2007 wxl 7 orK iud.ï mkf;a w;sYh jeo.

;a ,CIK
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iud.ï kS;s WmfoaYl fldñifï idudðl
jr,;a .Kldêldß yd jr,;a l<ukdlrK .KldêldÍ
ksyd,a YS% wurfialr úisks
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2006 uehs 19 jk Èk .eiÜ lrk ,o kj iud.ï mk;a flgqïm; 2006 Tlaf;dan¾ 20
Èk md¾,sfïka;=j úiska oaúmd¾Yúl mokula u; taalu;slj iïu; lrk ,ÿj" .re
l:dkdhl;=ud úiska 2007 ud¾;= 20 jk Èk iy;sl lrkq ,en" .re wud;Hjrhd úiska 2007
wfm%,a 20 Èk wxl 1493/20 orK w;súfYaI .eiÜ m;%fhys m<lrk ,o ksfhda.h m%ldr" 2007
uehs 3 Èk 2007 wxl 7 orK iud.ï mk; ls%hd;aul ùu wdrïN úh'

fuf,iska 2006 uehs 19 jk Èk" tkï óg udi 10 la ;rï fmr Èkl .eiÜ lrkq ,enqjd
jQo" md¾,sfïka;=j úiska 2006 Tlaf;dan¾ 20 jk Èk" tkï óg udi 5 g muK wE; Èkl §
iïu; lrkq ,enqjd jQo iud.ï mk;a flgqïm; b;d È.= ld,hla uyck mÍCIdjg m%d;j ;sìKs'

1982 wxl 17 orK merKs iud.ï mk; mokï ù ;snqfka tlai;a rdcOdksfha 1948 iud.ï
mk; wkqjh' tneúka cd;Hka;r fj<|du iy jdKscHh ms<sn| nyq-wdxYsl f.da,Sh m%jk;dj,g
wkqj" mj;akd iud.ï kSs;S Zhg;a úð;Z iajrEmhla .kakd w;r j¾;udkhg wjqreÿ 60 lg
wdikak ld,hlska wdmiaig .sh tlls ! fï wkqj" mj;akd Zcd;Hka;r kS;shgZ ld,dkqrEmj
w¿;a kS;shla mekùfï wjYH;djh u;= ù ;sfí' my; i|yka jkqfha" mkf;a wod< j.ka;s j,g
fhduq lrñka kj kS;s ix.%yfhys olakg ,efnk w;sYh jeo.;a ,CIK iuyrls'
iud.ï j¾.
mkf;a 4 jk" 5 jk" 6 jk yd 7 jk j.ka;s iuÕ lshúh hq;= 3 jk j.ka;shg wkqj"
iud.ula —iSudiys; iud.ula˜ fyda —iSudrys; iud.ula˜ fyda —wemfhka iSñ;— iud.ula
f,i ixia:dmkh lrkq ,eìh yelsh' ks, ,ehsia;=.; iud.ulg th ks, ,ehsia;=.; fkdl<
iud.ulska fjkiaj y÷kd.; yels jkq msKsi" tys w.ska isxyf,ka kï —fmdÿ˜ hk jpkh fyda
bx.S%isfhka kï ‘PLC’ hk flá fhÿu fhÈh yelsh'
jHjidhlhkaf.a mjq,aj, Ôúldj i|yd wjYH mjq,aj, fm!oa.,sl j;alï wdrCId
lrñka" jHdmdrj,gwj;S¾Kh jk l=vd iy uOHu m%udKfha jHjidhlhkag isÿjk wjodku
iSudlr .ekSug yelsjk mßÈ Z;ks mqoa., fldgia ysñ iud.ïZ we;s lrñka mkf;a 4^2&
j.ka;sfhka w¿;a ixl,amhla y÷kajd § ;sfí'
tfiau" wdKavqj i|yd Ndrlrejka f,i tjlg isák rdcH ks,OdÍka fldgia ysñhka
f,i m;alrñka wju jYfhka fldgia ysñhka 7 fofkl= isáh hq;= njg jQ mõ;kd wjYH;djh
bj; ouñka rchg whs;sh ±ßh yels jk mßÈ ;ks fldgia ysñ iud.ula ixia:d.; lsÍu msKsi
NdKavd.drfha f,alïjrhdg ta j.ka;sfhka n,h §ug isÿlr we;'

;jo" —1987 wxl 23 orK rdcH ixia:d fyda wdKvqjg wh;a jHdmdr wdh;k fmdÿ iud.ï
njg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï mk;— hgf;a hï rdcH ixia:djla fmdÿ iud.ula njg mßj¾;kh
lrk úg" ±kg mj;akd iud.ï kS;sfha úêúOdkj,g mgyeks f,i ta ixia:dfõ fldgia
m%d.aOkfha iï:hu NdKvd.drfha f,alï fj; mejf¾'

wdKavqfõ whs;sjdislï
wdKavqj fjkqfjka ;ks fldgia ysñ iud.ula ixia:d.; lsÍu msKsi NdKavd.drfha
f,alïg 4^2& jk j.ka;sfhka n,h fok w;ru 139 jk j.ka;sfhka" wdKavqj fjkqfjka
NdKavd.drfha f,alï úiska orkq ,nk iud.ul fldgia Odß;dfjk iEu 10] la fyda bka
fldgila i|yd ;udf.a m%;shqla;hd f,i fjk;a ;eke;a;l= m;alsÍug o tlu wjia:dfõ§
fldgia ysñhkaf.a /iaùïj,g iyNd.S ùu msKsi" NdKavd.drfha f,alï wdKavqj fjkqfjka
iud.ul Ziaj¾Kuh fldgiaZ orkakl= jQ úg ;udf.a m%;shqla;lhka jYfhka fjk;a ;eke;a;ka
3 fofkl= o m;alsÍu i|yd ysñlï ,end fohs'

1
 144 jk j.ka;shg wkqj" iud.fï jHjia:dj,shg hg;aj" iud.ul Pkaoh §ug ysñlï
we;s fldgia ysñhkaf.ka 85] g fkdwvq ixLHdjla úiska w;aika lrk ,o fhdackd iïu;hlska"
iud.fï jd¾Isl uyd iNd /iaùu fkdmeje;aùu iy tys § l<hq; njg kshñ; ish¨ foa
fhdackd iïu;h u.ska bgq lsÍug fhaÿkq nj we;=¿" fldgia ysñhkaf.a /iaùul§ ;SrKh l<
hq;= njg mk;ska fyda jHjia:dj,sfhka kshñ; ldrKdjla u; ,sÅ; fhdackd iïu;hla wkqu;
lr .ekSug iud.ug yels jkafkah'

tfia jqjo NdKavd.drfha f,alïjrhd iud.ul fldgia orkakl= jk wjia:djl" 144 jk

j.ka;sfhys i|yka lrk ,o tjeks hï fhdackd iïu;hla" ta fhdackd iïu;hg mCIj
NdKavd.drfha f,alïjrhdf.a ,sÅ; wkqu;sh ,nd fkd.;fyd;a j,x.= fkdjkafka h'

mrud¾: iy jHjia:dj,sh
13 jk j.ka;sh mßÈ" iud.ul idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sfhka" iud.fï mrud¾:" fldgia
ysñhkaf.a whs;sjdislï yd ne£ï iy tys l<ukdlrKh yd mßmd,kh i|yd úêúOdk
ie,eiaúh yelsh' 13 jk" 14 jk yd 15 jk j.ka;s iuÕ lshúh hq;= mßÈ" iqÿiq f,i fhdod.;
yels iy ixfYdaOkh lr.; yels wdo¾Y jHjia:dj,shla m<uqjk Wmf,aLkfhys ±lafõ'

jHjia:dj,sfhys mrud¾: olajd we;s wjia:djl jHdmdr lghq;= bka neyer fkdùu
msKsi iSudlsÍï 17 jk j.ka;sfhka kshu flfrk w;r 33 jk j.ka;sfhka" iajlSh mrud¾:
jHjia:dj,sfhys olajk f,i Zwemfhka iSñ; iud.ulgZ kshu lrkq ,efí'

fldgia i|yd odhl jk f,i fmdÿ ck;djf.ka b,a,d isàfï § y;r jk Wmf,aLkh
iuÕ lshúh hq;= 37 jk j.ka;sfhka" jHdmdßl lghq;= wdrïN jk oskfha isg wjqreÿ 5 l ld,h
;=<§ iud.u úiska lrf.k hkq ,nk jHdmdrh ixia:dm;%fhys ksYaÑ;j i|yka l< hq;= njg
kshu flf¾'

