ⋃𝑛=𝑘 𝐸𝑛
𝑛
⇒ option (d) is incorrect
2. Explanation: (a), (d)
Exp.: Given 𝑥𝑛 and 𝑦𝑛 are sequences in reals.
(a)True. Use that 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑞𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛 {𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑘 {𝑞𝑘 : 𝑘 ≥ 𝑛}} for
any sequence 𝑞𝑘 .
Fix n for a while. Note that for any 𝑙 ≥ 𝑛,𝑥𝑙 + 𝑦𝑙 ≤
𝑠𝑢𝑝{𝑥𝑘 : 𝑘 ≥ 𝑛} + 𝑠𝑢𝑝{𝑦𝑘 : 𝑘 ≥ 𝑛} so that 𝑠𝑢𝑝{𝑥𝑘 +
𝑦𝑘 : 𝑘 ≥ 𝑛} ≤ 𝑠𝑢𝑝{𝑥𝑘 : 𝑘 ≥ 𝑛} + 𝑠𝑢𝑝{𝑦𝑘 : 𝑘 ≥ 𝑛} as well.

IFAS Publications
Chapter – 1 Real Analysis 19
1
Now take the 𝑖𝑛𝑓 at both sides, and use that if 𝑝𝑛 ≤ 𝑞𝑛 for Take 𝑎𝑛 = 𝛼 + 𝑛 ; 𝛼 > 0
all 𝑛, then also 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛 (𝑝𝑛 ) ≤ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛 (𝑞𝑛 ). lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝛼 ≠ 0
𝑛→ ∞
(d) True. Prove similarly as done in option (𝑎).
So, option (a) is not true
(b)False. Take 𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 and 𝑦𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1 . Then
Option(b):
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛 {𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑘 {𝑥𝑘 : 𝑘 ≥ 𝑛}} = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛 {1,1,1 … } =
Here 𝑎𝑛 is monotonic & bounded
1. Further 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑦𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛 {𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑘 {𝑦𝑘 : 𝑘 ≥ 𝑛}} =
⇒ Convergent (say converges to 𝑙)
𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛 {1,1,1 … } = 1. 𝑎𝑛
Now lim =0
Right side of option (b) is 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥𝑛 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑦𝑛 = 2. 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑛

Now 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 + (−1)𝑛+1 = 0, so left side of So, option (b) is true

𝑎𝑛
option (b)= 0. Thus (b) is false. Option (c): ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛
1
(c)False. Take 𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 and 𝑦𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1 . Prove Take 𝑎𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛
similarly that right side of option (c) is 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥𝑛 + Clearly, : 𝑎1 > 𝑎2 > 𝑎3 , …
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑦𝑛 = −2. As 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 + (−1)𝑛+1 = 0, so 𝑎𝑛 1 1
But ∑ 𝑛
= ∑ 𝑛 + 𝑛 2 is divergent.
left side of option (c)= 0.
So, option (c) is not true
3. Explanation: (a), (b) 𝑎𝑛
1 𝑛+1
Option (d) ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2
𝛼
(a) lim (1 + 𝑛) = 𝑒 = 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛 𝑎1
𝑛→∞ ∵ < , as 𝑎1 > 𝑎2 > 𝑎3 , …
1 𝑛+1 𝑛2 𝑛2
Where 𝛼 = lim (1 + 𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 + 1) = lim =1 𝑎𝑛 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 ∑ = 𝑎1 ∑ 𝑛2 is convergent
𝑛2
So, 𝑙1 = 𝑒 = 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑎) is correct. 𝑎
𝑛
⇒ ∑ 𝑛𝑛2 is convergent. [by comparison test]
1
(b) lim (1 + 𝑛+1) = 𝑒 𝛼 = 𝑙2
𝑛→∞ So, option (d) is true
1
Where 𝛼 = lim (1 + 𝑛+1 − 1) (𝑛) = 1 6. Explanation: (*)
𝑛→∞
𝑙2 = 𝑒 ⇒ Option (b) is correct None is correct [this question is marked (*) in CSIR key]
2 Exp.: Option (a): Incorrect. Let 𝑎1 = 0 and 𝑎𝑛 = 1 − 3−𝑛
1 𝑛
(c) lim (1 + 𝑛) = 𝑒 𝛼 = 𝑙3 for 𝑛 > 1, let 𝑏1 = 3 and 𝑏𝑛 = 0 for 𝑛 > 1. Then 𝑎 = 1.
𝑛→∞

