Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST)

Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 01-12, January-March 2023

Non-unique Fixed Points of Self Mappings in Bi-metric Spaces

Khan Ihsanullah1*, Muhammad Umair2 & Hassan Asad3
1,3
Jiangsu Normal University, China. 2International Islamic University ISB, Pakistan.
Corresponding Author (Khan Ihsanullah) - 3106337078@qq.com*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46431/MEJAST.2023.6101

Copyright © 2023 Khan Ihsanullah et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Article Received: 03 December 2022 Article Accepted: 23 January 2023 Article Published: 04 February 2023

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we prove a few non-unique fixed-point results of mapping on a set with bi-metrics using θ – contraction. We also give an example that
justifies our results. In the literature, our result generalized many results.
Keywords: Fixed point, θ – contraction, Bi-metric, Non-unique fixed point, Bi-metric space.

░ Introduction

This paper involves an extension of some non-unique fixed point theorems of mappings in bi-metric space using
– contraction. First, we discuss a brief history of fixed points and applications of the fixed points. Fixed point
theory plays an essential role in various applied and theoretical fields, such as differential and integral equations,
theory of dynamic systems, game theory, approximation theory, and nonlinear analysis. In the research aspect, it is
considered one of the most active and favorable subjects, thus numerous mathematicians such as Cauchy,
Liouville, Peano, Lipschitz and Picard did work in its related field. The significant result in fixed-point theory is the
famous result by Brouwer in 1910. He also proved the result for n–dimensional Euclidean space. Birkhoff and
Kellogg investigated the first infinite dimensional fixed point theorem. Later, Banach [2] gave the idea of a fixed
point for contraction mappings which is known as the “Banach Contraction Principle” in 1922. This principle is
useful for the uniqueness and existence of fixed points. There have been many generalizations of this principle in
distinct directions [1, 3, 4, 6, 7]. Marr gave the first important result for non-expensive mappings. In 1941,
Kakutani studied the fixed point problem of multifunction and generalizations of this type of mapping discussed in
[5, 8, 9, 10].

Main Body

Firstly, consider a theorem about non-unique fixed points of self mappings in bi-metric spaces.

Theorem-1: Let with bi-metrics and on and be – orbitally continuous mapping which
satisfies

(i) ( ( )) [ ( ( ))] , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( )

(ii) ( ) is – orbitally complete metric space

, * ( ) ( ) ( )+-
(iii) , * ( ) ( )+-
( , ( )-) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ( )

(iv) , ( )- ( , ( )-) , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( )

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 Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST)
Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 01-12, January-March 2023

Then has fixed point.

Proof: Suppose be any arbitrary point. We wish to prove that the sequence of iterates

𝑎𝑡 is Cauchy sequence. If for some where is a positive integer then * + is a Cauchy

sequence, we may suppose that for each let and we have

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+-
( , ( )-)
, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+-

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+-
( , ( )-)
, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+-

, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+-
( , ( )-)
, 𝑛* ( ) +-

which implies

, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+- ( , ( )-)

By (iv) , ( )- , ( )- 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ( )

, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+- ( , ( )-)

Let ( ) and suppose 𝑛* ( ) ( )+ ( )

, 𝑛* ( )+- ( , ( )-)

, ( )- ( , ( )-) , ( )-

, ( )- , ( )-

which is contradiction. So,

, ( )- ( , ( )-)

, ( )- ( , ( )-) ( , ( )-) ( , ( )-)

, ( )- ( , ( )-) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙

Letting we get

,( )- , ( )-

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Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 01-12, January-March 2023
which implies

( )

Now proceeding in similar way, such that there exists we get

( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙

Now for

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( ). /
( ). /
( ). /

( ) ∑

( ) ∑ ∑

( ) ∑

It is infinite geometric series and is convergent (as ). Therefore, * + is C.S. As ( ) is – orbitally

complete, so there exists such that

By orbital continuity of

Now change some conditions in the above statement, and take a new theorem.

Theorem-2: Suppose be non-empty set with bi-metrics and on . Suppose that ( ) is – orbitally
complete and be – orbitally continuous. For there exists such that ( ) for
and if satisfies

(i) , ( )- [ ( ( ))] 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 and ( )

(ii) ( ) implies that , 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+- ( , ( )-) for ( )

(iii) , ( )- ( , ( )-) , and ( )

Then has periodic point.