—m%Odk .kqfokqjla˜ hkq l=ula±hs ú.%y flfrk 185 jk j.ka;shg wkqj" fldgia
ysñhkaf.a úfYaI fhdackd iïu;hla uÕska wkqu; lr we;af;a kï ñi" iud.ulg tys
jHdmdßl lghq;=j, iajNdjh idrdkql+,j fjkia l< yels fkdfõ'

wdfhdack uKav,h" úksuh md,l wd§ka úiska" wjYH flfrk mßÈ iSñ; mrud¾: ;sìh
hq;= njg iud.ïj,g kshu lrkq ,eìh yelsh'

mQ¾j-ixia:d.; lsÍfï .súiqï

23 jk" 24 jk iy 25 jk jHjia:dj,ska ZmQ¾j-ixia:d.; lsÍfï .súiqïj,gZ wod<j
lghq;= lsÍu i|yd úêúOdk i,iajkq ,efí' tkï" iud.ula ixia:d.; lsÍug fmr ta iud.u
fjkqfjka hï ;eke;a;l= úiska we;=<;a jk .súiqula ta iud.fï kñka iaÓr lrkq ,eìh hq;=h'
jHdmD;shla i|yd wdfhdack uKav,h úiska wkqu;sh §fuka wk;=rej" iud.ul
jHjia:dj,sh wdfhdack uKav,h úiska wkqu; lsRSfuka miqj muKla wdfhdack uKav,
iud.ula úfYaIs;ju ixia:d.; lsÍug fhfok neúka iy th m%j¾Okfhys ,d m%j¾Olhka
úiska mQ¾J ixia:d.; lsÍfï .súiqïj,giy jevms<sfj,j,g we;=<;aj ;sìh yels neúka tjeks
úêúOdk m%dfhda.slju wjYH h'
m%Odk .kqfokq
185 jk j.ka;shg wkqj" úfYaI fhdackd iïu;hla uÕska wkqu; lr ke;akï fyda
iud.u ixia:d.; lrk wjÈfha § tys jHajia:dj,sh uÕska we;=<;a ùug m%ldYs;ju n,h §
ke;akï fyda iud.ula lsisÿ m%Odk .kqfokqjlg we;=<;a fkdúh hq;=h'
m%Odk .kqfokqjla hkq l=ula ±hs fuf,i ú.%y lr we; (- ^w& w;alr .ekSug fmr
iud.fï j;alïj, jákdlñka 50] g jeä jákdlulska hq;a j;alï w;alr .ekSu" ^wd&
iud.fï j;alïj,ska 50] g jeä j;alï neyer lsÍu" ^we& w;alr .ekSug fmr iud.fï
j;alïj, jákdlñka 50] g jeä jákdlulska hq;a whs;sjdislï fyda iïnkaO;d w;alr .ekSu
fyda ne¢ï fyda j.lSïj,g ne£u" ^wE& iud.fï jHdmdr lghq;=j, iajNdjh idrdkql+,j fjkia
lsÍfï n,meu we;s .kqfokq'

2
 tfia jqjo fuhska iud.fï foam< ish,a,u fyda bka fldgila wrNhd wiaÓr ne£ula
§fuka iud.ula j,lajd,Su fkdlrk w;r" iud.ul foam< Ndr.kakl=" woañksia;%dislrejl=
fyda wEjrlrejl= úiska we;=<;a jk ,o .kqfokq o neyer lrkq ,efí'

m%ldY l< m%d.aOk

49 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj fjkia fjkia whs;sjdislï o iuÕ fjkia fjkia mx;sj,
fldgia ksl=;a l< yels w;r tjeks whs;sjdislïj, fjkia lsÍfï 99 jk j.ka;sfha
úêúOdkj,g hg;a fõ' tfia jqjo flgila i|yd kdñl fyda iul jákdlula fkd;ssìh hq;=h'
wOHCI uKv,h úiska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk mßÈ" uqo,ska fyda wkHdldrlhslska jQ m%;sIaGdjla
i|yd fldgia ksl=;a l< yelssh'

ksoiqkla f,i wdrïNfha§ iud.ula úiska iajlSh fldgia lsishï tla;rd ñ,lg ksl=;a
lrkq ,eìh yels w;r bkamiq by< ñ,lg" tkï" j¾;dudk kshuhka wkqj Zwê ñ,lgZ úl=Kkq
,eìh yelssh' tfia jqjo 58 jk j.kaa;sh mßÈ" ,enqKq fyda ,eîug we;s iy iud.ug f.jk ,o
uqo,aj, tl;=j iud.fï —m%ldY l< m%d.aOkh˜ fõ'

fldgia ksl=;a lsÍu u; Zwêñ,Z i|yd Zfldgia wêñ, .sKquZ" f,i .sKqï ;eîu
wkjYH lr we;' Zwêñ,Z jQ l,S fjkia fjkia we;=,aùfï ,CIHhkays§ fldgia ysñhka w;r
iudk lsÍfï idOlh fõ'

±kg mjd fldgil jákdlu .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka" tys kdñl fyda iul jákdlu
ms<sn|j lsisÿ ;elSula fkdue;sj" ZY=oaO j;alï w.hZ fyda Zbmehqï úNj jákdluZ fyda Zfj<|
fmd, w.hZ wkqjh'

Zfldgia l< m%d.aOkhZ iaÓr ;Fjfhka ;nd .ksñka" fldgia w;=re fn§fï j;auka
ms<sfj;g iudkj" fj<|fmdf,ys fldgia ms<sn| jvd úYd, Odrs;djla iy jvd jeä ixp,;djla
;nd .ekSu msKsi fldgia LKavkh l< yelsh'

wkqo;a fldgia m%d.aOkh iy ksl=;a l< fldgia m%d.aOkh w;r 1982 wxl 17 orK
iud.ï mk;ska mjd ±kgu;a iqúfYaIs fjkia ùula ksYaÑ;j i|yka lr iy fmkakqï lr
ke;;a" ixia:dm;%fha ksYaÑ;j olajñka iy jHjia:dj,sfhys ;;a ldrKh i|yd úêúOdk
i,iajñka" tu ms<sfj; iïm%odh úiska f.dvkÕd we;' tf,iu" wNs,dYh thu kï" w¿;a mk;
hgf;a jHjia;dj,sfhys tjka ms<sfj;la i|yd iy Bg l<hq;= fjkialï ms<sn|j úêúOdk
ie,eiaúh yelsh'

Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍCIKh

kj l%uh wkqj" 57 jk j.ka;sfhys ú.%y lr we;s mßÈ Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn|
mÍCIKh flfrys ksr;=reju wkql+,;djh olajñka iud.fï Kh f.ùfï yelshdj
iïnkaOfhka wjÈfhka yd ±kqj;aj isák f,i iud.ul wµCI uKav,hg kshu lr we;' ta
i|yd fldkafoais 2 la kshu lr ;sfí" tkï (- (i) iud.ul idudkH jHdmdßl ls%hdj,sfha§
f.ùug isÿjk Kh;=reia f.ùug Bg yelshdj ;sfnk nj iy (ii) iud.fï j;alïj,
jákdlu iy tys j.lSïj, jákdlug iy tys m%ldY l< m%d.aOkhg jeä njh' tkï" tys
fjki iud.fï —ixÑ;h˜ fõ'

j;alïj, iy j.lSïj, jákdlï .Kkh lsÍfï § idOdrK jákdlula fyda

;lafiarejla ie,ls,a,g .; yelsh'

151 jk j.ka;shg wkqj iïmdokh lrk ,o uE;lu jQ uq,H m%ldYk ie,ls,a,g

.ksñka iud.ula Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍCIKh bgqlr we;a±hs wOHCI uKav,h úiska
;SrKh lsÍu wjYH flf¾' ;jo" tjeks uq,H m%ldYk mkf;a kshuhkag wkl+, úh hq;= njg
150 jk j.ka;sfhka kshu lr we;'

fï ksid" 2007 wfma%,a 1 jk Èfkka wdrïN jk uqo,a j¾Ih ;=<§ 2007 wxl 7 orK
iud.ï mk; ls%hd;aul jQ úg 151 jk j.ka;shg wkql+<j iïmdokh l< uE;lu jQ uq,H
m%ldYkj,g 57 jk j.ka;sfhka lr we;s fhduq lsÍu" 2007 ud¾;= 31 jk odhska wjikajk j¾Ih
i|yd jQ uq,H m%ldYkj,g lr we;s fhduq lsÍuls'
3
 tfia jjqo 98 jk j.ka;sfha ld¾hH i|yd ZKh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍCIKhZ
.Kkh lsÍfï§" ;ukaf.au fldgia ñ,§ .ekSfï ne£ulska iud.u ksoyia lsÍfï wd{djla
b,a,d isáñka iud.ula úiska wêlrKhla fj; b,a,Sula lr we;s wjia:djl" ;udf.au fldgia
ñ,§ .ekSfuka miq" Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍCIKh bgq lsÍug iud.ug fkdyelaflao
hk j. mÍCIKh lsÍfuys ,d iud.ul m%ldY l< m%d.aOkh .Kka fkd.; hq;=h'

,dNdxY
±kg mj;akd ms<sfj; mßÈu" 60 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj" iud.ul ,dNfhka ,dNdxY fnod
fokq ,eìh yelsh' tfia jqjo th wod< jk .sKqï iïu;kag hg;a úh hq;=h' ,dNdxY tfia fnod
§u uqo,ska úh yelsh" ke;fyd;a we;eï wjia:dj, Ziy;sl ,dNdxYhlaZ úh yelsh' tkï"
iud.ula úiska fjk;a iud.ul orkq ,nk fldgia ,dNdxY f,i fldgia ysñhka fj; fnod
yßkq ,eìh yelsh'

