Matrices

I 11.63

-aoMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

NoN-1:•
11• 8 a 111
x + a 1z-2
x + ·· ·+a Inn
x = bI
5upp0se a2?1 + a2-r2 + ... + a2.x. = b2
······ ···· ·· ····· ········ ······ ····· ·
···· ······ ······ ····· ···· ···· ··· ·· ··
amlxl + 0 mr2 + ... + 0 m.xn = bm

of Ill OOn .. homogeneous equations in n unknowns x I' x 2' ... , x n "

0a5Y5t_en th se equations in matrix form,
1

wnung e AX=B
. matrix of order m x n, Xis any vector of order n x I and Bis any vectcr
~weA1sanY
f rdermthx I.system of equations
. h as one or more so1utlons,
. . said to be

l
oO the system 1s
\\'hen e .. . .
. therwise 1t 1s mcons1stent.
consisten ' o
1

Gi l Gl2

0 21 ° 22 a2. bl 2
The matrix [A : B] = ..... .. ..
-~- -- is called the augmented ~atrix of

l
[
am l Omz bm

the ~ven system of equations.

11.8.l Condition for Consistency

The system of equations AX= B is consistent if and only if the coefficient matrix A and
ihe augmented matrix [A : B] are of the same rank.
ie, p (A)= p [A : B]
There are two cases:
Case I: If p (A ) = p[A : B] =n, number ofunblowns,,the system has a unique solution.
eU:
Ca5 If p (A) =p[A : B] <n, number of unknowns, the system has infinite solutions.
In th1_s case, n-r unknowns called parameters can be assigned arbitrary values. The re-
mammg unknowns can be expressed in terms of these parameters.
\\'henp (A) at p [A : B], the system is said to be inconsistent and has no solution.
~~~pie 1: Discuss the consistency of the system and if consistent, solve the
-,uat1ons:
(i)
x+y+z=6 (ii) 4x-2y+6z=8 (in 2x-3y+7z=S
x+2y+3z=l4 x+y-3z=-1 3x+y-3z=13
. 2x+4y+7z =30 15x-3y+9z=21 2x+l9y-47z =32
(IV) 2x
-y+ z =9 (v) x 1 -x2 +x3 -x,+x5 = I
3x- y + z =6 2x 1 -x2 + 3x3 + 4x5 = 2
4x-y+2z=7 3x1 -2x2 +2x3 +x4 +x5 = 1
-x+y- z =4
x 1 +x3 +2x,+x5 =0
 ~,.,atrices
II .
_ _ __
_ __ ea 11.65

SolutiO"n: (i) In matrix form, _ , d, I 'l

A X=B

-
I
2
[5
-I
-1
I
-3 J-1
3 :I 4
3 I 1
i
Augmented matrix
R, - 2R , R3 - 5R,

j I 6]
1

BJ-[: 3 l 14
-[~ -~-! 1-~1
I
[A •
1 i 30
R2 -R,, R, -2R,
0 I ---{) 18 12,

-[~ : i
0 2 5 118
R,-2R,
:i - o
R, - 2R,

I
[0
-3
0
-,,
1 - 3 ! -I ]
l-JC\

9 : 6
0 IrO I
tio:,l& t\!ltl td-1
mwl ,ri~rr rrl ('Yi)
I ti..

-[~: ~l:]i
0 0 I 2
p (A) = p [A : BJ= 2 < 3 (Number of unknowns)
!he system is consistent and has
x+y-3z =-I
-3y+9z =6
infihiiJ solutions.
Li J L

p (A) =p [A : BJ = 3 (Number of unknowns) bcr of parameters = 3 - 2 = 1

00101llU]VI,

Hence, the system is consistent and has a unique solution. 2=( t

, , , " ,. -X +l r+ z =6 y=3t-2 t
y+2z=8 •=-1(31-2)+31= 1 t,
z=2 , ,x= l:y= 3t-2,z =t is the soliltion of the system where tis a parameter.
Solving these equations, '1 In matnx fonn,

y=4, x=0 A X=B

l :; ~JH::J
Hence, x = 0, y = 4, z ~2 is the solution of the system.
(ii) In matrix form, er,•
A X=B

[.; -!l[l[;;J [! -~_; ! l

led matrix

Augmented matrix

-3/-1
6 I 8 l [A: BJ=
• 2
R,-R,
19 -47
1~
I 32
9

-3 J -1
6 : 8
i 21

i - [ - ~~ -4
2 19 -41
i~:
i 32
l
9 21 I
11.66 ~eringMath~ 11.67

R, + 3R, , R, + 2R
--4 10'
-8]
-!
-1
- 0 -1 I 27
[
0 11 -27
- II
16 -
0
0 ,3
=!-2 i 23';]
I
R,+R,
-1
[
0 IIQ
I
O I-16
- 0 p('-4) =3
[
0 p[A : B]=4 1 '
p[A :BJ a<p(A) , .
p(A)=2 . ·nconsistent and has no splubon.
p[A : B]=3 Jkll",tbesystem IS 1
p[A: BJ a<p(A) l Ill matrix form, 1
AX =B
Hence, the system is inconsistent and has no solution.
(iv) In matrix form,
A X=B =: : ~l
-2 2 1

U=: -i]ll[ll l
O 1 2 J.

l ,I '1
Augmented matrix
2 -hi 3
-1
0
I
4 :2
i1
-1 I [A : BJ = 3 -2 21
ni
'''"f
1
1 1

l]
-1 [
I
I w,O, 2 ,1 \,0 I

.: R[r?::~t~l:]
'I
-1 2
-1 I -1

f
R,.

=i -; j] O 1 -1 4 ; 2 :, 2
q i-1

l
0 0
R,-R,,R,-R,_
R,_ + 3R, , R, + 4R,, R, + ZR,

-[-~ =~ 1:] ~ -: : -~ 21 i:I 01

O 3
o I
-2
-1
23
17
[0
0
0
0
-2
-1
2 --4 : -2
-2 i-1
R,-2R, R,-.!.R,
2

-[-~ -~ -1:l
0
0
3
I
-2
-1
23
17
-[i 0
1
-:
0
-~
0
-~
0
i I_i]
0 \ 0
11.68 ~eering Mathen§k! )

I
2R'
-~ Matrices

R, - R,
:::::ii 11.69

-[~ .-:
I 2 I : 8 ]
-1 1 - 0 -·2' 0 : -3
[0 0 ,l.-3: µ-21
2 2
0 0 -I 1 - 2 -I =l,µ,e2 I, then p(A);t p[A :BJ .
0 0 0 0 0 0 IO stem is inconsistent and has no solutJon.
Hence,sY •
p(A) = p[A: BJ= 3 < 5 (Numbe , andµ have any value, thejl p(A) = P [A : BJ= 3 (Number of unknowns)
"'If•~ 3 h I • I .
Hence, the system is consistent and has infinite solutions. r of "nkn°'"') Pl
Hence,system is consistent and as uruque
• 1
so ul!on. •
xi -x2 + x1-x,.+x; = 1 n lfA:3,µ=2 1, tben p(A)= p[A : BJ =_2<'.'1umberof~owns
Hence, the system is consistent and has infinite (many) solul!ons.
x, +x, + 2x, + 2x, =0
-x, +x,-2x, = -1 pie 3: Determine the values of ,l. for which 'the following equations are
Number of parameters = 5 - 3 = 2
I..etx,=1,
· ,aLAlso, solve the system for these values of ,l.. ·},
x +2y + z =3
x +y + z =A.
