PASSI CITY COLLEGE

City of Passi, Iloilo

SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

GE 101
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
WITH POPULATION EDUCATION & CONTROL
FIRST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2022-2023

Instructor: Jarol S. Batilaran, LPT Page 1

GE I Understanding the Self with Population Education and ControlModule 5
Overview
Western colonial psychology has traditionally represented the Filipino ‘self’ as mainly concerned with the value of “smooth inter-
personal relationship” or pakikisama, implying a penchant for avoiding conflict at all cost. More recent critical Filipino scholarship,
however, contests such a representation as shallow and reductive, one based on a mistaken locating of the core of Filipino culture in its
surface code or empirical face without regard for the deep hidden structure of meaning that often operates beneath the radar of the
surveilling eye. Filipino “liberation psychology,” on the other hand, locates the sedimented core of ‘the’ Filipino self in the alternative
value of kapwa, a “reciprocal being” between self and other secured only in give-and-take over time between the parties involved.

Module Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you must be able to:
1. develop a Filipino identity;
2. identify different Filipino values and traits; and
3. reflect on your selfhood in relation to your national identity

Introduction

The Philippines as we know it today has only emerged in the 1890s after over three centuries of colonization of the Spaniards.
Meanwhile, liberati the last colonizers, the Japanese, only occurred in 1946. Foreign Culture on from beliefs, language, and religion
have made a huge dent on our own by setting a foundation to the contemporary Filipino identity and culture.
Filipinos are often referenced to globally renowned personalities like Manny Pacquiao, Lea Salonga, and Michael Cinco who
have made Filipinos recognized around the world through their expertise. However, being a Filipino is far more than just being related
to these notable figures.
Culture and history have greatly influenced the manner Filipinos learn, live, and behave to date. People who were born and
grew up in the same culture develop and share common personality traits and values. Generations after generations, common traits
and values have been passed on that the Filipinos of today still embody.

Filipino Values and Traits

1. The Filipino Hospitality

A Filipino trait that is known everywhere is the Filipino's brand of hospitality. Filipinos welcome their guests and tourists as if
they are their own brothers and sisters; they always make their guests feel at home, offering them or even a place to stay. They will
bring out their best sets of go as far as spending a lot of money salespersons will plates and chinaware something to eat, for their
honored guests and would even and going into debt just so they can satisfy them. In most local shops, Filipino greet their customers
with warm welcome and say thank you when they leave even without buying anything. Filipinos also anticipate giving tours to friends
who will visit their hometown and treating them to the best restaurants and delicacies for free. During festivals or fiestas, Filipinos serve
he food and invite the whole barangay over. They are also fond of giving pasalubong or tokens from their travels and pabaon or
farewell gifts to their visitors.

2. Respect for Elders

Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand while saying "Mano po and constantly using “po" and "opo" in conversations.
Forgetting to address older people properly will regard them as rude and impolite. There is also a wide array of references to elder
people such as ate for older sister; kuya for older brother; Tito and Tita for uncle and aunt, respectively; Lolo and Lola for grandfather
and grandfather; and Manong and Aling for older people outside the family.

3. Close Family Ties

Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with their families regardless if the children are old enough and already have families of
their own. They are also fond of family reunions during birthdays, holidays, or fiestas year-round. Some Filipino families even opt to live
in a big house where everyone can stay together. Nursing homes are almost always not an option for family members and choose to
take care of their elders themselves.

4. Cheerful Personality
Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot. They smile when they are happy, or sometimes even when they are
sad or angry. Smiling has been a coping strategy for many Filipinos especially during trying times and calamities. For instance,
Filipinos smile and wave at the camera while being interviewed even after a fire or flooding incident. They always try to maintain a
positive outlook in life which makes them resilient and able to manage almost everything with a simple smile.
Instructor: Jarol S. Batilaran, LPT Page 2
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 5. Self-sacrifice
The self-sacrificing attitude of Filipinos can be seen as an extension of the Filipino hospitality. Filipinos go out of their
way to extend help to their friends, families and loved ones. They wish comfort and better lives for their loved one , and would even go
to the extent of working abroad hundreds of miles away to earn more money and save up for them. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)
sacrifice a lot; that is why they are regarded as the modern day Filipino heroes. There are also times when the eldest among the
children of the family would give up school to work and provide for the rest of the family and educate his or her siblings.