,dNdxY jYfhka fldgia ysñhka fj; iud.ul ,dN uqo,ska fnod yeÍu fkdlr th
iud.fuys r|jd ;nd .ekSug wjYHjQ wjia:djl" tu ,dN m%ldY l< m%d.aOkhg tl;= lsÍu
uÕska iy idudkHfhka —m%ido fldgia˜ hkqfjka i|yka lrkq ,nk w;sf¾l fldgia ish
fldgia ysñhka fj; ksl=;a lsÍu uÕska ta ,dN —wruqo,alrKh˜ l< yelsh' tfy;a we;a;
jYfhkau" —fkdñ,fha fok ;E.a.la˜ ke;' ulaksido h;a" ,dN i|yd fldgia ysñhkag we;s
whs;sh yd ysñlu fyda ixÑ; f,i r|jd.;a ,dN" fldgia ysñhl= leue;af;a kï" uqo,a
,nd.ksñka fjk;a fldgia ysñhl=g úlsKsh yelsùfuka w;sf¾l fldgia iy;sl fldgia
ysñhkag ,nd.ekSfï wjia:dj i,id,ñka" m%ldY l< m%d.aOkfhys kej; wdfhdackh lsÍu
ksidh'

,dNdxY f,i ,dN fnod yeßu fjkqjg —m%ido fldgia— hkqfjka i|yka l< tfia ksl=;a
lrk ,o w;sf¾l fldgia i|yd m%;sIGdj jkafka iud.u fj; r|jd .kakd ,o tjeks ,dNfha
jákdluh' 52 jk j.ka;shg wod<j" tu jákdlu" fldgia ysñhka fj; uqo,ska fnod fkdyer
m%ldY l< m%d.aOkhg tl;= lrkq ,en tfia ksl=;a l< w;sf¾l fldgia ixLHdfjka fn¥ l<
tla fldgilg fjka jQ m%;sIGdj f,i i,lkq ,eìh hq;=h'

—m%;sIGdj— iud.ug iy tys ishMu j;auka fldgia ysñhkag —hqla;siy.; iy idOdrK—

úh hq;= njg 52 jk j.ka;sfha kshu fldg we;' fldgil —kduud;% w.hl— yeisrúu w;yer
oeñfuka th fkdue;sj 52 jk j.ka;sfha wruqKq fldg we;s —m%;sIGdj— jkq we;af;a" m%d.aOk.;
flfrkakdjq ,dNdxY fyda ixÑ;hka ishMu j;auka fldgia ysñhkag iufia fokq ,nk —m%ido
fldgia˜ .Kkska fnosfuka jkakdjq .Kkh'

±kg isák fldgia ysñhkag ;u ;ukaf.a fldgia Odß;djg m%udKdkql+,j w;sf¾l

fldgia ,efnk fyhska" ±kg mjd" fldgil kshu jákdlug wod<ùulake;s iy ta .ek
;elSula ke;s kdñl fyd iul jákdlulg" ta jákdlu ZY=oaO j;alï jákdluZ" ZbmehQ
jákdluZ fydaa Zfj<|fmd, jákdluZ jqj;a" m%ido fldgia ksl=;a lrkq ,efí'

fuu ixl,amh ,dN fldgia ysñhkafj; ,dNdxY f,i uqo,ska fnod yßk ,o fia
ie,lSug iudkh; tfia fnod yßk ,o uqo,ska jQ ,dN ;;aa ld¾hH i|yd fldgia ysñhka fj;
w;sf¾l fldgia ksl=;a lsÍug fhfoñka iud.fï m%ldY l< m%d.aOkfhys kej; wdfhdackh
lsÍug Tjqkg kshu lsÍfï fldkafoaish u; isÿfõ' fuhjQ l,S —m%d.aOklrKh˜ jYfhka
i|yka lrk ,o m%ldY l< m%d.aOkhhg ixÑ;fha m%udKh udrelsÍfï Zm%;sM,hZ fõ'

by; ±lafjk ls%hdj,shg iaÓr j;alï kej; ;lafiarejlska mekke.sh yels

,ndfkd.;a ,dNj,ska fldgiaysñhka fj; ksl=;a lrk ,o —m%ido fldgia˜ o we;=<;a fõ'
fldgiaysñhka fj; w;sf¾l fldgia iy;sl ksl=;a lrñka tf,i kej; ;lafiare l< ixÑ; ta
wdldrfhka m%ldY l< m%d.aOkhg tl;= lrkq ,nk wjia:djl" l,ska lS mßoafokau"
fldgiaysñhd leue;af;a kï" uqo,a ,nd.ksñka fjk;a fldgia ysñhl=g úlsKsh yelsh'

1982 wxl 17 orK iud.ï mkf;a ;;a ld¾h i|yd ksYaÑ; úêúOdk fkdue;sj .sKqï
m%ñ;s wkqj fuu ms<sfj; meu;sfha jqjo th ±ka 2007 wxl 7 orK iud.ï mkf;a fnod yeÍu
ms<sn| iSudjka hg;g jefÜ' thska w;sßla; ixÑ; uqo,ska fyda wka wdldrhlska fldgia ysñhka
fj; fnod yeÍug ms<sjka ù ;sfí'

4
fnodyeÍu
57 iy 61 jk j.ka;sh iu. lshúh hq;= 56 jk j.ka;sfha úêúOdk i,id we;s
fldgiaysñhka fj; fnod yeÍfï fuu kj ixl,amh 60 jk j.ka;sfha i|yka ″,dNj,ska
,dNdxY fnod yeÍu″ iuÕ ñY% lr fkd.; hq;=h' fldgiaysñhka fj; fnodyeßu i|yd wOHCI
uKv,h úiska n,h Èh hq;= w;r" iud.fï jHjia:dj,sfhka wkHdldrhlska úêúOdk fhdod
we;af;a kï ñi" idudkH fhdackd iïu;hla uÕska fldgiaysñhka úiska wkqu; l< hq;=h'

″fldgiaysñhka fj; fnodyeÍu″" iud.ul w;sßla; Kh f.ùfï yelshdj we;s

wjia:djl" øjYS, wruqo,ska fyda foam, wdldrfhka úh yelsh' ta wkqj" fnodyeÍï lsßfuka
wk;=rej" ″Kh f.ùfï yelshdj mßlaIdj″ iEysug m;alsßug hg;aj" fnodyeßh yels
″ixÑ;hka″ u.ska th ksfhdackh jkq we;' tys uqo,a iñm;a wNsFdka;r fhoúñ ioyd rojd
.eksug iud.u wfmalaId lrk úglÈ" fuh —m%ido fldgia— ksl=;=jl ú,dYhlska úh yelsh'

529 j.ka;sfhka —fnodyeÍu— w¾:l:kh lrkq ,nkafka iud.ul fldgia yer tu

fldgia ysñhkaf.a hym; Wfoid fl<skau fyda wkHdldrhlska ,dNdxY f.ùu we;=¿ uqo,a fyda
foam< udre lsÍuhs'

fldgia ZudrelsÍuZ hk mdGfhka w;HdjYHj lshfjkafka ±kgu;a ksl=;a lr we;s iy

,shdmÈxÑ l< fldgia ms<sn|j nj iy ta ksid tajd" m%ldY l< m%d.aOkfhys wvqùulg ;=vq
fokakdjQ mßÈ fldgia ysñhka fj; udrelsÍug fkdyels njhs' tu ld¾hh i|yd 59 jk
j.ka;sfhys fjku ld¾h mámdáhla i,iajd we;' —m%ido fldgia— jYfhka w¨;a fldgia
ksl=;=jla iud.ul fldgia ″mejreula″ fkdjkafkah'

tfia jqjo" fnodyeÍula lsÍug fmr" iud.fï wOHCI uKav,h úiska ish
ú.Kljrekaf.ka ZKh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| iy;slhlaZ ,nd.ksñka ^fnodyeÍula lrkq
,nk fldgiaj,g by<ska fYa%Ks.; iaÓr jrKSh ,dN jYfhkajQ Kh f.ùu we;=¿j& fhdað;
fnodyeÍug blaì;sju iud.u úiska Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍCIKh imqrd,Sug fhfok
njg wOHCI uKav,h iEySug m;aúh hq;=h' ;jo fnodyeÍu issÿlsÍfuka blaì;sju iud.u
úiska Kh f.ùfï yelshd ms,sn| mÍCIKh imqrd,k nj ;ukaf.a u;h njg fnodyeÍug mCIj
Pkaoh fok wOHCIjrhka úiska iy;slhla w;aika l< hq;=h'

fnodyeÍï wdmiq ,nd.ekSu

61 jk j.ka;shg wkqj fnodyeÍula lsÍfuka blaì;sju iud.u úiska Kh f.ùfï
yelshd ms<sn| mÍCIKh imqrd,kafka ke;akï fldgiaaysñhd fnodyeÍu ,nd.;af;a ioaNdjfhka
iy iud.u úiska Kh f.úfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍCIKh imqrd,Su meyer yeÍu ms<sn| ±kqula
fkdue;sj kï" fnodyeÍfï j,x.=Ndjh flfrys úYajdih ;eîfï ia:djrh fldgiaysñhd
fjkia lr we;akï iy wjia:d.; lreKq wkqj iïmQ¾Kfhka kej; f.úh hq;= hhs kshu lsÍu
widOdrK kï yer" fldgia ysñhl= fj; lrk ,o fnodyeÍula iud.u úiska fldgiaysñhdf.ka
wdmiq ,nd.; yelsh'

Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍCIKh imqrd,Su msKsi wkq.ukh l<hq;= iy;sl lsÍu
msKsi idOdrK mshjr .ekSug fkdyels jk wOHCIjrhl= fyda Tyq úiska iy;slh w;aika lr
we;s úfgl" fldgia ysñhkaf.ka whlr .ekSug fkdyels jk fnodyeÍïj, m%udKh iud.ug
wdmiq f.ùug ta wOHCIjrhd mqoa.,slju hg;aj isà'

529 jk j.ka;sfhka —fnodyeÍu˜ hkakg ,dNdxY f.ùu o we;=<;a lr we;s neúka" Kh

f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍCIKh iy 61 jk j.ka;sfha úêúOdk ,dNdxY f.ùï
iïnkaOfhka o wod< fõ' fuhska —,dNdxY f,i ie,flk ,dNxY˜ ms<sn| h:d¾: fkdjQ
kHdhd;aul ixl,amfhys wdilH;djh meyeÈ,sju m%o¾Ykh fõ'

5
m%ldY l< m%d.aOkh wjlrKh lsÍu
529 jk j.ka;sfhys ksjerÈ f,i ú.%y lr we;s mßÈ" fnodyeÍu hkafkka iud.ul
fldgia Odß;dfjka fldgila udrelsÍu fyda fldgia ysñhkag wdmiq §ug fyda fkdyels neúka
fldgia ysñhkag fldgia udrelsÍu neyer lr we;' ulaksido h;a tjeks udrelsÍula" m%ldYs;
m%d.aOkh wvqlsÍula njg m;ajk ksid iy m%ldYs; m%d.aOkh wvqlsÍu iïnkOj 59 jk
j.ka;sfhka úfYaI ld¾h mámdáhla i,iajd we;s ksid;ah'

Khysñhl=f.a mQ¾j leue;a; fkdue;sj m%ldYsl m%d.aOkh ksYaÑ; m%udKhlg wvqjk

mßÈ wjlrKh fkdlrk njg Khysñhl= iuÕ we;s lsishï .súiqulg hg;aj" iud.ula úiska
úfYaI fhdackd iïu;hla uÕska" tkï" Pkaoh §ug ysñlï we;s whf.ka 75] l nyq;lrhlf.a
leue;a; we;sj" mkf;a úêúOdk j,g wkql+,j fhda.H hhs iud.u l,amkd lrk m%udKhlg
m%ldY l< m%d.aOkh wvq l< yelsh'

m%ldY l< m%d.aOkfhys tu fhdað; wjlrKh ms<sn| m%isoaO ±kaùu" m%ldY l< m%d.aOkh
wjlrKh lsÍfï fhdackd iïu;h wkqu; lr .ekSug Èk 60 lg fkdwvq ld,hlg l,ska
m<l< hq;= w;r tfia wjlrKh lsÍfï Èk isg jevlr Èk 10 la we;=<; ta ms<sn| ±kaùu
iud.ï frciag%d¾jrhd fj; Èh hq;=h'

by; ±lafjk ld¾h mámdáh wêlrK ksfhda.hla ,nd.ekSfï mj;akd ms<sfj; neyer
lsÍuls'
iud.fï u fldgia kej; ñ,§ .ekSu iy ksoyia lsÍu
63 jk" 64 jk yd 67 jk j.ka;sj,ska iud.ul fldgia tu iud.u úiska u kej; ñ,§
.ekSug fyda w;alr .ekSug n,h fokq ,efí' -^w& 64 jk j.ka;sfha kshuhka wkqj" tys
jHjia:dj,sfha tf,i úêúOdk i,iajd we;skï" wOHCI uKav,fha wkque;sh we;sj tfia l<
yel' ^wd& 67 jk j.ka;sh wkqj" ksoyia lsÍu iud.fï hym; Wfoid jk njg wOHCI
uKav,h úiska fhdackd iïu; lrf.k we;akï" iud.fï ukdmh mßÈ ksoyia l<yels
fldgila ksoyia lsÍfï ukdmh ls%hd;aul l< yelsh' ^we& fm!oa.,sl iud.ula kï" 31 jk
j.ka;sh mßÈ ish¨u fldgiaysñhkaf.a tlÕ;djh we;sj" ke;fyd;a ^wE& wêlrKh úiska lrk
,o ksfhda.hlg wkql+,j ñ,oS .ekSu fyda w;alr .ekSu l< yelsh'

64 jk j.ka;sh wkqj" iud.ula úiska ;udf.au fldgia ñ,§ .ekSug fyda

wkHdldrfhka w;alr .ekSug tys wOHCI uKav,h úiska iïu; lr.ekSug m%:u" ( ^w& w;alr
.ekSu iud.fï hym; Wfoid njg" ^wd& fldgilg f.ùug hk m%;sIaGdj ú.Kljrekaf.a
u;hg wkqj idOdrK jákdlu njg" ^we& ñ,§ .ekSu msKsi jQ w¾mKh wdidOdrK jk mßÈ ta
fldgiaj, jákdlu ;lafiare lsÍfuys,d jeo.;a jkakdjQo fldgia ysñhkag wkdjrKh lrkq
fkd,enqjd jQo f;dr;=rla ms<sn|j wOHCI uKav,h fkdokakd njg wOHCI uKav,h
fhdackdjla iïu; lr.; hq;= fõ'

tfiau 64 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj" ish¿u fldgia ysñhkaf.a idfmaCI PJoh §fï yd

fnodyeÍfï whs;sjdislïj,g n,mEula isÿ fkdjk wdldrfhka" w¾mKhla bÈßm;a lsÍu fyda
tlÕùulg we;=<;a úu" w¾mKh bÈßm;a fkdlrk ,oafoa hï fldgia ysñhka fj; o" ta fldgia
ysñhkag ke;fyd;a tlÕùulg we;=<;a fkdjk ,oafoahï fldgia ysñhka iuÕ o" ta fldgia
ysñhka úIfhys idOdrK jk njg wOHCI uKv,h úiska fhdackd iïu; l< hq;=h'

fldka;%d;a;=j bgq lsÍfuka miqj Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍCIKh imqrd,Sug

iud.u wfmdfydi;ajk ;dla ÿrg yer" fldgia kej; ñ,§ .ekSu msKsi jQ fldka;%d;a;=jla
iud.ug tfrysj n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd 65 jk j.ka;sfhka úêúOdk i,iajd we;'

iud.fï jHjia:dj,sfhka tfia úêúOdk i,iajd we;akï" iud.ul fldgia ksoyia

lsÍu i|yd 66 jk j.ka;sfhka úêúOdk i,iajd ;sfí (- ^w& 67 jk j.ka;sh wkqj iud.ul
ukdmh mßÈ" ^wd& 68 jk j.ka;sh wkqj fldgia ysñhl=f.a ukdmh mßÈ" fyda ^wE& 69 jk
j.ka;sh mßÈ jHjia:dj,sfhys ksYaÑ;j i|yka Èkhl" iïnkaO;d fkdue;s iqÿiqlï,;a
;eke;a;l= úiska ksYaÑ;j .Kkh l< hq;= fyda kshu lrkq ,eìh hq;= m%;sIaGdjla i|yd ksoyia
l< yelsh'

6
 we;slr.;a fldka;%d;a;=jla mßÈ fldgia ñ,§ .ekSug iud.ula wfmdfydi;a jQ
wjia:djl" 65 jk j.ka;sfha kshuhka wkqj" fldka;%d;a;=fõ wfkla md¾Yjlre
ysñlïmdkakl=f.a ;…hg m;ajk w;r" Khysñhkaf.a whs;sjdislïj,g hg;a ;…hlg m;afõ'
68 jk j.ka;sfha kshuhka wkqj" fldgia ksoyia lsÍug ukdmh ls%hd;aullrñka
fldgiaysñhl=f.ka iud.u fj; ±kaùula ,enqkq wjia:djl iy 69 jk j.ka;sfha kshuhka
wkqj" fldgia ksoyia lsÍu ksYaÑ; Èkhl § isÿflfrk wjia:djl hk wjia:d fofla§u" l,ska
fldgiaysñhd iqrCIs; fkdlrk ,o Khysñhl=f.a ;…hg m;afõ'