3x +y+ 3z =1'.
•
al~, \ "
• I

,nt
,. . .
x,= I +1 1 -212
I\
x, = - (I + 11 - 212) - 21 1 - 211 = -I - 31,
x, = l + (-1 - 31,)-(1 + , , - 21,)+1, - 1,
=-1-31, +1,
Hence, x, = -I - 31, + 12, x, = -1 - 311, x, = I + 11 - 212, x, = 1, is the solutioncf
system where 11 and 12 are parameters.
Example 2: Investigate for what values of ,i. andµ the equations led matrix
x+2y+:=8
[A : BJ= I
I 2 I :
It I: ,1.
31,J
2x+2y+2:= 13
[
. 3x+4y+k=µ -7\ 3 I 3: -1.
2

have (1) no solution (ii) unique solution (iii) many solutions.

R, - R,. R, - 3R 1
Solution: In matrix form,
AX=B
1

-, 0
[I -1
2 0I:i ,1.-3
3 1
'\ 0 -5 0:-1. 2 -9
R,- 5R,
Augmented matrix I 2 I: 3 ]
- 0 -I O: -1.-3
[
. 0tr O O: ,1. 2 -5-1.+6
11,l!Juations Will be . P (A)= 2
consistent if p (A)= p [A : BJ
Ctii A' -5A + 6 = 0
l:Wh,n A.= 3 or A.= 2
A=3 •
x+ 2y+ z = 3'
il(t I
-y=O
 11.70 ~ e r i n g Mathe~ : Matrices :::Ill 11.71

Let z =I t if .,i., o the system of equations

Then x = 3 - 2(0) - t = 3 _ 1
5· SbOW tha '
""'pie · 2x+y=a
Hence, x = 3 -1, y = 0, z = t is the solution of the system h .
· x + ,y, -z=b
,i = 2
I
Case II: When w ere is • Pararnei~
y +2z =c
x+ 2y + z= 3 . , solution for every value of a, b, ~- If A=. 0, determin~ the rela~on
y=l 111• ' "qu h that the system is conStstent. Fmd the solution by taking
Let z =I pli!lid by a, b, c sue
j,~• · ' l b=i c =-1.
'
Then x =3-2(1)-t= J -r
Hence, x= l -1, y = l,z =tisthesolutionofthesystemwh . Solution: In matrix form,
ere , ts a Paratnet~
Example 4: Show that the system of equations · A X =B
3x+4y+Sz=a
4r+Sy t 6z=P
Sr+6y+1z= r
are consistent only if a; Pand rare in arithmetic progression (A.P.).
[: ; J]·['.]
1\eij'1etn bas a unique solution if !Al¢ 0
Solution: In matrix form. IAl • 2(2H 1) -1 (2 + 0) ¢0
4,t.,o
A X=B
,i,.,o

[: U;J=[~l
llm, the system has a unique solution if .,1, ¢ 0 for any value of a, b, c. If .,1, = 0, the
l)1on either inconsistent or bas infinite"number of solutions.
111m 2=0,

[! -!t]=[:]
Augmented matrix

[A : BJ = [! : :
5 6
i ;]
7 Iy R,,

R,-R,,R, -R,

-[: ; :>:a]
2 2 2 1r - a
R3 -2R,

-[: ; : 1
0 0 O: y - 2/J+a
1/a l
p(A) =2
The system of equations are consistent if p (A)= p [A : BJ
r-2/J+a=0
/J= a+r x -z=b
2 y+ 2z=a-2b
Hence, a; /Jand rare in arithmetic progression (AP.).
 11.72

Let z =I
~ e r i n g Mathe~
-= =- Matrices 11.73

. for what values of k the

Then y = a - 2b-2t !Jll·,sllgate [Ans.: A.=-~, no solution]
x=b+t ' (ions
,qU3 x+y+ z= I 5. Find for what values of ..l, the set of
Hence,x = b + t,y=a-2b-2t, z= tis the solution of the syste h . 2x +y+ 4z=k
mw erct1sa equations
When a= I, b= I, c=-l P""'1tl,_ 4x +y+ !0z=k' . 2x - 3y + 6z - 5t = 3
z= t ' ve infinite number of so!ut10ns.
bl [Ans.: k= I, 2]
y-4z+t= I
y=-1 -21
4x- 5y+ 8z-9t = A

l
x=l+t t Dct<nnine the values of A. for which has (i) no solution (ii) infinite number
,he follO"ing equation. of solution and find the solution of the
= . Exercise 11.7 _ ...,_ _ )x- y +Jz=0 equations when they are consistent.
2x +y+z=2
I. Discuss the consistency of the system
and if consistent, solve the equation:
Ans.:
x- 2y-A.z =-I
,ill fail to have unique solution. For
this value of A, are the equations
(ii)A:
Ans. : (i) A et 7,
7, x = 3k, +k, ~3,
(i) 2x-3y-z=3 (i) Inconsistent y-4k,-k,+I, z-k\'
[
X + 2y-z= 4 (ii) Consistent consistent? I= k,
5x - 4y- 3z = -2 x=2,y=l , z=3
(ii) x + 2y - z = I (iii) Consistent
x+y+2z=9 11.9 HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
x =-l , y=-2,z = -4
2x+y-z=2
(iv) Consistent a,f1 + a1~2 + ... + a1,.x.. = 0
(iii) 6x + y + z = -4
6+t 2-31 a 21 x 1 + arix2 + •·· + a2,i,x,. = 0
2x-3y-z=0 X =-5- ,Y =-5- , z= l
-x-7y-2z = 7
(iv) 2x-y-z=2 (v) Consistent
,
a1111 x I + a..,z x 2 +•··+a"'" x n = 0
x+ 2y+ z= 2 Xi =2,x2 = l,x1 =- l ,x1=3 15
~~~ ofm homogeneous equations inn unknownsx 1, x2 , ••• ,x,..
4x-7y- 5z= 2 (vi) Consistent ntmg these equations in matrix form.
(v) 2x 1 + X 1 + 2x, + X, = 6 X =-1,y = -2,z = 4 >l<r. A·15 AX=O ... (!)
6x\ - 6x, + 6x, + 12x, = 36 t~ any matrix of order m x n, Xis a vector oforder n x I and O is a null vector
4x , + 3x1 + 3x, - 3x, = I
(vii) Consistent
X =-1,y = -2, z =)
,y:mis'. always consistent.
Thi, 5 1· The matrix A is called coefficient matrix of the system of equations.
2x, + 2x, - x, + x, = I 0
(vi) x + 2y+ z = -I (viii) Inconsistent
11.9,1 Soi t'
6x+y+z=-4 h t values of l
2. Investigate for w a imu11 '
11, u ion of Homogeneous Linear Equations
2x- 3y-z= 0 and µ, the system of s · number oflinear! · d
•~ numbe Of Y m ependcnt solutions of the equation AX= O is n - r, where n
-x-7y-2z = 7
equations ~, r unknowns and r is the rank of the coefficient matrix A.
x-y=I x+y + z:::: 6 C are two cases· .
1~1: If .
(vii) X +y +z = 6 x+2y + 3z= 10
rank ofmatri