Where 𝛼 = lim (𝑛) = 0

1 So, 𝑎(𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = 3 while 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞
0 Option (b): Take 𝑎𝑛 = 0, 𝑏𝑛 = 0 for all 𝑛. Thus, options
𝑙3 = 𝑒 = 1 Option (c) is incorrect
1 𝑛 (b) and (d) are out of race.
d) lim (1 + 𝑛2) = 𝑒 𝛼 = 𝑙4 Option (c): Take the sequences {𝑎𝑛 } = {1,2,20,20,20, … }
𝑛→∞
1
Where 𝛼 = lim (𝑛) = 0 and {𝑏𝑛 } = {40,20,1,1,1, … }. Then 𝑏 = 1.
𝑛→∞
0 Also {𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 } = {40,40,20,20,20, … }. So inf{𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 } = 20 ≠
So, 𝑙4 = 𝑒 = 1 and option d is incorrect
1 = (𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛 )𝑏.
4. Explanation: (d)
7. Explanation: (a), (b)
Rational numbers – Those real numbers which have
Exp.: Take, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐𝑛 = 0
periodic decimal expansion.
∴ 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 0
Irrational numbers – those real numbers which have non-
Clearly, options (c) and (d) are incorrect.
periodic decimals expansion 𝜆0 +𝜆1 +𝜆2 𝜆0 +𝜆1 +𝜆2
𝑞1 = 0.1 As both lim 𝑃𝑛 ( 3
) and lim 𝑃′𝑛 (
3
) exists
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑞2 = 0.1001 Now, let lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎, lim 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏, lim 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑐
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑞3 = 00100100001 ∴ lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = lim 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
Clearly, the sequence has the nature, non-repeating,
And lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆0 ) = 𝐴0
non-vanishing, non-recurring chemical. 𝑛→ ∞

⇒ Limit does not belong to rational i.e. lim 𝑞𝑘 ∉ ℚ lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆1 ) = 𝐴1

𝑛→ ∞
𝑛→∞
⇒ Option (d) is true. lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆2 ) = 𝐴2 (given)
𝑛→ ∞
5. Explanation: (b),(d) ⟹ lim (𝑎𝑛 𝜆20 + 𝑏𝑛 𝜆0 + 𝑐𝑛 ) = 𝐴0
𝑛→ ∞
Exp.: 𝑎1 > 𝑎2 > 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑖 > 0; ∀𝑖 lim (𝑎𝑛 𝜆12 + 𝑏𝑛 𝜆1 + 𝑐𝑛 ) = 𝐴1
𝑛→ ∞
Option (a):
lim (𝑎𝑛 𝜆22 + 𝑏𝑛 𝜆2 + 𝑐𝑛 ) = 𝐴2
𝑛→ ∞