59 jk j.ka;sh wkqj" 68 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj fldiaysñhl=f.a ukdmh mßÈ fldgia

ksoyia lrk wjia:djl fyda 69 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj ksYaÑ; Èkhl § fldgia ksoyia lsÍug
we;s wjia:djl fyda úreoaO jk fldgiaysñhl=f.ka 95 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a iud.u úiska
fldgia ñ,§ .kakd wjia:djl" Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍCIKh bgqlsÍug ta
wjlrKfhys fyda ñ,§ .ekSfuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka iud.u wfmdfydi;a jk njg tys wOHCI
uKav,h iEySug m;ajkafka kï" Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn|j ú.Kljrekaf.a iy;slhla
,nd.ekSfuka miq" wOHCI uKav,h úiska" úfYaI fhdackd iïu;hla fkdue;sj" Kh f.ùfï
yelshdj ms<sn|j mÍCIKh bgqlsÍug iud.u wfmdfydi;a jk uqo,a m%udKfhka m%ldY l<
m%d.aOkh wjlrKh l< hq;= njg ksYaph lr.; hq;=h' m%ldY l< m%d.aOkh wjlrKh
fkdlrk njg Khysñhl= iu. lsishï .súiqula ;snqfka ù kuq;a tfia l<hq;= jqjo ta ms<sn|j
Èk 60 lg fkdwvq ld,hlg l,ska m%isoaO ±kaùula l< hq;=jdla fukau bka wk;=rej iud.ï
frðiag%d¾jrhd fj; ta nj ±kqï Èh hq;=h'

68 jk iy 69 jk j.ka;sh wkqj fldgiaysñhl=f.a ukdmh mßÈ fyda kshu l< Èkhl§

fldgia ksoyia lsÍu 56 jk j.ka;sfha ld¾hh i|yd fnodyeÍula fkdjk kuq;a 61 jk
j.ka;sfha ^1& yd ^3& jk Wmj.ka;sj, ld¾h i|yd fnodyeÍula f,i i,lkq ,efí' tu
j.ka;sj,ska tfia fnodyßk ,o uqo,a wdmiq iud.u úiska whlr .ekSu i|yd iy$fyda
wOHCIjrekag fyda fldia ysñhkag tfrysj kS;suh ls%hd ud¾.hla .ekSu i|yd úêúOdk i,iajd
we;' tkuq;a 67 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj iud.fï ukdmh mßÈ fldgia ksoyia lsÍu" 64 jk
j.ka;sfha ^3& jk Wmj.ka;sfha ld¾h i|yd iud.u úiska lrkq ,nk w;alr .ekSula f,i iy
56 jk j.ka;sfha ld¾h i|yd fnodyeÍula f,i i,lkq ,efí'

iud.u úiska w;alr .kakd ,o fyda ksoyia lrk ,o fldgila" w;alr .ekSu fyda
ksoyia lsÍu ms<sn|j iud.ï frðiag%d¾jrhdg jydu ±kqïÈh hq;= w;r tfia w;alr .ekSu fyda
ksoia lsSÍu;a iu.u th wj,x.= jQ f,i ie,lSh hq;=h'

;on, m%d.aOk mdvqj

220 jk j.ka;sh wkqj" iud.fï Y=oaO j;alï tys m%ldY l< m%d.aOkfhka 50] g jvd
wvq nj iud.ul wOHCIjrhl=g fmkS .shfyd;a wOHCIjrhdg tu ±k.ekSug ,eîfuka
jevlrk Èk 20 la we;=<; wOHCI uKav,h úiska" fldgiaysñhkaf.a w;s úfYaI uyd iNd
/iaùula le|úh hq;= w;r ta /iaùu" th le|ùfï Èk isg jevlrk Èk 40 g jvd miq fkdjk
Èkl§ meje;aúh hq;=h'

tjeks /iaùula le|jkq ,nk ±kaùu iu. ^w& ±Íug isÿjQ we;s mdvqfõ iajNdjh yd
m%udKh" ^wd& ±Íug isÿjQ mdvqjg fya;=" ^wE& ;jÿrg;a mdvq isÿùu je,elaùu msKsi fyda orK ,o
mdvq mshjd .ekSu msKsi wOHCI uKav,h úiska .kq ,nk hï mshjr fõo ta mshjr ms<sn|j
fldgiaysñhka ±kqïj;a flfrk wOHCI uKav,h úiska ilia lrk ,o jd¾;djla heúh hq;=h'

/iaùfï§ wOHCIjreka fuu jd¾;dj iy iud.fï uq,H ;…h ms<sn|j idlÉPd l< hq;=
w;r" jd¾;dj u; iy iud.fï l<ukdldrKh .ek m%Yak weiSug" idlÉPd lsÍug yd úfõpk
lsÍug fldgiaysñhkag idOdrK wjia:djla ,ndÈh hq;=h'

tjeks úêúOdk ksid iud.fï Kh fíÍfï yelshdj ms<sn|j iy iud.fï m%ldY l<
m%d.aOkfha CIhùu keje;aùu yd h<s h:d iajNdjhg m;a lsÍu msKsi W;aidy lsÍug Wmdh
ud¾.sl mshjr .ekSfuys ,d ksrka;rfhka l,amkdldÍj yd wjÈfhka isàu l<kdlrKhg
wksjd¾h flf¾'

7
 219 jk j.ka;shg wkqj" iud.ul Kh f.ùug kshñ; jk ld,hg f.ùug iud.ug
fkdyels jk nj wOHICjrfhla úYajdi lrkafka kï" iud.u .Kka fírd jid±uSu i|yd iy
wEjrlrejl= fyda woañksia;%dislrejl= fyda m;alsÍu msKsi wêlrKh fj; wOHCI uKav,h
úiska b,a,Sula l< hq;=o hkak .ek fyda iud.fï jHdmdßl lghq;= ;jÿrg;a lrf.k hdhq;=o
hkak i,ld ne,Su wOHCO uKav,fha /iaùula jydu le|úh hq;=h'

tjeks wjia:dkql+, lreKl § tfia ls%hd lsÍug wOHCIjrfhla wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a

iy bka wk;=rej iud.u wEjrlsÍfï ;…hg m;a jqjfyd;a" wEjrlref.a fyda Khysñhl=f.a
b,a,Su u; wêlrKh úiska" iud.fï jHdmdßl lghq;= È.gu lrf.k hdfï m%;sM,hla
jYfhka Khysñhkag orkakg isÿj we;s mdvqfõ uq¿ m%udKh fyda bka fldgila mshùug
wOHCIjrhd hg;a úh hq;= njg ksfhda.hla l< yelsh'

wOHCIjrhd úiska le|jk ,o /iaùfï § iud.u .Kka fírd jid ±óug iy

wEjrlrejl= fyda woañksia;%disjrhl= m;alsÍug wêlrKh fj; b,a,Sug wOHCI uKv,h
fhdackd iïu; fkdl<fyd;a iy Kh f.ùug kshñ; ld,fha § th f.ùug iud.ug yels nj
úYajdi lsÍug /iaùu mj;ajk ld,fha§ idOdrK fya;= fkd;snqfka kï iy bka wk;=rej
wEjrlsÍfï ;…hg iud.ï m;aù kï (-

wEjrlref.a fyda Khysñhl=f.a b,a,Su u; wêlrKh úiska" /iaùug meñK isá iy

iud.u .Kka fírd jid±óu i|yd yd wEjrlrejl= fyda woañksia;%disjrhl= m;alsÍu i|yd
wêlrKh fj;ska b,a,d isàug mCIj PJoh ÿka wOHCIjrhka yer" wksl=;a wOHCIjrhka"
iud.u úiska È.gu jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hdfï m%;sM,hla f,i Khysñhkag ú¢kakg isÿjQ
mdvqfõ uq¿ m%udKh i|yd fyda bka fldgila i|yd j.lsj hq;= njg ksfhda.hla lrkq ,eìh
yels h'

fuhska" Kh f.ùfï yelshdj m%udKj;a f,i mj;sk njg j.n,d .ekSug iy

iud.ula nxfldf<d;a jQ úg wOHCIjrhka mqoa.,sl j.lSug md;% jk mßÈ jHdmdr lghq;= È.gu
lrf.k fkdhdu msKsi wOHCIjrhka flfrys úYd, hq;=lula mejfrkafkah'

tfiau fuhska tjeks wdrCIdjla fuf;la fkd,enqKq wkdrCIs; Khsysñhkag iy

nexl=lrejkag wdrCIdj i,iajd,hs'

fiajdkshqla;slhkag jHdjia:dms; f.ùï lsÍfï m%uqL…h

361 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj" iud.fï lsishï j;alï iqrCIs; lsÍug fmrd;=j iud.fï
fiajdkshqla;slhkag f.ùï l< hq;=j we;s ish¨ w¾:idol wruqo,a" fiajdkshqla;slhkaf.a Ndr
wruqo,a iy mdßf;daIsl f.ùï i|yd WmÑ; ù we;s ish¨ uqo,a tfia iqrCIs; j;akï úlsKSfuka
,fnk uqo,ska f.ùu i|yd m%uqL…h Èh hq;=h' tjeks f.ùï l< hq;af;a" ta jHjia:dms; whlsÍï
fiajdkshqla;slhkag f.ùug kshu ùfuka miqj tjeks j;alï úIfhys tjeks iqrCIs; lsÍula
,ndf.k isák md¾Yjlrejl=g f.ùï lsÍug m%:ufhka fõ'