l
"'"''·
,,...,. AX: A.
x-2y + 2z= 5 X+ 2y + AZ=µ . "' ;cit 0 . 1 x IS equal to the number of unknowns, i.e., n = r, then the
3x+y +z =8 have (i) no solunon
. (ii) un,q
f 501uti,ill- '<,,,.,,•... :,W~ 1t:'ve no linearly_independent solutions. In this case, X = 0 ,
2x-2y + 3z= 7 tion (3) infinite numt,er o Ci~U: If • 0 IS the only solut10n and is known as trivial solution.
. _ 3 µ;tlO "'1,f rank of matrix A .
(viii) 2x 1 + x, + 5x, = 4 Iii ~n AX: o Will h IS less than the number of unknow11s, i.e., n < r, then the
Ans.: (t)" - ' valu,ofl 1
3x, -2x, + 2x, = 2 (ii) ;, "3, anY ..;: •01";•11S. The ave _n - r lmearly independent solutions and are known as 21on-
5x, -8x1 -4x,= I [ (iii)}. =), µ
=10 l>i;'- "nknawns
r cquatton AX= 0 will have an infinite number of solutions. In this
llloiawns can IJe° called parameters, can be assigned arbitrary values. The remain-
expressed in terms of these parameters.
11.74 llfeneering Mat h e ~
£ = Matrices 11.75

Example 1: Solve the following system of equations:

ft!][}[:]
(i) x+2y+3z=0 (ii) 3x- y -z=O
2x+3y+z= 0 x+ y + 2,=0
4r+Sy+4z= 0 Sx+ y+ 3, = o
x+2y- 2z = 0
(iii) x+y- , +w=0
x - y+2,-w=0 R, -R,

-[: ;][;]-[:]
3x+y+w=0.
Solution: (i) In matrix form,
A X =O
p (A) =2 < 3 (Number of unknowns)

[\ l Jl[ll
a,,,:,, the system bas non-trivial solutions.
x +y+2z=0
- 4y - 1z=0
ofparameters = 3 - 2 = I
R,-2RI' R, -4RI' R, -R,

[i =i ~][:Hl / 7
R, - 3R,, R, - R,
,z=- ,y =-
4 4t, z = I is the solution of the system where I is a parameter.
(ii) ln matrix form,

[1 -; -Jl-[ll
A X=O

p (A) = 3 (Number of unknowns)

Hence, the system bas a trivial solution,
X =0, y =0, Z = 0
(ii) In matrix form,
A X=O

P (A) = 2 < 4 (Number of unknowns)

--
11.76 Matrices ::JIii 11.77

Hence, the system has non-trivial ~olutions.

x+ y - z +w=0 k- ± 2 !Al = 0, p (A)< 3 .
~) Wbet1 - ' bas non-trivial soluttons.
-2y + 3z - 2w = 0 Jkll"',!hesYstem .