6. Bayanihan
Bayanihan is the spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos. It is also about giving without expecting
something in return. Filipinos are always ready to share and help their friends and loved ones who are in need. It may not always be in
monetary form, but the time and effort they give also count as a form of help for them. This trait is particularly manifested in how
Filipinos rally themselves to send aid to those who are severely affected by natural calamities.

7. "Bahala Na" Attitude

"Bahala Na" is the Filipino version of the famous line "Hakuna Matata," meaning no worries. The phrase is said to
have originated from "Bathala na," where Bathala means God, and the phrase meaning leaving everything into God's hands. It
can also be viewed as something similar to the cheerful and positive attitude of Filipinos and allowing situations take care of
themselves instead of worrying about them.

8. Colonial Mentality
Colonial mentality is regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favor foreign products more
than their own. This does not only concern goods, but also the desire to look more foreign than local and keep up foreign
beauty trends. It is attributed to the centuries of colonization Filipinos had experienced under the Spanish, American, and
Japanese rule.

9. "Mariana" Habit
This is the Filipino term for procrastination. It was derived from a longer Filipino phrase called "Mamaya na" meaning
dawdling things, which could have been done at an earlier time. It is a poor habit of laziness that results in heavier workloads.

10. "Ningas Kugon"

"Ningas" is a Filipino term for flame and "kugon" is a Filipino term for Cogon grass that easily burns out after it is put into
flames. Ningas kugon refers to the attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon after experiencing
difficulty, just like how fast the fire of a Cogon grass burns out moments after being ignited. Laziness is a common problem
among Filipinos; that is why Filipinos are regarded as "Juan Tamad" or Lazy Juan.

11. Pride
Most Filipinos hold on to their pride as if they are more precious than keeping a good relationship with family and loved
ones. When two parties are not in good terms, they find it so hard to apologize and wait until the other party asks for an apology
first.

12. Crab Mentality

This is a toxic trait among Filipinos where one resents the achievement of another, instead of feeling happy for that
person. Just like crabs in a container, they pull each other down and ruin each other's reputation rather than bringing them up,
resulting to no progress. Filipinos should change this troublesome attitude and focus more on their own inadequacies to improve
one's self.

13. Filipino Time

Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner or parties especially if they are meeting
someone close to them. They tend to not or parties especially if they are meeting someone close to the observe punctuality
altogether. The 7:00 PM call time becomes adjusted to 7:30 PM, time. and almost everyone arrives at the same time because
everyone is using Filipino

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Filipino Markers
1. Proverbs or Salawikain
Filipino proverbs, just like any other proverbs, are sayings that convey lessons and reflections on Filipino practices, beliefs,
and traditions. Damiana Eugenio, regarded as the Mother of Philippine Folklore, classified proverbs into six categories (Eugenio, 2000):
a. proverbs expressing a general attitude toward life and the laws that govern life;
b. ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices;
c. proverbs expressing a system of values;
d. proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature;
e. humorous proverbs; and
f. miscellaneous proverbs.
2. Superstitions
Filipinos also subscribe to their own set of superstitions passed down from generation to generation. Some of these may be
influenced by beliefs from other cultures, but Filipinos have retold these superstitions according to their own experiences and they
sometimes end up even more interesting.
According to a Filipino superstition, a woman singing while cooking will end up a spinster so parents remind their daughters to avoid
singing while preparing their meals. Filipinos also avoid taking picture in threes as the one in the center is said to die, according to
another superstition.
3. Myths and Legends
Due to the Philippines's rich Culture and history, numerous myths and legends sprung that are beyond one's imagination
about things stories are aimed to explain the origin of things, at the same time, teach a valuable lesson.
4. Heroes and Icons
Heroes serve as a reminder of true patriotism and nationalism as they have sacrificed their lives for the sake of their country's
freedom and progress.