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i.e., 𝑎𝜆20 + 𝑏𝜆0 + 𝑐 = 𝐴0, 𝑎𝜆12 + 𝑏𝜆1 + 𝑐 = 𝐴1 , 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥𝑛−2
𝑥𝑛 =
𝑎𝜆22 + 𝑏𝜆2 + 𝑐 = 𝐴2 2
On adding all terms,
𝜆20 𝜆0 1 𝑎 𝐴0 𝑥1
∴ [𝜆12 𝜆1 1] [𝑏 ] = [𝐴1 ] We get, 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 2
+
𝜆22 𝜆2 0 𝑐 𝐴2 (𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛−2 ) +
𝑥𝑛−1
2
Since all 𝜆𝑖 are distinct therefore determinant of the 𝑥𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑥𝑛 + 2
=1
matrix
Let lim 𝑥𝑛 = ℓ
𝜆20 𝜆0 1 𝑛→∞
𝐴 = [𝜆12 𝜆1 1] ≠ 0 ∴ taking limits on both sides
𝜆22 𝜆2 0 ⇒ ℓ+ = 1
ℓ
2
And hence 𝐴−1 exist. 2
⇒ℓ=3
⟹ a, b, c can be determined uniquely from above system
Therefore lim 𝑎𝑛 , lim 𝑏𝑛 and lim 𝑐𝑛 exist. Hence, option (d) is correct and option (b) is incorrect.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
Also, every convergent sequence is Cauchy in ℝ
∴ lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑛 , a polynomial function
𝑛→∞ ∴ {𝑥𝑛 } is a Cauchy sequence.
and 𝑃′ 𝑛 (𝑥) = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ∴ option (c) is correct.
Hence, lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥)exist for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 10. Explanation: (c), (d)
𝑛→∞
Similarly, lim 𝑃′ 𝑛 (𝑥) exist for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Exp.: 𝜆𝑛 = ∫0
1 𝑑𝑡
for 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛→∞ (1+𝑡)𝑛
Therefore options (a) and (b) are correct. 1 𝑑𝑡
𝜆1 = ∫0 = [log(1 + 𝑡)]10 = log 2
1+𝑡
8. Explanation: (a), (b) 1
1 𝑑𝑡 1 1 1
Exp.: Given that lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆0 ) = lim (𝑎0 𝜆20 + 𝑏𝑛 𝜆0) exist 𝜆2 = ∫0 (1+𝑡)2
= [− (1+𝑡)] = (− 2 + 1) = 2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 0
1
And lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆1 ) = lim (𝑎𝑛 𝜆12 + 𝑏𝑛 𝜆1 ) exist 1 𝑑𝑡 (1+𝑡)−𝑛+1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝜆𝑛 = ∫0 (1+𝑡)𝑛
= [ ]
−𝑛+1 0
Then lim (𝜆1 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆0 )−𝜆0 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆1 )) also exist 1 1
𝑛→∞ = (𝑛−1) (1 − 2𝑛−1)
⇒ lim 𝑎𝑛 (𝜆1𝜆20 − 𝜆0 𝜆21 ) exist 1 1
𝑛→∞
∀ 𝑛 ≥ 2 since 0 < 𝑛−1 < 1 & 0 < 1 − 2𝑛−1 < 1
⇒ lim 𝑎𝑛 exists
𝑛→∞ ⇒ 0 < 𝜆𝑛 < 1
Similarly, lim 𝑏𝑛 also exists
𝑛→∞ Hence, 𝜆𝑛 exists for every 𝑛 and the sequence is bounded.
Hence, lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Also lim 𝜆𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
And lim 𝑃′ 𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and option (c) and (d) Thus, option (a) & (b) both are incorrect and option (c) is
𝑛→∞
are incorrect. correct.
𝜆𝑛+1
9. Explanation: (c), (d) Further, lim (𝜆𝑛 )1/𝑛 = 𝜆𝑛
[by Cauchy’s second theorem
𝑛→∞
Exp.: Given 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑥2 = 1 on limits]
𝑥𝑛−1 +𝑥𝑛−2
And 𝑥𝑛 = ; ∀𝑛≥3 1 1 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
2 lim (𝜆𝑛 )1/𝑛 = lim 𝑛 (1 − 2𝑛 ) × 1 = lim ( 𝑛
)=
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ (1− 𝑛−1 ) 𝑛→∞
Option(a), 2

1+0 1 1
Since, 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑥2 = 1, 𝑥3 = 2
=2
Thus, option (d) is correct
Clearly, {𝑥𝑛 } is not monotonic.
11. Explanation: (b), (d)
Option (a) is incorrect.
Since 𝛼 has non periodic decimal expansion. So, 𝛼 is an
Further,
irrational numbers. So, option (b) and (d) are correct.
𝑥1 = 0
Clearly 𝛼 ∈ (0.1,0.2)
𝑥2 = 1 𝑟 𝑟
𝑥2 + 𝑥1 Let 𝑞 = 2, 𝑞 = 2
𝑥3 = 1
2 For 𝑟 = 1, 𝛼 ∉ ( , 1)
𝑥3 + 𝑥2 2
𝑥4 = 3
2 For 𝑟 = 21 𝛼 ∉ (1, 2)
⋮ 3
𝑥𝑛−2 + 𝑥𝑛−3 For 𝑟 = 3, 𝛼 ∉ (2 , 2)
𝑥𝑛−1 = 𝑟 𝑟+1
2 So, 𝛼 ∉ (2 , ) ∀𝑟 ∈ ℕ
2