...,-•··1: _::][fr[:]
Number of parameters = 4 - 2 = 2
Letw=l 1,
z =l2
3
Then y = 1,-1,,
2 p(A) = 2 < 3 (Number of unknowns)
x+6y+ I0z=0
x=(-¾1,+1,) +12 -1,=-½1, -6y-10z=0
bcr of parameters = 3 - 2 = I
Hence, x = - I 12 , y = 3 12 - 1., z = 12, w = 11 ts
. the soIutton
. of the system•nerc,
2 2
12 are parameters.

Example 2: Discuss for all values of k, the system of equations x=O 1 ,. ,

2x+ 3ky + (3k+ 4)t =0 ,z=O,y = -~,. z = I is the solution of the system where tis a parameter.
3
x+(k+4}y+(4k+2)t=O C.S. D:Wheok = -2
x+2(k+ l}y+(3k+ 4)t= 0.
Solution: In matrix form,
A X=O [i -11][}[1]
3k
3k + 4][x]
k+4 4k+2 y = 0 [o] R, - -2 R,
5
2k+2 3k+4 z 0

k+4
3k 4k y = 0
+ 2][x]
3k+4 [o]
-[i - I~ 1J[rJ=m

P (A) = 2 < 3 (Number of unknowns)

2k+2 3k+4 z 0 x+ 2y- 6z= 0
bcrof - IOy+ l0z = 0
R2 -2R,, R, -R, , , Parameters=3-2= I
1

[~1~:
Y•t,
1 •41
4:;/][;]=[~]
0 k-2 -k+2 z 0 .x :.:4,,Y == t,z==tis .
Pie 3_ th e solutton of the system where / is a parameter.
I k+4 4k+21 ) + Sk (k-2) lloq. ' Find the onI I .
=(k-S)(-k+ 2 Y rea value of A for which following system of equations

I
IAI= 0 k-8 -5k ztro solut1
ons. Also, solve the following equations:
0 k-2 -k+2 x + 2y + 3t h =
= (k-2) (-k+ 8 + 5k) lotu. 3x+ y + 2t=A-y
= 4 (k- 2) (k + 2) 11011, lhe 2x + 3y + t = At.
(a) When k'# ± 2, !Al* 0, p (A) = 3 (Number of unknowns) system of equations is
Hence, the system has a trivial solution, O-..i)x +2y+3z=O
x =O,y =O,z =O ~ + (1 - ..i)y +2z=O
+ 3Y + (I - ..i)z = 0
11.78

In matrix form,
A X=O
I- A
~ ering

2
Mathe€ tiail

ffCIIC',thesystem
-=- Matrices

bas a non-trivial solution.

x-8y+ 7z = 0
1-II 11.79
l
-38y+38z=0 .
3 1-A arameters = 3 - 2 = I
[ 2 3 ~SJOberOf p
Ld z= I
The system will have a non-zero solution if IAJ=0 l)ony =I,
x=8t-1f=I . .
I _ 1 z = 1 is the solution of the system where t 1s a parameter.
Jlrl!Ct,X = ,y-'
IAl=ll~A 1~;., 1=(1-A.)[( 1-A.)2 -6]-2(3- 3,t -4) +3(9-2 +2~, ExaJJJple 4: If the following system bas a non-trivial solution, then prove that
2 3 1-A
,+b+ c=0ora=b= c.
(1 -A.)(A.2 -U-5) + 2 + 6A.+ 21 + 6A.= 0 ax+by+cz=O
A.2 -2A.- 5 -A.' + 2A.2 + 5A.+ 12A.+ 23 = 0 bx+cy+az=O
-A.3 +3A.2 + 15A.+ 18=0 cx+ay+bz= 0.
-A. (A.- 6)- 3A.(A.- 6)- 3(A.-6) = 0
2
Solution: In matrix form,
-{A.- 6)(A.2 + 3A. + 3) = 0
A.-6 =0, ,i' + 3,i+ 3 =O
A.=6, A=-l.5± 0.866i
For the real value, A.= 6, the system has a non-zero solution.

l-~ -; _;J[]=m
R,-R,
the system has a non-trivial solution if IAI = 0

IAl=I=
c
! :1
a b
=a (bc-a2)-b(b2-ac) + c(ab-c2) =o

a'+ b' + c'-3abc = 0

-r-; _;J[l[:J
R,,
(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be - ca)= 0
a+ b + c = 0 or a 2 + b2 + c2-ab-bc- ca= 0
I
2
,
[(a - b)' + (b - c'f + (c - a)']= 0

-H: _JH:J
a -b=0 a=b

..,fTJH:r,. , ....,
b- c=0 b=c
~ .lhesysternb . ~-a=0 c=a

R,+5R,,R,-2R 1

-[i -2 _:!l[l[ll
R, +
I
2 R,

-[~ _;: 3:1[:] = [~]

f :"~ : ,
a+b+c a +b+c a+:+c
ax+by +cz=0
][x] =[o]
:

o o o z O f nkJlownsl bx+cy +az=O

p (A) = 2 < 3 (Numbero u (a+ b + c) (x + y + z) =0
 11,80 lllll!§ring Mat~ a:: Matrices 11.81

(i) When a + b + c = 0, we have only two equations

ax+by+cz=0
bx+cy+az=0
_ x_= _ _Y_ _ z
AP'·: • ·al solution /4 = I, - 9
(i) Non-tnVI
•-I x=-t, y=l,z=-21
fO(A-'
, x=-3I y= .-91, z-21
_
j solution only if /4= I, /4= -3. Obtain
the general solution in each case.