How To Be A Good Filipino

1. Be an active Filipino citizen.

A good Filipino citizen is aware of the current events and participates in government programs that aim for the country's progression
and development. By simply exercising your right to vote, you also become an active citizen. When it comes to voting, the rich and the
poor have equal voting rights—every Filipino citizen of legal age have a chance in Choosing the right leaders for the Philippines who
are genuine in helping and caring for the Filipino people.
2. Study the Philippine history.
The road of the Philippine history is long and bloody, and by learning and fully understanding the events of the Philippine
history, you will learn so much as to why it is so important for you to love your country with your life, extend help to your fellow Filipinos
in need, and recognize abuse of political power.
3. Support local products.
When you buy local products, you do not only support local manufacturers and businessmen, but you also help strengthen the local
economy. How is this so? There will be more demand of local products, thus, local businesses will be in need for more employees,
which will open new job opportunities. The business Owners will also invest within the country and are less likely to leave. Supporting
our local products also displays our creativity, innovativeness, and resourcefulness.
4. Speak the Filipino language
The history of the Filipino Language was long and hard as the Philippine history. Jose Rizal highlight the importance of speaking a
national language as of displaying the love for one's Country. Speaking Filipino also serves as a unique identifier of being a Filipino. It
has been a decade-long debate whether to use Filipino as the instructional language in school and to translate textbooks into Filipino,
however, this is still not strictly imposed.
5. Do not spread fake news and he democratic in engaging with dissent.
This period in the history of the Philippines has seen how the Internet has spawned tons of possibilities for people, both good and bad.
For instance, it is easier for Filipinos working abroad to communicate with their loved ones left in the Philippines through the Internet.
Despite this, the Internet has also made the spread of fake news very common. Likewise, the Internet has also made us engage in
intense arguments with people across the globe about our political positions, for example. It is a part of being a good Filipino to
understand and verify what you read online, especially in social media, before actually believing in it and spreading it like wildfire. It is
also the responsibility of every Filipino to recognize disagreement in political views, be tolerant, and argue intelligently without having to
resort into name-calling people.

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Summary
Individual's race, ethnicity, and physical characteristics are not the only factors that make a person's national identity. Values
and traits are also important indicators that set apart one nationality from the other. These values and traits may not always be a
positive thing, but being able to identify one's self apart from other nationalities and point out weaknesses and mistakes, paired with
unity and commitment, progress a possibility. Through common goals, principles, and values of its people, a nation empowers a nation
itself.

WHO AM I IN A CYBER WORLD?

The existing literature on peer relationships indicates that friendships with age mates are crucial for the psychosocial development
and general well-being of youth. It is also evident that technology and online communication is currently ubiquitous for youth,
particularly as a tool for socialization. As Barth (2015) observes, adolescents who have grown up in a world of constant online
communication cannot imagine the childhoods of most clinicians, who grew up without it, and paradigms of development, socialization,
sexualization, and education have fundamentally changed. This constant communication is primarily maintained via the Internet (social
networking sites, such as Facebook, status update sites such as Twitter, and media sharing sites such as Instagram) and via modern
cellular phones (in the form of text messaging and instantaneous picture sharing). The many different forms that this communication
can take are often considered under the umbrella term of ‘‘social media’’. (Von Muhlen and Ohno-Machado 2012). In the current article,
we endeavor to illustrate the importance of friendship and social media in the lives of youth, particularly preadolescents (the period of
development between the ages of 10 and 12) and adolescents (between the ages of 13 and 17), and the impact that these factors have
on their emotional well-being. Our goal is to show that social media may serve as a setting that plays a role in shaping emotional
development in certain young people