óg w;sf¾lj" mkf;a kj jk Wmf,aLkfha i|yka fiajlhkag f.úh hq;= ish¨

w¾:idol wruqo,a" fiajdkshqla;slhkaf.a Ndr wruqo,a iy mdßf;daIsl f.õï" nÿ jYfhka
wdKavqjg f.úh hq;= jHjia:dms; f.ùïj,g mjd jeä m%uqL…hla .kakd kuq;a tajd wEjrlreg
f.úh hq;= f.ùïj,g miqj l< hq;= fõ'

wOHCIjrhkaf.a hq;=lï
187 jk j.ka;sh wkqj iud.ul wOHCIjrfhla iud.fï hym; msKsi fõ hhs Tyq
úiska úYajdi lrk wdldrhg ioaNdjfhka hq;=j ls%hd l< hq;=h' flfia fj;;a iïmQ¾K whs;sh
orK md,s; iud.ula iïnkaOfhka jk úg jHjia:dj,sfhka wjir § we;akï" iajlSh ls%hdj
;ud wOHCIjrhl= jk md,s; iud.fï hym; Wfoid fkdjkafka jqjo ta ls%hdj ujq iud.fï
hym; Wfoid jk njg Tyq úYajdi lrkafka kï Tyq úiska tfia ls%hd lrkq ,eìh yelsh'

188 jk j.ka;sfhka" mkf;a fyda iud.fï jHjia:dj,sfha úêúOdkj,g mgyeks

wdldrfhka ls%hd lsÍu wOHCIjrhl=g ;ykï flf¾'

8
 189 jk j.ka;sfhka wkjOdkfhka fyda nrm;, fkdie,ls,su;a wkaoñka ls%hd lsÍu
wOHCIjrhl=g ;ykï jk w;r iajlsh ±kqu yd m<mqreoao we;s ;eke;a;l=f.ka hqla;s iy.;
f,i" n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels ksmqk;djfhka iy ie,ls,su;a Ndjfhka ls%hd lsÍu wksjd¾h
flf¾'

wOHCIjrhl= ioaNdjfhka ls%hdlrkafkakï o wjia:d.; lreKq wkqj mÍlaIKhl

wjYH;dj fmkakqï lrk úgl" ksis mßÈjQ mÍlaIKhla lrkafkakï o úYajdihla ;eîu whq;=
nj fkd±k isákafka kïo ta wOHCIljrhl=g ^w& iud.fï fiajdkshqla;slfhl= úiska ^wd&
jD;a;Sh WmfoaYlfhl= fyda úfYaI{fhl= jD;a;Sh fyda úfYaI{ ksmqK;ajh wh;a njg úYajdi
l< yels ldrKhlg wod<j ta ;eke;a;l= úiska fyda ^we& ta wOHCIjrhd wh;a fkdjQ hï
wOHCIl lñgqjla fyda fjk;a hï wOHCILjrhl= úiska" Tyqf.a fyda lñgqfõ ks¾ÈiaG n,h
we;=,;jQ hï ldrKhlg wod<j fyda ilia lrk ,o fyda imhk ,o jd¾;d" m%ldY iy uq,Hu
o;a; yd fjk;a f;dr;=re u; iy fok ,o jD;a;Sh fyda úfYaI{ Wmfoia u; úYajdih ;eîug
190 j.ka;sfhka bv i,id ;sfí'

147 jk j.ka;shg wkqj" wOHCIl uKav,fha ;uka wOHCIljrhl=j isák$isá ld,

iSudj ;=< meje;ajQ ish¨ /iaùï jd¾;dj, iy;sl l< msgm;a ,eîug wOHCIljrhl=g iy
ysgmq wOHCIjrhl=g ysñlï we;af;ah'

wOHCIjrhkaf.a iïnkaO;d

.kqfokqjlg wOHCIjrhl=f.a ″iïnkaO;djh″ hk fhÿu" 191 jk j.ka;sfhys my;

±lafjk mßo w¾:ksrEmkh lr ;sfí' mßÈ" tkï ^w& .kqfokqjl md¾Yjlrejl=j isák fyda
.kqfokqjlska uq,H m%;s,dNhla ,eîu" ^wd& .kqfokqjl md¾Yjlrejl= iu. jeo.;a uq,Huh
iïnkaO;djla mej;Su" ^we& md,s; iud.ug wfkHdkHuqLj md,l iud.ula iïnkOj yer"
.kqfokqjlska uq,Huh m%;s,dNhla ,nk md¾Yjhl wOCHIjrhl=" ks<Orhl= fyda Ndrlrejl=j
isàu" ^wE& .kqfokqjlska jeo.;a m%;s,dNhla ,nk md¾Yjhl foudmshkaf.ka flfkl="
orefjla fyda ld,;%shl= ùu" ^b& ke;fyd;a .kqfokqjlg i#cqju fyda jl%j jeo.;a
iïnkaO;djla ;sîu hs'

tjka ″iïnkaO;djla″ orK wOHCIjrhl=" tu iïnkaO;dj iud.fï ZiïnkaO;d

f,aLkfhaZ we;=<;a l< hq;= yd wOHCIl uKav,fha§ tu iïnkaO;dj wkdjrKh l< hq;= nj
192 jk j.ka;sfhka kshu lr ;sfí'

wOHCIljrhl=f.a iïnkaO;djla mj;akd .kqfokqjla iud.ug —idOdrK jákdlu˜

,eî fkdue;s kï" ″w.kd m%;sIGdjla″ .kqfokqù we;akï iy .kqfokqj wj,x.= lrkq ,eìh
yels wjia:d.; lreKq lsisjla ms<sn|j fkd±kqj;aj tu md¾Yjh ioaNdjfhka ls%hd lr
;sfíkï" ;=kajk md¾Yjhl iajd¾: iïnkaOd wdrlaId lrñka" wj,x.= lsÍu i|yd úêúOdk 193
iy 194 jk j.ka;sj, we;==,;afõ'

fuu j.ka;sj, we;=,;a úêúOdk j,g hg;aj" ZiïnkaO;djlaZ we;s wOHCIjrhl=g ^w&
ta .kqfokqjg wod< ldrKhl§ PJoh Èug" ^wd& ta .kqfokqj Woa.; jk wOHCI uKv, /iaùug
iyNd.s úug" ^we& ta .kqfokqjg wod< f,aLkhlg iud.u fjkqfjka w;aika ;eîug ^wE& ta
.kqfokqj iïnkaOj wOHCIjrhl= jYfhka fjk;a ljr fyda fohla lsÍug yels jk úêúOdk
196 jk j.ka;sfhys i,iajd we;'

wOHCIlrjhl= úiska" ^w& iud.fï ld¾h i|ydo ^wd& kS;sfhka kshñ; mßÈo" ^we&
wOHCI uKav,h úiska n,h fok mßÈ o ^wE& jHjia:dfjka § we;s mßÈ o yer f;dr;=re
wkdjrKh lsÍu 196 jk j.ka;sh uÕska ;ykï flf¾'

tfukau" 198" 199 iy 200 jk j.ka;sj,ska wOHCIjrhl= úiska wOHCI uKav,hg

fy<sorõ lr" ″iïnkaO;d f,aLkfhys″ iud.fï hï fldgilg" iDcqju fyda jl%j ;udf.a
iïnkaO;d igyka lsÍu ms<sn|j úêúOdk i,id ;sfí'

9
 iud.fï wOHCIljrhl= fyda" wOHCIjrhl=f.a yjq,alrejl= fyda fiajdkshqla;hl= jk
;eke;a;l= fyda ta wOHCIjrhd iud.fï wOHCIjrhl= f,i OQrh ±Íu k;r ù wjqreÿ 2 l
ld,hla blaujk ;=re" iud.fï ú.Kljrhl= jYfhka m;alsÍu" 157 jk j.ka;shg wkqj lsÍug
fkdyelsh'

iq¿ fldgiaysñhka iy jHq;amkak kvq

iud.fï lghq;= " hï fldgiaysñhl=g$ysñhkag mSSvdldÍ wdldrfhka lrf.k hkakdjQ
wjia:djl tu mSvkh j,lajd .ekSu msKsi iy$fyda iud.fï lghq;=" iud.fï hym;g
w.;sodhl f,i mj;ajdf.k hkakdjQ wjia:djl" tu whym;a l<ukdlrKh j,lajd .ekSu
msKsi fyda iud.fï l<ukdlrKfhys fyda md,kfhys ie,lsh hq;= fjkila isÿù we;s iy ta
fjkia ùfï fya;=fjka iud.fï lghq;= tys hym;g w.;sodhl wkaoñka mj;ajdf.k hkakdjQ
wjia:djl" iud.fï fldgiaj,ska 5] g wvq fldgia m%udKhla orK fldgiaysñhka úiska
.;yels m%;sl¾u 224 isg 233 olajd j.ka;sj, f.kyer ±lafõ'
mSvkh iy whym;a l<ukdlrKh j,lajd .ekSu i|yd mjrK kvqjl§ 233 jk
j.ka;sh hgf;a wêlrKh úiska jdrK ksfhda. ksl=;a lrkq ,eìh yels w;r" wjidk wd{djla
lrk f;la fï mk; hgf;a wêlrKh fj; lrkq ,enQ hï b,a,Sul§ fyda fhduq lsÍul§
wêlrKh úiska w;=re wd{d lrkq ,eîu i|ydo 521 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a jeäÿr úêúOdk
we;'
iud.ul hym; yd Y=Nisoaêh i|yd iud.fï kdufhka iy iud.u fjkqfjka
—jHq;amkak kvq˜ hkqfjka i|yka lrkq ,nk kvq lghq;= mejÍug iud.ul fldgia ysñhl=g
muKla fkdj wOHCIjrhl=g o we;s whs;sh ±ka" jHjia:dms; whs;shla f,i 234 jk j.ka;sfhka
iqrCIs; fldg we;'