Ans.: For 2 = I, x = 212

y=l2 , z=l1
-1,,]
ab-c' a' -be - ~ = t for A=-9' ' ·
(iij,l =6,x-
- y=z=t . [
For2=-3,x=-t,
x = (ab - c')t, y = (be - a')t - y=-21, z=t
oW that the system of equations
(ii) When a = b = c, we have only one equation. ' z - (ac- b1,
x+y+z=0 l,:_zy +z=AX, 2x-3y+2z=.A:",
Let z=l 1
-x +Zy = k can posses a non tnv1al
y=I,
Then x =--{t1 + 12)
n.10 LINEAR DEPENDENCE AND INDEPENDENCE
OF VECTORS
~ Exercise 11'.8
11.10.1 Linear Dependence
1. Solve the following equations: Ans. : (i) = 0, y = 0, Z =Q
X
(i) X - y + Z = 0, Asetofr vectorsX,,X,, .. .. ... X, is said to be linearly dependent ifthere exist r scalars
(ii) X = -3/, y =0, z=t
x+2y+z=0, (111111!,m) k, , Jc,, .. .... k, not all zero, such that
2x+y+3z=0 (iii) X =3_1_1_1, y =4t,z , '. k,x; + k,X, + ... ... + k,X,= 0
9 9
(ii) x-2y+ 3z =0,
w=t 11.10.2 Linear Independence
2x+5y+6z=0
(iv) x = -1 , y=r, , ,,
(iii) 2x-2y+ 5z + 3w = 0,
3 13 Aset of' vectors X" X,, ..... .. X,. is said to be linearly independent if there exists
4.t-y+z+w =0,
(v) x=ut,y =11'•'' ' •t:alars(nwnbers) k" k,, ..... . k, such that if
3x-2y+ 3z + 4w = 0,
(vi) x = I Ir, y = -&I, z, /, "'1k = - k~,+k,X,+ .. .... +k,X,.=O
x - 3y + 7z + 6w = 0 I ~ - • •• •• =k, =0
(iv) 2x-y+ 3z = 0, w=O
3x+2y+z=0, I 2 11,10,3 L' •
x-4y+5z=0
(vii) x, =-3'' ,, =1'· •near Combination of Vectors
Ai·C<torXwhi h
(v) 7x+y-2z=0, c can be expressed in the form
X =-~t,x, =I
x+ 5y-4z= 0, ) 3 i,qidto be a . X= k~, + k,X, + . .... . + k,X,
1tnear combi r
3x-2y+ z= 0, (viii) X
1
= -x, = -x, =I 11y
'limbers.
f
na 100 0 the vectors X,, X, .... X,. where k 1, k2 •••• k, are
2x-7y + 5z = 0
(vi) 3x +'4y-z- 9w= 0, 2. For what value of..l does
f equations pass<
the!'' t..11u:
OJ lf11e1 or
vectors is linear! · d
2x + 3y + 2z-3w= 0,
2x+y-14z-12w=0,
~stem o . 9 Obtain the sD
1nv1al soJuuon ·
ex
Q) If Pressed as a linea J m . ependent, then at least one vector of the set can be
•set of vectors i rl.com mation of the remaining vectors.
for real values of A-
x + 3y + 13z + 3w = 0 1 lutea s mearly depe d t th
(i) 3x + y-k=O t.." r combination of th n .en ' en no vector of the set can be expressed
(vii) x, + 2x2 + 3x3 + x, = 0, 0 ;'111Ple I· I!: e remammg vectors.
4x-2y- 3""
x 1 +x2 -x3 -x.=0, 2Ar + 4Y- ,lz = O -0 dip,nden;, xamine whether th i .
3x1 -x, + 2x3 + 3x,=0 + 2x + Jx,- {l) · e ollowmg vectors are linearly Independent
(ii) (I - A)x, l + 2J =0 Ill) 11 ,l,-11 (2
(viii) 2x 1 - x2 + 3x3 = 0, 3x +(1--l)x, " \ o Oil) ll,-1, 11:12'3, -Sf, (2,-1,4) '
3x 1 + 2x2 + x, = 0, I ( I -M', 11,2,-1 Of , I, If, (3, 0, 2)
2x, + 3x, +
x 1 - 4x2 + 5x, = 0 ' , (I , 3 1 21
, ' '(4, 2, 1, OJ, (6, I, 0, 1)
11.82 ~neering Mathematic!)I a::- Matrices ::]II 11.83

(iv) [2, -1, 3, 2), (1, 3, 4, 2), (3, -5, 2, 2)

(v) [l, O, 2, 1), (3, 1, 2, 1), (4, 6, 2, 4), (-6, 0,-3, OJ

Solution: (i) X, = [I , I, -1],X, = [2, 3, -5],X, = [2, -1, 4]

Let k,X, + k,X, + k,X, = 0 ;
k,[1, I,-!]+ k,[2, 3, -5]+ k,[2, -1, 4]= [O, O, OJ
k, + 2k, + 2k, = O
k 1+ 3k, - k, =0
-k,- 5k, + 4k, =0
In matrix form,
k, + 2k2 + 3k1 = 0
3k2 + 3k, =0
Number of parameters = Number of unknowns - Rank of coefficient matrix = 3 - 2 = I
1.tt k, =1
Then k, = -1,
k, = 21-31 = -I
Since k1, k,, k, are not all zero, the vectors are linearly dependent.
-,x, -rx, + tX, = o
X, +X,-X,=0
R, +JR, (ii)X,=[l,2,-l , O],X2 =(1,3, 1,2],X,=[4,2, l,O],X,=[6, 1,0, I]
l.tt k,X, + k.,X, + k.,X, + k_,){4 = 0
k,[l, 2, -1, OJ + k,[l, 3, I, 2J+ k,[4, 2, I, OJ+ k4 (6, I, 0, I] = (0, 0, 0, OJ
k, +k, +4k, + 6k,= 0
2k1 + 3k, + 2k, + k, = 0
k, + 2k2 + 2k, = 0 -k, +·k, + k, = 0
k2 -3k,=0 m~~furm, 2k,+~=o
-3k, =0