Selective Self-presentation and Impression Management

According to Coffman (1959) and Lea (1995), self-presentation is the "process of controlling how one is perceived by other
people" and is the key to relationship inception and development. To construct positive images, individuals selectively provide
information about them and carefully cater this information in response to other's feedback.
Anything posted online should be considered "public" no matter what our "privacy" settings are. Let us say, a student wrote
online about how much he hated another student in school, and started bullying him online. Does it matter if the student said, "Well, this
is my personal account"? Even if the student wrote it in a "private" account, it can become public with a quick screen capture and
shared with the world. Personal identity is the interpersonal level of self which differentiates the individual as unique from others, while
social identity is the level of self whereby the individual is identified by his or her group memberships.
Belk (2013) explained that sharing ourselves is no longer new and has been practiced as soon as human beings were formed.
Digital devices help us share information broadly, more than ever before. For those who are avid users of Facebook, it is possible that
their social media friends are more updated about their daily activities, connections, and thoughts than their immediate families. Diaries
that were once private or shared only with close friends are now posted as blogs which can be viewed by anyone. In websites like
Flickr or Photobucket, the use of arm's-length self-photography indicates a major change. In older family albums, the photographer was
not often represented in the album (Mendelson and Papacharissi 2011), whereas with arm's-length photos, they are necessarily
included (e.g., selfies and groupies). In addition, the family album of an earlier era has become more of an individual photo gallery in
the digital age.
As Schwarz (2010) mentioned, we have entered an extraordinary era of self-portraiture. Blogs and web pages have been
continuously used for greater self-reflection and self-presentation. Facebook and other social media applications are now a key part of
self-presentation for one sixth of humanity. As a result, researchers and participants become concerned with actively managing identity
and reputation and to warn against the phenomenon of "oversharing" (Labrecque, Markos, and Milne 2011; Shepherd 2005; Soler
2002; Zimmer and Hoffman 2011). Sometimes people become unaware of the extent of information they share online. They forget to
delineate what can be shared online and what should not. Furthermore, it provides a more complete narration of self and gives people
an idealized view of how they Would like to be remembered by others (van Dijck 2008). Many teenagers, as well as some adults, share
even more intimate details with their partners like their passwords (Gershon 2010). This could be an ultimate act of intimacy and trust
or the ultimate expression of paranoia and distrust with the partner.
Because of the conversion of private diaries into public relations of inner secrets, the lack of privacy in many aspects of social
me vulnerable, leading to compulsively checking newsfeeds and continually adding tweets and postings in order to appear active and
interesting. In addition to sharing the good things we experience, many of us also share the bad, embarrassing, and "sinful" things we
experience. We also react and comment on negative experiences of others. Sometimes, we empathize with people. We also argue with
others online. Relationships may be made stronger or broken through posts online. Blogs and social media are the primary digital fora
Instructor: Jarol S. Batilaran, LPT Page 5
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on which such confessions occur, but they can also be found in photo- and video-sharing sites where blunders and bad moments are
also preserved and shared (Strangelove 2011). Why confess to unseen and anonymous others online? In Foucault's (1978, 1998)
view, confessing our secret truths feels freeing, even as it binds us in a guilt-motivated self-governance born of a long history of
Christian and pre-Christian philosophies and power structures.
According to Foucault (1998), confession, along with contemplation, self-examination, learning, reading, and writing self-critical letters
to friends, are a part of the "technologies of the self' through which we seek to purge and cleanse ourselves.
Despite the veil of invisibility, writers on the Internet write for an unseen audience (Serfaty 2004). Both the number and feedback of
readers provide self-validation for the writer and a certain celebrity (O'Regan 2009). Confessional blogs may also be therapeutic for the
audience to read, allowing both sincere empathy and the voyeuristic appeal of witnessing a public confession (Kitzmann 2003).
Consequently, we should have a filtering system to whatever information we share online, as well as to what information we believe in,
which are being shared or posted by others online. We should look at online information carefully whether they are valid and true
before believing and promoting them. In the same way, we should also think well before we post or share anything online in order to
prevent conflict, arguments, and cyberbullying, and to preserve our relationships with others.