iud.ula idjµ ls%hdldÍka úiska md,kh lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i th jxpdldÍj mdvqjg
mj;ajdf.k hk wjia:djl fyda iq¿ fldgiaysñhkaf.a whs;sjdislï yd ysñlï mjrdf.k we;s
fyda mjrd.ksñka isák wjia:djl fyda iud.ula úiska kS;sh W,a,x>kh lrñka kS;súfrdaë
lghq;a;la lrf.k hk wjia:djl wêlrKh úiska tjeks kvq ms<sf.k we;'
234 jk j.ka;sfhka" iud.u fj; fkd;Sis Ndr§fuka miq wêlrKfha wjirh ,nd
.ekSu u; muKla tjeks jHq;amkak kvq mj;ajdf.k hdug úêúOdk we;s lr we;'
kvjla mejÍu i|yd wjYH ish¨ f,aLkj,g fldgiaysñhl=g m%fõYh fkd,eìh yels
neúka" we;eï rgj,aj," lsishï iud.ulska f,aLk le|ùug n,h we;s iq/l=ïm;a iy úksuh
fldñIka iNdjg o hï iud.ulg wfkHdakHj jHq;amkak kvqjla mejÍfï whs;sh ,nd § we;'
tfia lr we;af;a iq/l=ïm;a iy úksuh fldñIka iNdjl uQ,sl mrud¾:hla kï
fldgiaysñhkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu jk neúks' tjeks iud.ul fldgia ysñhl= f,iska
tjeks whs;shlatu fldñIka iNdjg ls%hd;aul l< yels o hkak újdomkak lreKls'
tfyhska" iud.ula fj; fkd;Sis Ndrlrkq ,en wjirh §fï wjia:dfõ§" wêlrKh
úiska wjirh §u i,ld ne,Su i|yd wjYH lrk ish¨ ,shlshú,s iud.u úiska iemhSu wjYH
flf¾'
iq¿ fldgia ysñhkaf.ka ñ,§ .ekSu
93 jk j.ka;shg wkqj" my; ±lafjk ldrK i|yd tkï ( (i) iud.ul jHdmdrh fyda
lghq;= flfrys mßiSud mekùfuka fyda mj;akd mßiSud bj;a lsÍfuka iud.ul jHjia:dj,sh
fjkia lsÍu ; (ii) 185 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj m%Odk .Kqfokqjla wkqu; lsÍu; (iii) 241 jk
j.ka;sh hgf;a fyda 100 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj taldnoaO lsÍula wkqu; lsÍu i|yd 143 jk
j.ka;sh m%ldrj 75] nyq;rhlska úfYaI fhdackd iïu;hla iïu; lr.;a wjia:djl
fldgiaj,g wE÷Kq whs;sjdislïj,g n,mdk hï ls%hdud¾.hla .ekSu iïnkaO;d we;s hï
lKavdhula úiska l<fyd;a tjeks fhdackd iïu;hlg úreoaOj PJoh fok fldgia ysñhl=g" 94
jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj iud.u fj; ±kqï § Tyqf.a fldgia ñ,g .kakd f,i iud.ug n,lr
isàug ta fldgiaysñhdg ysñlï ;sfí'

10
 94 jk j.ka;sh wkqj ;udf.a fldgia iud.u úiska ñ,g .kakd f,i fldgiaysñhl=
úiska iud.ug n,lrñka tjeks ±kaùula ,enqKq miq" wOHCI uKav,h úiska - ^w& ta fldgia
ñ,g .ekSug tlÕ úh hq;=h; ^wd& ta fldgia ñ,g .ekSu msKsi tlÕ jk fjk;a hï
;eke;a;l= ^fuhska ±kg isák fldgiaysñhl= neyer fkdflf¾& ms<sfh, l< hq;=h; ^we& ta
fldgia ñ,§ .ekSfï ne£fuka iud.u ksoyia flfrk ksfhda.hla i|yd wêlrKh fj;
b,a,Sula l< hq;=h ; ^wE& ta fhdackd iïu;h mßÉÑkak lsÍu msKsi ms<sfj,la fhÈh hq;=h'

iud.ug fldgia ñ,§ .ekSug wOHCI uKv,h tlÕ jk wjia:djl 95 jk j.ka;sh

m%ldrj wOHCI uKav,h úiska fhda.H iy idOdrK ñ,la kshu l< hq;= w;r" ta nj
fldgiaysñhd fj; okajd isáh hq;=h' túg" ta ±kaùu fldgiaysñhdg ,eîu;a iu. iud.u úiska
fldgia ñ,g .;a;d fia ie,lsh hq;=h'

wOHCI uKav,h úiska kshu lrk ,o ñ, fldgiaysñhdg ms<s.; fkdyels kï Tyq

úiska úreoaO…h m%ldY lsÍfï ±kaùula iud.ug Èh hq;=h' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a iud.u úiska"
iud.u kshu l, ñ, fldgia ysñhdg f.jkq ,nk w;r fldgia ysñhd úiska fldgia iy;slh
iud.ug Ndr Èh hq;=h'

fldgia ysñhd úreoaO…h m%ldY lr we;akï" fhda.H iy idOdrK ñ,la ;SrKh lsÍfï
m%Yakh iud.fï ú.Kljreka fj; fhduq l< hq;= w;r" ú.Kljreka úiska ;;a ldrKh
;SrKh lrk f;la wOHCI uKav,h úiska ;SrKh lrk ,o ;djld,sl ñ, f.úh hq;=h' ta
;djld,sl ñ, f.ùfuka miq fldgia ysñhd úiska fldgia iy;slh iud.ug Ndr Èh hq;=h'

ú.Kljreka úiska ñ, ;SrKh lsÍfuka miq f.ùug hï fYaI uqo,la ;sfí kï th

iud.u úiska fldgia ysñhdg f.úh hq;=h' ;jo f.jkq ,enQ ;djld,sl ñ, Bg jeä kï"
fldgia ysñhd úiska ta jeä uqo, iud.ug wdmiq Èh hq;=h' wjia:d fofla§u" ú.Kljreka úiska
;SrKh lrkq ,eìh yels fmd,sho ta iu. f.úh hq;=h’'

ú.Kljreka fj; fuu ldrkh fhduq lsÍug iud.u wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a fyda
wOHCIjreka úiska ;srKh lrk ,o ñ, ms,s.; fkdyels kï" ta ñ, ;srKh lsÍug ;eke;a;l=
m;alsÍu msKsi fldgiaysñhd úiska wêlrK ksfhda.hla ,nd.; hq;=h'

96 jk j.ka;sh wkqj" úreoaOjk fldgiaysñhdf.ka fldgia ñ,oS .ekSu msKsi wOHCI

uKav,h úiska fjk;a hï ;eke;a;l= ^thska ±ka isák fldgiaysñhl= neyer fkdflf¾&
ms,sfh, lr we;s wjia:djl o 95 jk j.ka;sfha olajd we;s ld¾h mámdáh wod, fõ'

97 jk iy 98 jk j.ka;s m%ldrj" iud.ug kshñ; fya;= u; fldgia ñ,§ .ekSu

msKsijQ ne£fuka iud.u ksoyia lrkakdjQ ksfhda.hla ,nd.ekSu msKsi wêlrKfhka b,a,d
isáh yels w;ru" úreoaOjk fldgiaysñhl=g iyk i,iajñka wêlrKh úiska idOdrK
ksfhda.hla l< yel'

úfoaY iud.ï

488 jk j.ka;sfhka —úfoaY iud.ula˜ hkafkka YS% ,xldj ;=< jHdmdßl ia:dkhla
msysgqjd we;s iud.ula woyia lr we;'

iEu úfoaY iud.ula úiskau" iud.ï frciag%d¾ fj; ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd" iud.u
fjkqfjka f,aLK Ndr.ekSu i|yd n,h fokq ,enQ YS% ,xldfõ mÈxÑh we;s tla ;eke;a;l=f.a
fyd ;eke;a;ka jeä.Kklf.a kï iy ,smsk we;=¨j" wod< f;dr;=re we;=<;a ksYaÑ; f,aLk"
tu iud.u" iud.ï frcsiag%d¾jrhd fj; ,shdmÈxÑ lrkq ,eîu i|yd" NdrÈh hq;= nj iy
iud.ï frciag%d¾jrhd tu iud.u" ZúfoaY iud.ulaZ f,i ,shdmÈxÑ lr" ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï
iy;slhla ksl=;a l< hq;= nj 489 jk j.ka;sfhka kshu lr we;'