IFAS Publications
Chapter – 1 Real Analysis 21
So, Option (c) is incorrect Also, lim inf lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = 1
𝑚→∞ 𝑚→∞
12. Explanation: (b), (c) Clearly 𝑅 < 𝑄
𝑛𝑐 𝑎
Exp.: 𝑑𝑛 = 𝑛𝑐 𝑏 ⇒ option (2) is incorrect.
𝑛! (𝑛−𝑏)!×𝑏! 14. Explanation: (a), (d)
= (𝑛−𝑎)!𝑎! × 𝑛! log 𝑛 1
(𝑛−𝑏)!
lim = lim =0
𝑏! 𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛.2𝑛 .log 2
= × (𝑛−𝑎)!
𝑎! 𝑛
So, log 𝑛 < 2 sufficiently large 𝑛
For {𝑑𝑛 } to be convergent 𝑛2 2𝑛 2
lim = lim = =0
⇒𝑎≤𝑏 𝑛→∞ 22 𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 log 2 2𝑛 (log 2)2
2 𝑛
(a)Take 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = 1. Then 𝑑𝑛 =
(𝑛−1)!
=
𝑛−1
→∞ So, 𝑛 < 2 for sufficiently large 𝑛
2!(𝑛−2)! 2 log 𝑛 1
lim = lim =0
as 𝑛 → ∞ and thus series is divergent. 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2 𝑛→∞ 𝑛.2𝑛
2
(b)For 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑛 − 𝑎 > 𝑛 − 𝑏 and hence we have So, log n < 𝑛 < 2𝑛 for sufficiently large 𝑛
𝑛 log 𝑛 1
( )
𝑎 𝑏! lim = lim =0
𝑑𝑛 = 𝑛 = 𝑎!(𝑛−𝑎)!(𝑛−(𝑎−1))…(𝑛−𝑏+1) → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞. 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
( )
𝑏 ⇒ log 𝑛 < 𝑛 for sufficiently large 𝑛
(c)If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑑𝑛 = 1 for all 𝑛. Thus, sequence ⇒ Option (a) and (d) are correct
converges being constant.
15. Explanation: (a),(b)
(d) Incorrect by option (a). 1 2
Exp.: Given 𝐴 = {𝑡 sin ( 𝑡 )| 𝑡 ∈ (0, 𝜋 )}
13. Explanation: (a), (c), (d)
2 2 1
Given sequence of real number is Thus sup(𝐴) = 𝜋 < + 𝑛𝜋 ; ∀ 𝑛 ≥ 1
𝜋
{𝑎𝑚1 , 𝑎𝑚2 , 𝑎𝑚3 , … … . }𝑖. 𝑒. −2 1
And inf(𝐴) > − ;∀ 𝑛 ≥ 1
3𝜋 𝑛𝜋
{𝑎11 , 𝑎12 , 𝑎13 , … … .,
16. Explanation: (c), (d)
𝑎21, 𝑎22 , 𝑎23 … … … .,
{𝑢𝑛 }𝑛≥1 be a sequence of real numbers satisfying: (1)
𝑎31 , 𝑎32 , 𝑎33 … … …, |𝑢𝑛 |
(−1)𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ≥ 0, for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, (2) |𝑢𝑛+1 | < for all 𝑛 ≥ 1
𝑎41 , 𝑎42 , 𝑎43 , … … . } 2