! mH!l
Solving these equations,

[-l 1
k, = 0, k, = 0, k, = 0
Since all k,, k,, k, are zero, the vectors are linearly independent.
(ii) X, = [I, -1, !J,X2 = (2, I, IJ,X, = (3, 0, 2J
Let k,X, + k.,X, + k.,X, = O
k,[l, -1, IJ+ k2(2, I,!]+ k1[3, 0, 2J= (0, 0, OJ
k, + 2k, + 3k, = 0
-k, + k, + Ok, =0
-[trJ·:,l;]R[~l-[~l
02
0 2 0
5 6k-O
I / 0

lfi l ~H!l
k,+k,+2k,=0 R,-2R,, R -2R •
In matrix form,

k, = 0 [o]
-[!
-11 2 03l[k,l
[
I 2 k, 0
11.84 IIEngineering Matheri§"tGJ .-=-- Matrices - = - 11.85

-[i0 _:-1 ~:IJ1m·[~OJl

k1 + k, + 4k, + 6k, = 0
k, - 6k, - 11 k, = O
17k3 + 28k4 = 0
55 k =O
:r;rifo-li1
k, + 4k2 - 2k3 = 0
17 ' k,-k,=0
Solving these equations, Number of parameters =Nwnber of Wlknowns - Rank of coefficient matrix =3 - 2 = I
k, = 0, k, = 0, k, = 0, k, = 0 Lct k, =I
Since all k,, k,, k,, k, are zero, the vectors are linearly independent. Then k, = t,
(iv) X, = [2, -1 , 3, 2 ],X2 = [I , 3, 4, 2],X, = [3, -5 , 2, 2] k, =-4t+ 2t = -21
Let k,X, + k,X, + k,X, = 0
(-2t)X1 +tX,+tX,=O
k, [2, -1, 3, 2 ]+ k2[1, 3, 4, 2]+ k,[3 , -5, 2, 2]= [O, 0, 0, 0]
2X1 - X 2 -X3 =O
. 2k1 + k, + 3k, = 0 Since k., k,, k, are not all zero, the vectors are linearly dependent.
-k, + 3k2 - 5k3 = 0 (v) X,=[1,0,2, l],X2 = [3, I, 2, l],X, = [4, 6, 2, 4],X, = [-6, 0, -3, OJ
3k1 + 4k2 + 2k, = 0 Let k,X, + k.J(, + k.,X, + k,.X, = 0
2k 1 + 2k2 + 2k, = 0
k,[l,0,2, l]+k2[3, I, 2, l]+ k,[4, 6, 2, 4] + k,[-6, 0, -3, 0]= [O, 0, 0, OJ
In matrix form,
k, + 3k,+ 4k, -6k,= 0
k,+6k,=0
2k, + 2k2 + 2k,-3k,= 0
lnmatnx fonn, k, + k, + 4k, = 0

l\ \ I~I~rn1.. .
-fiTiit.1-m
11.86 ffl?S':,ering Mathe~
11.87
. - : : . Matrices

R, + 4R,, R, + 2R,_

-[i l :i 1l[iHil k, +3k2 =0

2k, +7k, =0
4k, + IOk,=0

-[! l i ll[iHil [! ,i]l~l-m

1 1 •1 ti I

R,-R, R,- 2R,. R, -4R, -

-li 1i 1rn-m
k, + 3k, + 4k, -6k,= 0
-[i _!][~]=[~]
R1 +2R,

-[i !][~]=[~
]
k,+6k,=0
2/c1 +k, =0
Nwnber of parameters= Nwnber of unknowns - Rank of coefficient matrix =4-l•
Let k, =t
t
Then k,=- , k, + 3k, =0
2 k2 =0
k,=3t,
. k1 = 0
k, = -3(3t)-4(-½) + 6t= -I 8
1llee •11 k,, le,, are zero, the vectors are linearly independent.

Since k,, k,, k,, k, are not all zero, the vectors are linearly depe ndent.
ln) X,= [l,2,3]'= [ ~]
(-t)X, + (3t)X, -(½)x, +IX,= 0

[-;1·
2X1 -6X,+X,-2X,=0 . odotl
Example 2:
r early ,nd •P'
Eumine whether the following vectors are 10 X,=[3 ,-2, I]'=
or dependenL
(i) X 1 = (1, 2, 4)T, X,= (3, 7,101'
(ii) X , = (1,2,3)',X,= (3,-2, 1)',X,= [1,--ti, --Sl'-
X, = [I, -ti, -5]'= [~]
Solution: (i) x, = [l , 2, 4)'= [~] ltttv +k -5
,,., ,X, + k,X, = 0

X 2 = [3 , 7, JO)'= [ ~]
10 ·-liH-iH~l-l:l
11.88 11.89
~ r i n g Mat1311i ~ atrices

k, +3k2 +k3 =O lr ( I 2 !]+ k [4, 6, 2, -4] + k.(-6, 0, -3, -4]= (0, 0, 0, 0]

3
2k, - 2", - 6k3 = O 021] +...,,,. 3
t,[I, ' ' k I + 3k2 + 4k3 - 6k-i = 0
3k, + k, -5k, = O
In matrix from, k2 +6k, =0
2k, + 2k, + 2k3 - 3k4 = 0
k,+k,-4k, -4k4 =0

k, + 3k2 + k, = 0
k2 + k, = 0 . . _ _,
2
Number ofparameters= Number ofunknowns- Rankofcoefficientmauu- 3
Let k,=1
Then k, =-1,
k, =-3(-1)-1 = 21 ·
Since k,. k,, k,, are not all zero, the vectors are linearly depe ndent.
(21)X1 + (-l)X2 + IX, = 0
i.x;-x,+X,=0 I
, Une1rlYd<P'
Example 3: Show that the rows of the following matru: are

ULJ
and find the relationship between them.