,shdmÈxÑ ZúfoaY iud.ulaZ úiska mkf;a 7 jk j.ka;sh wkqj ;ykï lr we;s kula
Ndú;d lsÍu 493 jk j.ka;sfhka j,lajd,hs'

11
 489 jk j.ka;sfhka" YS% ,ldfjka msg; ixia:d.; lr we;s iu.ula úiska lrf.k hk
jHdmdrh úksuh md,k mk; hgf;a lr we;s kshuhkag wkql+, fkdjk wjia:djl tu iud.u
ZúfoaY iud.ulaZ f,i YS% ,xldfjys ,shdmÈxÑ lsßu iy YS% ,xldj ;=< jHdmdßl ia:dkhla
msysgqùu tu iud.u úiska fkdl< hq;= njg kshu flf¾'

490 jk j.ka;sh u.ska úfoaY iud.ulg mk; hgf;a ixia:d.; lrk ,o iud.ula
whqßkau YS% ,xldj ;=< bvï ±Íug n,h fokq ,efí'

úfoaY iud.ula úiska iud.ï frðiag%d¾jrhd fj;" ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï wjia:dfõ §

bÈßm;a lrkq ,enQ f,aLkj, iy f;dr;=rej, lsishï fjkila isÿ jQ úg ta fjkialï iud.ï
frðiag%d¾jrhd fj; okajd isàu iy iEu ,s;a j¾Ihlo’u iajlsh uq,H m%ldY bÈßm;a lsÍu
mkf;a 491"492" 495 iy 496 j.ka;sj,ska wksjd¾h lr we;'

ms<sfj,ska 494" 500 isg 505 jk j.ka;sj,ska" iud.fï lsishï fldgiaj,g fyda
iDKm;%j,g odhlùu i|yd w¾mkh lrñka Zixia:d m;%hlaZ ksl=;a lsÍfï§ ,shdmÈxÑ úfoaY
iud.ula fyda YS% ,xldfjka msg; ,shdmÈxÑ lr we;s iud.ula úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= ld¾h
mámdáh úia;r lr we;'

iud.ï wdrjq,a uKav,h

kj mkf;a ;j;a w¿;a ,CIKhla kï" iud.ï kS;sh ms<sn|j iy iud.ï mßmd,kh
ms<sn|j iEfyk m<mqreoaola we;s ;eke;a;kaf.ka 3 g fkdwvq iy 5 fkdjeä idudðlhka
ixLHdjlska iukaú; iud.ï wdrjq,a uKav,hla 507 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj wud;Hjrhd úiska
m;afldg msysgùuhs' bka tla whl= uKav,fha iNdm;s f,i m;alrkq ,eìh hq;=h'

508 jk j.ka;sfhka úêúOdk i,id we;af;a ^w& mkf;a úêúOdk n,d;aul lsÍfuka
mekk.skakd jQ fyda ^wd& iud.fï lghq;= j,g iy l<ukdlrKhg wod< ldrKdj,ska
mekk.skakd jQ wdrjq,a ta wdrjq,aj, md¾Yjlrejka úiska wdrjq,a uKav,hg fhduq lsÍu iy ta
wdrjq,a uKav,fha iNdm;sjrhdf.a wkque;sh we;sj iu:hlg m;alsÍu i|yd uKav,fha
idudðlhl= bÈßhg muqKqjd,Su h'

hï wêlrKhla bÈßfha úNd. fjñka mj;sk kvq lghq;a;la iud.ï wdrjq,a uKv,fha
idudðlhl= fj; ta kvqhq;af;a ish¿u md¾Yjlrejkaf.a leue;a; we;sj iu:hlg m;alsÍu
i|yd wêlrKh úiska fhduq lrkq ,eìh yelsh' id¾:l iu:hlg t<fUk ;=re fyda kvq
lghq;a; kej; wdrïN lrk ;=re w;aysgjkq ,eìh hq;=h'

iud.ï wdrjq,a uKav,fha idudðlhl= bÈßfha t<fUk ,o hï iu:hla ,shú,a,lska

f,aLk.; fldg tys md¾Yjlrejka úiska iy iud.ï wdrjq,a uKv,fha ta idudðlhd úiska
w;aika l< hq;=h' tjeks iu:hl fyda tlÕ;djhl iy;sl l< msgm;la wêlrKfhys f.dkq
l< hq;= w;r th wêlrK ;Skaÿjla f,i n,d;aul úh hq;=h'

tjeks iu;hg m;alsÍul úhoï md¾Yjlrejka úiska ±ßh hq;=h'

wjika lsÍu

2007 wxl 7 orKkj iud.ï n,d;aul lsÍfï§ ZwdrïNl .eg¿Z iy mkf;a

úêúOdkj,g wkql+,j iy ms<sme§u msKsi jeä ÈhqKq l< w¿;a wdlD;sm;% lÜg,hla iu.
ZfõokdldÍ fjkilaZ we;sùu fkdwkqudkh'

iud.ï mk;a flgqïm; 2006 uehs 19 jk Èk .eiÜ lrkq ,enQ od isg udi 10 l muK
ld,hla ;siafia fldñIu úiska úúO jD;a;Sh wdh;k" fj<| uKv," iud.ï fldgia orkakka
iy foaYmd,k mCI iu. wfkHdakHj ls%hd lrñka uy;a mßY%uhla ork ,o w;r" ;jÿrg;a
ixfYdaOkh lsÍï wjYH lrk fkd.e,mSï iy m%Yak ;sìh yelsh'

tfia jqjo kj iud.ï kS;sh jQ l,s uekúka ia:djr ù we;s iy ms<sf.k we;s oekg
Ndú;fha mj;sk cd;Hka;r kS;shg wkqj" foaYSh ;…hkag yd wjYHlïj,g WÑ; jk f,i iq¿
fjkialsÍï iys;j ilia lrk ,oaola jk w;r th md¾,sfïka;=j úiska talu;slj iïu; lrkq
,enqjls'
12
 1982 wxl 17 orK iud.ï mk; u.ska mjd Ndú;hg f.k we;af;a 1938 iud.ï
wd{dmkf;a i|yka wdlD;sm;% jk w;r WmkS;sj, msgm;a fidhd.; fkdyelsj we;æ fuu
wdlD;s m;% h,amek.sh fmda¾u jk w;r 1982 wxl 17 orK iud.ï mkf;a úêúOdkj,g
fkd.e,fmaæ rdcH ixia:d fmdÿ iud.ï njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu i|yd iïmdÈ; 1987 mßj¾;kh
lsÍfï mkf;a ±lafjk úêúOdk mjd 1982 wxl 17 orK iud.ï mkf;a we;eï úêúOdkj,g
ie,lsh hq;= f,i mgyeks wjia:d we;æ tkï ;ks fldgiaysñhl= we;s fmdÿ iud.ïj,g 1982
wxl 17 orK iud.ï mk; hgf;a jHdmdrh mgka .ekSu i|yd iy;slhla ksl=;a lsÍfï
úêúOdkh óg tla ksoiqkls' miq.sh wjreÿ .Kkdjla ;siafia fï ish¨ foaj,a ljrdldr jQ fyda
úfrdaO;djla u;= fkdù hgm;aj ;sìKs'

iud.ïj, wOHCIjreka wjYHfhkau iud.ïj, whs;slrejka úh hq;= fkdfõ'

whs;slrejka jkafka fldgiaysñhka" nexl= jeks wruqo,a fhdokakkah' ;jo fiajlhkao
whs;slrejka fõ' iud.ul wOHCIjrekaf.ka ys;du;du iy fÉ;kdkaú;j flfrk"
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wid¾:lùï rys;j tajd by; lS lKavdhïj, hym; msksi l<ukdlrKh lsÍug úYajikSh
hq;=lula iïNdrhla yd j.lSula iud.ï wOHCIjreka fj; mejÍ ;sfí

rdcH ;k;=re ork ;eke;a;ka ck;djf.a iïm;a /l§ug ne£ isákakdla fukau"
iud.ul wOHCI Oqr orkakkag o fldgiaysñhkaf.a yd wksl=;a Wkkaÿjla olajkakkaf.a
iïm;a /lÈug j.lSula we;' tneúka Oqrh ork wOHCIjrhkag Tjqkaf.a j.lSu iy .Kka
§ug we;s ne£fuka u.yeßh fkdyel'

2007 wxl 7 orK iud.ï mk; jQ l,S b;d È.= l,l isg wjYHj meje;s iud.ï
ixialD;shla yd mßirhla we;slsÍu i|ydo uyck;djf.a ixia:duh úYajdih f.dvke.sh yels
fm!oa.,sl wxYhka we;slsÍu i|ydo ksjerÈ u. fmkaùula we;s lsÍu msKsi .;a m%Odk mshjrls'
fuu mk; uyck;dj ksfhdackh lrñka md¾,sfïka;=jg m;aj isák ish¨u foaYmd,k mCIj,
talu;sl mCImd;s;ajfhka iy ms<s.ekSu u; mkjk ,o kS;s ix.%yhls'
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