lim inf 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = { lim inf 𝑎𝑚1 , lim inf 𝑎𝑚2 , … . . } 1. Note: If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is a series that converges absolutely, then
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
∑ 𝑎𝑛 converges.
limsup 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = { lim sup 𝑎𝑚1 , lim inf 𝑎𝑚2 , … . . }
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞ |𝑢𝑛 |
Given that |𝑢𝑛+1 | < for all 𝑛 ≥ 13 ⇒ for 𝑛 ≥ 13,
2
Clearly,
|𝑢𝑛+1 | 1 |𝑢𝑛+1 | 1
lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑖 = lim sup(𝑎𝑚𝑖 ) ∀𝑖 ∈ ℕ |𝑢𝑛 |
< lim < .
2 𝑛→∞ |𝑢𝑛 | 2
𝑚→∞ 𝑚→∞
|𝑢𝑛+1 |
⇒ lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ≤ lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑚𝑛 ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ lim < 1, by ratio test we can conclude that ∑|𝑢𝑛 |
𝑚→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞ |𝑢𝑛 |
⇒ lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑚→∞ 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑛 ≤ lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑚→∞ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑚𝑛 converges , i.e., ∑ 𝑢𝑛 converges absolutely ∑ 𝑢𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
⇒𝑃≤𝑄 converges by the above note.
Also, So option (1) is false
lim inf 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ≤ lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛 3. ∑𝑛≥13 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢13 + 𝑢14 + 𝑢15 + 𝑢16 + ⋯ = −𝑎13 + 𝑎14 −
𝑚→∞ 𝑚→∞
𝑎15 + 𝑎16 − ⋯ (Since the series converges absolutely,
⇒𝑃≤𝑆
Also, the grouping of the terms is possible, otherwise is not
⇒ limsup liminf 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ≤ limsup limsup 𝑎𝑚𝑛 possible by Riemann)
𝑚→∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ = (−𝑎13 + 𝑎14 ) + (−𝑎15 + 𝑎16 ) + (𝑎17 + 𝑎18 ) …
⇒𝑅≤𝑆 |𝑢𝑛 |
(From the condition |𝑢𝑛+1 | < for all 𝑛 ≥ 13) =
So, option (a), (c), (d) are correct 2
(−𝑣𝑒) + (−𝑣𝑒)(−𝑣𝑒) + ⋯ = −𝑣𝑒, so, option (b) is
Option (2) need not to be true
Take sequence incorrect and option (d) is correct.
4. ∑𝑛≥1 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + ⋯ + 𝑢12 + 𝑢13 + 𝑢14 + 𝑢15 +
𝑎𝑚1 → 0 1 0 1 … ..
𝑎𝑚2 → 1 0 1 0….. 𝑢16 + ⋯ = −𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − ⋯ + 𝑎12 − 𝑎13 + 𝑎14 − 𝑎15 +
𝑎𝑚3 → 0 1 0 1 … .. 𝑎16 − ⋯ = (−𝑣𝑒) + (−𝑣𝑒) + (−𝑣𝑒) + ⋯ + (−𝑣𝑒) + ⋯
lim inf 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = {0 1 0 1 … … } (from the condition in option (4))
𝑚→∞
= −𝑣𝑒, ⇒ ∑𝑛≥1 𝑢𝑛 < 0, option (4) is correct
𝑅 = limsup liminf 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = limsup{0,0, … } = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞ Option (c) and (d) are correct.

IFAS Publications
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17. Explanation: (a), (b), (c), (d) lim 𝑥𝑛 → ∞ i.e 𝑥𝑛 is unbounded
𝑛→∞
Exp.: First we show that there are arbitrary large gaps in (d) is false
series of primes OR we can say given any positive integer (b) Let 𝑦𝑛 =
𝑥𝑛
1+𝑥𝑛
𝑘, there exist 𝑘 consecutive composite integers.
If {𝑥𝑛 } → 𝑘 then
For this consider the integers 𝑥𝑛 𝑘
(𝑘 + 1)! + 2, (𝑘 + 1)! + 3, … , (𝑘 + 1)! + 𝑘, (𝑘 + 1)! + 1+𝑥𝑛
→ 1+𝑘 where 𝑘 ≥ 0
𝑘+1 ⇒ {𝑦𝑛 } converges if {𝑥𝑛 } converges
Each one of these is composite because 𝑗 divides ⇒ (𝑏) is true
𝑥
(𝑘 + 1)! + 𝑗 if 2 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑘 + 1. (c) 𝑦𝑛 = 1+𝑥𝑛
𝑛
Here 𝑠𝑛 = 𝑝𝑛+1 − 𝑝𝑛 , 𝑖. 𝑒. difference between consecutive
|𝑦𝑛 | ≤ 1
prime, which diverges.
∵ denominator > numerator
(a) sup 𝑆 = ∞ as 𝑠𝑛 diverges Hence option (a) is correct.
⇒ |𝑦𝑛 | is bounded if {𝑥𝑛 } is bounded
(b) 𝐴𝑠 𝑠𝑛 diverges, we have lim sup 𝑠𝑛 = ∞ Hence option
𝑛→∞ Therefore (c) is true & also as 𝑥𝑛 is a sequence of +ve term
(b) is correct. if 𝑥𝑛 convergent then 𝑦𝑛 also convergent
(c) As 𝑠𝑛 is increasing so infimum of 𝑆 is 𝑠1 = 1 Hence 20. Explanation: (d)
𝑛
option (c) is correct. Given 𝑎𝑛 = 10[log10 𝑛]
(d) As 𝑠𝑛 diverges so lim sup 𝑠𝑛 = lim inf 𝑠𝑛 = ∞ Hence Now ∃ 𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

option (d) is correct. 10𝑘 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 10𝑘+1