.
Solution:
.
Let the row vectors of the matrix be given by X, ,
x,x,.x,.
2

Let k~, + k,X, + k,X, + k)(, =O

 11.90
-Matrices 11.91

R,-R,

-[! -1 i il[il-lll
(A - ,lJ)X = 0
A-A.1=0 (·: X "# 0)
\A-A.11=0 -
. called the characteristic matnx.
"-•
,~ matrix .(A - t»)
\A -,s,,.,•1 IS
. Cailed the characteristic polynomial of A.
k, + 3k, + 4k, - 6k, =0
11ie dc1Cffll1"3" _ All= 0 is c,illed the characteristic equation of A.
-k, - 4k, + k, = 0
1be cquauon \A_ f th characteristic equation of a matrix of order 3 can be
2k,+k, =0 . Toe detennmant o e
Nol•· . · the following formula.
Number of parameters= Number of unknowns - Rank of coeffi · . ,il\'CCI easily usmgnal I nts) A.'+ (sum of cofactors of diagonal elements) A.- \Al= 0
Let k = t cientmatn,=4-hl i-(sum ofdiago e eme
Thenk' =-!._
' 2. n.ll.l Properties of Characteristic Roots
k,=-4(-½) +t=3t,
or Eigen Values
(I) Toe sum of the eigenvalues of a matrix is the sum of the elements of the principal
k, =-3(31)- 4(-½) + 61 =-t diagonal. . • · f th ·
Q) The product of the eigcn values of a matnx ts equal to the dete~t o e_matnx.
Since k,, Jc,, k,, k, are not all zero, the vectors are linearly dependent. D) If Ais the cigcn value of matrix A, then eigen values of followmg matnces are
(-1)X1 + (31)X2 - fx, + tX, =o given as
Matrix Eigenvalue
2X1 -6X,+X,-2X,=0 [,) A' )..

~ Exe!l'Cise 11.9 (ii) A·' -;i._I

Examine whether the following vectors arc linearly indepeo~ent or dependent: (ili) A• A."
1. [3, I, 1],[2,0,-1],[4,2, I] 4. [I , I, l, 3],[l , 2, 3, 4],[2, J,4,7J
(iv)
(v)
kA
AHi
u
[Ans.: Independent] (Ans.: Dependen,X, +X,-X,•~ A.± k
(vi) adj A
2. [3, I, -4], [2, 2, -3], [O, -4, I] S. [I, 0, 2, I], [3, I, 2, I], [4,6,l, 4\
[Ans.:Dependcnt,2X1 -3X,-X,=O] [-{;.0, -3,0] ,i
3 • [ I , 2 , -1, 01 , [I, 3, I, 2], [4, 2, I, OJ, Ans. : Dependen, 2X, _ 6X, +x, r-2f,'
(vii) A' 1
[
(vui) Singular at least one zero
[6, I, 0, I] 6. [2, 2, I]'. [I , 3, I]', [I . 2, 21 . ......1 (ix) Hcnnitiao all real
[Ans.: Independent] [Ans. : lodep«-
(~\ Skew Hermitian either zero or purely imaginary
(xu) Real S)'mmeaic all real
11.11 EIGENVALUES AND EIGEN VECTORL-,- (xiu) Skew real SYffimetric either zero or purely imaginary
. n vector of a (. Unitary ±I
Any non-zero vector Xis said to be a characteristic vector or e,ge Xiv) Orthogonal
A, if there exists a number A. such that (Xv) Triangular I
Not,, E" diagonal elements
AX=A.X • •gen Vectors ar

x,:
xi . column vector.
l l.11.2p
ropert·
• same as G-.at of matrix A for all the above matrices.

where A = [a) • ., is an-rowed square matrix and X = : ,s a or E· •es of Characteristic Vectors

[ U) 1rx•
is
•gen Vectors
ts an cigeo Vccto .
x" .. value orei~
llso an cigeo r of the matrix A corresponding to the eigen value A, then kX
Also, A. is said to be characteristic root or latent root or chara ctensuc
lily lloq. Zero sca: '.or of A corresponding to the same eigen value A. where k is
value or proper value of the matrix A.
11.92 IIIIE_eering Mathe'3 , ~ atrices "=-ii -
11.93

U Jl[ll
(2) If Xis an eigenvector of the matrix A, then X cannot corres ond
eigenvalue of A. P to more ~
(3) Toe eigen vectors corresponding to distinct eigen values of am .
independent. atnx are r
(4) If two or more eigenvalues are equal, then the correspond· . 5x+6y+6z=0
or may not be linearly independent. ing e,g,o 'ctto~ x+4y+2z =0
(5) Toe eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues of a real
tnx are orthogonal.
(6) Any _two eigen vectors corresponding to two distinct eigenvalues
matnx are orthogonal.
.
SYtninetnc

of a
n -I~ ~I -I~ :1
X

=
y _ _z_

=u= -4 = 14
Note: Two eigen vectors X, and X 2 are orthogonal if X y Z

x; X, = X,X; =0 (For real vector)

X y Z
and x,• X, = X,x: =0 (For complex vector) ~= -2 =-:;
11.11.3 Algebraic and Geometric Multiplicity of
an Eigen Value •X,=[~]
If .:l, is an eigen value of the characteristic equation \A - Al] = 0 repeated n times,

-~•·· •'-[j°_; -!ll:H:J

is called the algebraic multiplicity of ,l. The number of linearly independent sot ·
of [A - ,U] X = 0 is called the geometric multiplicity of ,l
Example 1: Find the eigen values and eigen vectors for the following m, ·