Gender and Sexuality Online

According to Marwick (2013), while the terms "sex," "gender," and "sexuality" are often thought of as synonymous, they are
actually quite distinct. The differences between the common understandings of these terms and how researchers think about them yield
key insights about the social functioning of gender. Sex is the biological state that corresponds to what we might call a "man" or a
"woman." This might seem to be a simple distinction, but the biology of sex is actually very complicated. While "sex" is often explained
as biological, fixed, and immutable, it is actually socially constructed (West and Zimmerman 1987). Gender, then, is the social
understanding of how sex should be experienced and how sex manifests in behavior, personality, preferences, capabilities, and so
forth. A person with male sex organs is expected to embody a masculine gender. While sex and gender are presumed to be biologically
connected, we can understand gender as a socio culturally specific set of norms that are mapped onto a category of "sex" (Kessler and
McKenna 1978; Lorber 1994). Gender is historical. It is produced by media and popular culture (Gauntlett 2008; van Zoonen 1994). It is
taught by families, schools, peer groups, and nation states (Coffman 1977). It is reinforced through songs, sayings, admonition, slang,
language, fashion, and discourse (Cameron 1998; Cameron and Kulick 2003), and it is deeply ingrained. Gender is a system of
classification that values male--gendered things related things more than female. This system plays out on the bodies of men and in
constructing hierarchies of everything from colors (e.g., pink vs. blue) to academic departments (e.g., English vs. Math) to electronic
gadgets and websites. Given this inequality, the universalized "male" body and experience is often constructed as average or normal,
while female-gendered experiences are conceptualized as variations from the norm (Coffman 1977)• Sexuality is an individual
expression and understanding of desire. while like gender, this is often viewed as binary (homosexual or heterosexual), in reality)
sexuality is often experienced as fluid.

Performing Gender Online

Theorist Judith Butler (1990) conceptualized gender as a performance. She explained that popular understandings of gender
and sexuality came to be through discourse and social processes. She argued that gender was performative, in that it is produced
through millions of individual actions, rather than something that comes naturally to men and women. Performances that adhere to
normative understandings of gender and sexuality are allowed, while those that do not are admonished (for example, a boy "throwing
like a girl") (Lorber 1994). in the 1990s, many Internet scholars drew from Butler and other queer theorists to understand online identity.
According to the disembodiment hypothesis, Internet users are free to actively choose which gender or sexuality they are going to
portray with the possibility of creating alternate identities (Wynn and Katz 1997). The ability of users to self-consciously adapt and play
with different gender identities would reveal the choices involved in the production of gender, breaking down binaries and encouraging
fluidity in, sexuality and gender expression.Recently, social media has been celebrated for facilitating greater cultural participation and
creativity. Social media sites like Twitter and YouTube have led to the emergence of a "free culture" where individuals are empowered
to engage in cultural production using raw materials, ranging from homemade videos to mainstream television characters to create new
culture, memes, and humor. At its best, this culture of memes, mash-ups, and creative political activism allows for civic engagement
and fun creative acts. While Digg, 4chan, and Reddit are used mostly by men, most social network site users are women; this is true in
Facebook, Flickr, LiveJoumal, Tumblr, Twitter, and YouTube (Chappell 2011; Lenhart 2009; Lenhart et al. 2010). But mere equality of
use does not indicate equality of participation. While both men and women use Wikipedia, 87% of WikiPedia contributors were
identified as male (LaVallee 2009). Male students are more likely to create, edit, and distribute digital video over You-Tube or Facebook
than female students. However, the Pew Internet and American Life Project found no discernible differences in user-generated content
by gender except remixing, which was most likely among teengirls (Lenhart et al. 2010). One explanation for these differences is that
user-generated Researchers have consistently show.Content is often clustered by gender. wn that similar numbers of men and women
maintain a Nog—about 14% of Internet users(Lenhart et al. 2010). While the number of male and female bloggers is roughly
equivalent, they tend to blog about different things. Overwhelmingly, certain types of blogs are written and read by women (e.g., food,
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fashion, parenting), while others (e.g., technology, politics) are written and run by men (Chittenden 2010; Hindman 2009; Meraz 2008).
Although the technologies are the same, the norms and mores of the people using them differ.