18. Explanation: (b), (c) log 10 10𝑘 ≤ log10 𝑛 ≤ log10 10𝑘+1
Exp.: Take {𝑥𝑛 } = 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 {𝑦𝑛 } = 1+𝑛
𝑛
Then {𝑦𝑛 } is 𝑘 ≤ log10 𝑛 ≤ 𝑘 + 1 (1)
𝑘
Case (I) If 𝑛 = 10
convergent but {𝑥𝑛 } is not and {𝑦𝑛 } is bounded but {𝑥𝑛 } is
⇒ [log10 𝑛] = log10 10𝑘 = 𝑘
not. This discard option (a) and (d).
10𝑘
If {𝑥𝑛 } is convergent (say converges to 𝑙 ≥ 0) 𝑎10𝑘 = 10𝑘 = 1
∵ {𝑥𝑛 } is positive term sequence Case (II) ⇒ 𝑛 > 10𝑘 , 𝑛 = 10𝑘 + 𝑡
Then {1 + 𝑥𝑛 } converges to 𝑙 + 1 ≠ 0 Where 𝑡 ∈ {1, 2, 3, … , 10}
lim 𝑥𝑛 𝑙 10𝑘 +𝑡
𝑛→ ∞
∴ lim 𝑦𝑛 = lim (1+𝑥𝑛 )
= 1+𝑙
𝑎𝑛 ≥ 10𝑘+1 from (1)
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑛→ ∞
1 𝑡
⇒ {𝑦𝑛 } is convergent = 10 + 10𝑘+1
Hence option (b) is correct. 𝑎𝑛 =
Next 𝑥0 > = 0 ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ 1 if 𝑛 = 10𝑘 for some 𝑘
𝑡
⇒ 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑥𝑛 + 1 {0.1
⏟ + 10𝑘+1
otherwise, 𝑛 = 10𝑘 + 𝑡 ; 𝑡 ∈ {1, 2, … , 10}
𝑥𝑛
⇒0≤ <1 ≥
𝑥𝑛 +1
⇒ sup(all sub sequential limits) = 1
⇒ 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑛 < 1
⇒ lim sup 𝑎𝑛 = 1
⇒ {𝑦𝑛 } is always bounded.
Smallest limit point of bounded sequence 𝑎𝑛 =
∴ {𝑦𝑛 } is bounded if {𝑥𝑛 } is bounded. Hence option (c) is
inf(all sub sequential limits) = 0.1 = lim inf 𝑎𝑛
correct.
Hence option (d) is correct
19. Explanation: (b), (c)
21. Explanation: (c), (d)
(a) Let 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 = 𝑛 is a sequence of positive reals
Given {𝑎𝑛 } is bounded sequence
𝑛 1
⇒ 𝑦𝑛 = 1+𝑛 = 1 (a) Take 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 then {𝑎𝑛 } is bounded take a
1+
𝑛

lim 𝑦𝑛 = 1 convergent subsequence of 𝑎𝑛 as

But lim = ∞ divergent 1, if 𝑛𝑘 = 4𝑚
𝑎𝑛𝑘 = {
𝑥𝑛 −1, if 𝑛𝑘 = 3𝑟
Therefore (a) false Then 〈𝑎𝑛𝑘 〉 is not convergent
(d) for 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛 (b) Take 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 then
𝑛 1
⇒ 𝑦𝑛 = = 1 𝑎2𝑛 = 1
1+𝑛 1+
𝑛