(i)
[-~ -4
6
3
_;] (il) [~ 2
2
0

-~] (~ 8
-6 -67-4
2 -4
2]
3
(iv) [-22 2-l]
-1 -l 0
x+2y+ 2z=0
-x-4y-4z=0

i] [_~ ~] !l ~I= -1-~~~I= 1-~ ~I

1 2
(v) 0 (vi) 2 (vil) 0 z
[! [;
\~ X

1 2 -3 X y .z

6
0=2= -2
Solution: (i)
A=[~
-I
3
-4
_;] 0
= !_I =-=--
-1

The characteristic equation is

\A-AiJ=O
(c) For h 4, [A - ,1/JX = 0
X,=[J
4~.:l, 3~.:l, 1=0
1-I -4 -3-.:l.
.:l.'-4;P-.:l.+4= 0
A,=-1, 1,4
(a) For.:l.=-1,[A-.:l.,JJX=O 6y+6z=0
i 11.94 ~

x-y+2z=O
eringMathe~

- x -4y-7z=O
- = Matrices ,=1111 11.95

X y z

1-~ !I =-I~ !I= I~ -~I

X y Z
-=-=-
18 6 -6

3=1=
X y Z

-1

X,•[J
(ii) A= 1 2
2 2
[10-~I]
The characteristic equation is
IA-Ail=O -lo
x-III I I I= - 1-2Y -11=
,- 2z-01
1-A
1
O -1,
2-J 1 =0
-1 -1

2 2 3-J
1'-61' + 1U--6 =O
1=1,2, 3
(a) For A= 1, [A -1/JX= O

r;: JJm x+y+z=O

z =O The charactensllc
· · equation is
IA -AIJ =O
Talcing y= 1, x=-1 8-;t -6 2

x,-rn 1
-6
2
7-;t
-4
-4
3 - ;t
1' - 181'+ 451= o
=O

(b) Fod=2, [A-,1/JX

n;-;Jr:H:J
(a) For ,i,, 0, [A --l./] = O A= 0, 3, 15

x+ z =O
2x+ 2y + z = O
H IH:J
11.96 11.97

8x-6y+2z=0
---<ix+7y-4z=0
2:c-4y+3z=O .r 21 = - ~1-7
----.1--6 y 21 = 1-7 z -61
-8 -4 -6 -4 -6 -8
.r y z
40= -40=20

~=L==-
2 -2 I

X, =[-~]

X,=m Note: The eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigen values of a real symmetric
matrix are onbogonal which can be vcrticd with this example.

(b) For J= 3, (A -
x;x,=c• 2 2{-1] =0

[~ ~ll:l=m
5.r-6y+2z=0
X;X, =[2 I -2{ - ~]=0
---<ix+4y-4z=0
2:c-4y=0
.r - y z X;X, =[2 -2 l]m =O
--~=1~ ~I llmsx,.x, andX, are onhogonal to each other•

~]
.r y z
16 = 8 = -16
A=[-~ -1 -2
11,ecbaractcris.lie equation is

X,=Ul -2-A :-!1=0

(c) For ,l = 15, [A -
1 2
-I
I-A
-2
-6 =O
-A
,t• + ..t'-2 U -45 = o

[~ -~ll:l=m
-7.r-6y+ 2z = 0
(1) For
hs, [A -..l.JJX= O ..t= 5, -3, -3

---<ix-8y-4z= 0
2:c-4y-12z=0

I.
 11.98 111111::. Matrices ..::JIii 11.99

-7x+2y -3z=0
2x-4y-6z=0
-x-2y-5z=0
,,,,.,,z1Alrr _mm]
I~ =-1-( ~I
X =1-( ~, - 2x+ y+z=0
x -2y +z=0
X y z x + y -2z=0
-24 = --48 = 24
~=.[=_..:.._
2 -I
-,
t 11 = -1_;I l,=-,-2z
-2 I I I -2
II

x,-[_:] ~ =l'..=-=-
3 3 3

(b) For -l= -3, [A - ~=l'..=-=-

1

[j -~ 1][;]=[~]
I
. X, •[1]
R, -2R,, R, +R, (b) For /4 =-I , [A-A.j]X= 0

Rank of matrix = I
[i ~~][;]=[i] [: tH:J
[i -tt1[':JR~[~]
Number of unknowns= 3
Number of linearly independent solutions = 3 - I = 2
x+2y-3z=0
Taking x= 3 andy=O, z= I Ranic orma . o o o z o
Taking x=-2andy=I, z=O Nurnbc trix = I

=[~l
rofunJcn
Nurnbc 0 OWns = 3

=r-11
r flineart rnd
·
1' . Y ependent solutions = 3 _ l =2
x, x,

. ~:l r:ii
aking x+y+z= 0
laking z= Oand y;,, I, x =-1
(v)
A=[: fl]
The characteristic equation is
IA-M=O
-,l
I
1I
,l3
-,l

-
I

I
I
I
-,l
I

J,l- 2 = 0
=0 A=[;~ -1 2
~i
2

-l= 2, -1, -1
11.100 ~neering Mathe

The characteristic equation is

\A-All=O
--:aam-
tri){"'2
Matrices
• 11.101

JIPkofJJlS owns= 3 . - I
1-,l, 2 2 i,erofunkD . dependent solution= 3 - 2 -
0 2-A.
!l1JIIIt,er oflinearlY m -x + 2y + 2z =0
I =0 !l1JIII z=O

;~tf''
-I 2 2-,l,
A.3 - 5A.2 + 8,l,- 4 = 0 faking
A.=1 , 2, 2
(a) For A.= 1, [A -,l,/JX= O
L

U; lH:l
. · vector corresponding to the repeated root A.= 2.
Hence, there is one e1gen [O I Ol
A= O O I
1 -3 3
y+z=O
-x + 2y +z= 0 The characteristic equation is
\A-All=O
X y z

I~ :1 -1-~ :1 1-~ ~I
= =
-:

1
I
_\
-3 3-A.
1=0
,l,' - 3,l,' + 3,l,- I= 0
A.=1,1,1
For 1 = I, [A -..-t/}X= 0

[-~ =~ !][~]=[~]
R3 + R 1

(b) ForA.=2,[A-A.j]X=O
I][~]=[~]
[-i =l
R,-2R,

~.,_,_, [-: -i !][;].[:]

Number of un1cn0
Numb wns = 3
er of linear! . d
Y m ependent solutions = 3 - 2 = I
-x+y=O
R 3 +2R2 -y+z=O

81
X

= -1-[ ~I= 1-~ _:1z