Setting Boundaries To Your Online Self: Smart Sharing

The following guidelines will help you share information online in a smart way that will protect yourself and not harm others. Before
posting or sharing anything online, consider the following.
• Is this post/story necessary?
• Is there a real benefit to this post? Is it funny, warm-hearted, teachable—or am I just making noise online without purpose?
• Have we (as a family or parent/child) resolved this issue? An issue that is still being worked out at home, or one that is either
vulnerable or highly emotional, should not be made public.
• Is it appropriate? Does it stay within the boundaries of our family values?
• Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15 years? Or is this post better suited for sharing with a small group of family members? Or maybe
not at all?
Rules to Follow
Here are additional guidelines for proper sharing of information and ethical use of the Internet according to New (2014):
• Stick to safer sites.
• Guard your passwords.
• Limit what you share.
• Remember that anything you put online or post on a site is there forever, even if you try to delete it.
• Do not be mean or embarrass other people online.
•Always tell if you see strange or bad behavior online. Be choosy about your online friends.
• Be patient.

Summary
These days, more people are becoming active in using the Internet for research, pleasure, business, communication, and
other purposes. Indeed, the Internet is of great help for everyone. On the other hand, people assume different identities while in the
cyberspace. People act differently when they are online and offline. 'We have our real identity and online identity.

Activity 5.1

Make an acrostic below which will describe you, in relation to your being a Filipino:
F-
I-
L-
I-
P-
I-
N-
O-

Rubrics 15 points 10 points 5 points

Content Each letter is followed by a thoughtful phrases Some thoughtful phrases are Very basic or simple information about you
and/or sentence that describes including with some good is included, often only one word
yourself as an individual (not only one word) descriptions

Word Choice words are colorful, snappy, vital, brisk, and Correct, but not striking. The words
fresh. You won’t find overdone, vague, repetitive, get the
or flowery language. message across but don’t capture the
reader’s
attention
Confusing or unclear. The reader is often
asking,
“What did s/he mean by this?

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GE I Understanding the Self with Population Education and ControlModule 5
Activity 5.2.
Discuss how being a Filipino affects your "self." How can becoming a better Filipino influence your duty to becoming a better version of
yourself?

Rubrics/Points 15 points 10 points 5 points

Interesting, original topic sentence, Clearly stated topic sentence Acceptable topic sentence presents Missing, invalid, or inappropriate topic
reflecting thought and insight; presents one main idea. one idea. sentence; main idea is missing.
focused on one interesting main idea.

Interesting, concrete and descriptive Examples and details relate to the Sufficient number of examples and Insufficient, vague, or undeveloped
examples and details with topic and some explanation is details that relate to the topic examples.
explanations that relate to the topic. included. 

Some errors, but none major, in A few errors in usage, spelling, or Distracting errors in usage, spelling,
Consistent standard English usage, usage, spelling, or punctuation. (1-2) punctuation (3-4) or punctuation
spelling, and punctuation. No errors

Writing shows strong understanding Writing shows a clear understanding Writing shows adequate Writing shows little understanding
understanding

Activity 5.3

Three Facts, One Fiction

Construct four sentences that should start with "I am Three of the four sentences should be true about yourself. You can talk about
your characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, accomplishments, personalities, and behavior. One statement should be a lie—something
that you just made up about yourself.
1. l am
2. l am
3. I am
4. l am

Rubrics 15 points 10 points 5 points

Content Each letter is followed by a thoughtful phrases Some thoughtful phrases are Very basic or simple information about you
and/or sentence that describes including with some good is included, often only one word
yourself as an individual (not only one word) descriptions

Word Choice words are colorful, snappy, vital, brisk, and Correct, but not striking. The words Confusing or unclear. The reader is often
fresh. You won’t find overdone, vague, repetitive, get the asking,
or flowery language. message across but don’t capture the “What did s/he mean by this?
reader’s
attention

References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural

Alata, E. J et. al (2018). Understanding the Self. Rex Book Store, 856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St., CM Recto Ave., Manila

Huyong, A. (2002). General Psychology. Mindset Publishing, Inc., Lopez Jaena St., Molo Iloilo City, p. 1-10

Miranda, N. (2008). Psychology: Essentials to understanding behaviour. National Book Store, Quad Alpha Centrum, Bldg., 125 Pioneer Street,
Mandaluyong City, p. 1-18

Sevilla, C., et. al (2006). General Psychology with values development lessons, 4 th Edition. Rex Bookstore, 856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St., Sampaloc,
Manila

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