⇒ 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑛 ≤ 1 ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
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Chapter – 1 Real Analysis 23
𝑎2𝑛−1 = −1 and all the sub sequences of 𝑎2𝑛 & 𝑎2𝑛−1 are be oscillating sequence whose supremum is 1 and
convergent & also the subsequence of 𝑎𝑛 So (b) is wrong Infimum is 0
(c), (d) By Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 has a So option (a) is wrong
convergent sub-sequence say (𝑎𝑛𝑘 ) and since {𝑎𝑛𝑘 } has Result (1) lim sup 𝐸𝑛 consists of elements of 𝐸 which
infinitely many sub-sequences and each are convergent. belong to 𝐸𝑛 for infinitely many 𝑛
Hence {𝑎𝑛 } has infinitely many sub sequence which are (2) Limit inf 𝐸𝑛 consist of elements of 𝐸 which belong to
convergent. 𝐸𝑛 for all except finitely many 𝑛
Hence (c), (d) are correct. lim sup 𝐸𝑛 = ⋂∞ ∞
𝑘=1 ⋃𝑛=𝑘 𝐸𝑛
𝑛
22. Explanation: (d) Let 𝐸𝑛 = {{0}, {1}, {0}, {1} … . }
Take, sequence (𝑥𝑛 ) as for 𝑘 = 1
𝑥1 = 3, 𝑥2 = 4, 𝑥3 = 5, … lim sup 𝐸𝑛 = ⋂𝑘=1 ⋃∞
𝑛=1 𝐸𝑛 = {0}, {1}
𝑛
Then, 𝑥𝑛 → ∞
𝑥𝑛 For 𝑘 = 2
1
But, (1 + ) lim sup 𝐸𝑛 = ⋂𝑘=2 ⋃∞
𝑥𝑛 𝑛=2 𝐸𝑛 = {1}, {0}
𝑛
1 𝑛+2
= (1 + 𝑛+2) →𝑒 for 𝑘 = 3
lim sup 𝐸𝑛 = ⋂𝑘=3 ⋃∞
𝑛=3 𝐸𝑛 = {0}, {1}
So, options, (a) and (b) gets discarded 𝑛

Taking, 𝑥𝑛 as, Here {0}, {1} occurs infinitely many times by result (1)
𝑥1 = −3, 𝑥2 = −4, 𝑥3 = −5, … Now by result (2)
Then, 𝑥𝑛 → −∞ 𝐸𝑛 = ⋂∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛=2(⋃𝑛=1 𝐸𝑛 ) = ⋂𝑛𝑛=1{0} {1}
1 𝑥𝑛 1 −𝑛−2 ⇒ lim inf = empty set by Result (2)
But (1 + 𝑥 ) = (1 − 𝑛+2) →𝑒
𝑛 ⇒ therefore option (c) is correct and option (d) is false.
So, option (c) is discarded.
∴ Remaining option (d) is correct. 1 2 1 4
Let 𝐸𝑛 = {{2} , {3} , {3} , {5} , … }
23. Explanation: (a)
1
Let 𝑥 = 101.1111 … … = 101. 1 { } ; 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑛
𝐸𝑛 = {
Then 𝑆 includes following numbers, {
𝑛
} ; 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑛+1
101.1, 1 𝑛 1
lim { } → 0 & lim = 1 =1
101.11, 𝑛→0 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 1+
𝑛
101.111, : lim sup = {0,1} which is not contains in any 𝐸𝑛
⇒ 𝑆 is infinite So option (b) is false.
1 1
∵ ∑𝑛≥1 10𝑛 = 9 = 0.111 … = 0. 1
We have,
𝑥 = sup 𝑆
∴ options (2), (3, (4) get discarded
Option (a) is correct
24. Explanation: (c)
(a) Since {𝐸𝑛 } be a sequence of subsets of ℝ so we have
1 1 1
𝐸𝑛 = {{1}, { } , { } , { } … }
2 3 9

Now sup 𝐸𝑛 = sup{𝐸𝑘 | 𝑘 𝜖 {𝑛, 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 + 2 … . }

sup 𝐸𝑛 = ⋃∞ 𝑘=𝑛 𝐸𝑘
By definition of limit supremum
∞
lim sup 𝐸𝑛 = ⋂∞ 𝑛=1(⋃𝑛=𝑘 𝐸𝑛 )
𝑛→∞
If our sequence is not convergent then limit sup and limit
inf does not equal
Let us assume 𝐸𝑛 = {{0}, {1}, {0}, {1}, … . }

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