Proof: Let we define a subset { ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜 } of positive integer is non-empty. Let

and suppose that

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( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟

Case-1: If then ( ) for and we have

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+- [ ( ( ))]

, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+- [ ( ( ))]

By (iii)

, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+- [ ( ( ))]

Let ( ) and if 𝑛* ( ) ( )+ ( )

, ( )- [ ( ( ))]

, ( )- [ ( ( ))] , ( )-

, ( )- , ( )-

which is a contradiction. So,

, ( )- [ ( ( ))]

Similarly,

, ( )- [ ( ( ))] [ ( ( ))]

, ( )- , ( )- [ ( ( ))]

, ( )- [ ( ( ))]

Applying limit we get

, ( )-

Implies

( )

Now by same argument of Theorem 1 we get

Case-2: If and suppose

( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 ( )

Then by our assumption ( )

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+- [ ( ( ))]

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+- [ ( ( ))]

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By (iii)

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+- [ ( ( ))]

Let ( ) and if 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+ ( )

, ( )- [ ( ( ))]

, ( )- [ ( ( ))] ( ( ))

, ( )- ( ( )) ( )

By using (1)

( ) , ( )- ( )

( ) ( )

which is not possible.

If

𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+ ( )

Then by (1) it is again contradiction. So,

, ( )- [ ( ( ))]

, ( )- [ ( ( ))] ( ( ))

Similarly,

, ( )- [ ( ( ))] [ ( ( ))]

, ( )- [ ( ( ))] [ ( ( ))] [ ( ( ))]

In general

, ( )- [ ( ( ))] [ ( ( ))] [ ( ( ))]

, ( )- [ ( ( ))] ( ( )) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙

, ( )-

implies

( )

Now proceeding in similar way such that there exists we get

( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙

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Now for

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ∑

( ) ∑ ∑

( ) ∑

It is infinite geometric series and is convergent (as ). Therefore, * + is a Cauchy sequence. As ( )

is – orbitally complete, so there exists such that

Now by orbital continuity of

Theorem-3: Suppose be non-empty set with bi-metrics and on and be – orbitally continuous.
If satisfies

(i) ( ( )) [ ( ( ))] 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( )

(ii) , ( )- ( , ( )-) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( )

, * ( ) ( ) ( )+-
(iii) , * ( ) ( )+-
( ( )) , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎

Then the sequence * + has cluster point then is fixed point of

Proof: Let be a cluster point then

If for some , then is a fixed point of which is our required result.

If for all then for we get

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+-
( ( ))
, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+-

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+-
( ( ))
, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+-

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, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+-
( ( ))
, 𝑛* ( ) +-

, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+-
( ( ))
, -

, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+- ( ( ))

By using (ii)

, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+- [ ( ( ))]

If 𝑛* ( ) ( )+ ( ) , then

, ( )- [ ( ( ))]

, ( )- [ ( ( ))] , ( )-

, ( )- , ( )-

which is not possible. So,

, ( )- [ ( ( ))]

, ( )- [ ( ( ))] [ ( ( ))] [ ( ( ))]

, ( )- [ ( ( ))]

Applying limit we have

, ( )-

Implies

( )

Now proceeding in similar way such that there exists we get

( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙

Now for

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ∑

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Hence, ( ) as . So * + is Cauchy sequence. So there exists such that

Now by orbitally continuity of

Now change some conditions in the theorem-3, and take a new theorem.

Theorem-4: Suppose be a non-empty set with bi-metrics and on and be – orbitally

continuous. If satisfies

(i) ( ( )) [ ( ( ))] 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( )

(ii) , ( )- ( , ( )-) , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( )

(iii) ( ) implies that , 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+- ( ( )) , for each the

sequence * + has cluster point

Then is a fixed point of .

Proof: Let be a cluster point i.e. .

Then there exists such that

( )

which gives

( ) ( ) ( )

Now, we define a set

* ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜 𝑟 +

is non-empty. Suppose that

* ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜 𝑟 +

If for some 𝑟 then which is our required result. If

for all 𝑟 then by our assumption

( )

Case-1: If then ( ) and for we have

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+- [ ( ( ))]

By (ii)

, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+- ( , ( )-)

If 𝑛* ( ) ( )+ ( ) then

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, ( )- ( , ( )-)

, ( )- ( , ( )-) , ( )-

, ( )- , ( )-

which is not possible. So,

, ( )- ( , ( )-)

, ( )- ( , ( )-) ( , ( )-)

, ( )- ( , ( )-)

Applying limit we get

, ( )-

Implies

( )

Now, we can say that

Case-2: If suppose that

( ) ( )

for all and by our assumption ( ) we have

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+- , ( )-

By (ii)

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+- ( , ( )-)

If 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+ ( ) then

, ( )- ( , ( )-)

, ( )- ( , ( )-) ( ( ))

, ( )- ( ( ))

, ( )- ( ( )) ( )

, ( )- ( )

Using (2) we obtain

( ) , ( )-

From above both equations

( ) ( )

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which is not possible. If

𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+ ( )

, ( )- ( , ( )-)

, ( )- ( , ( )-) , ( )-

, ( )- , ( )-

, ( )- , ( )- ( )

, ( )- ( )

By (2) we have

( ) ( )

Again it is not possible. So,

, ( )- ( , ( )-)

, ( )- ( , ( )-) ( , ( )-)
( , ( )-)

, ( )- ( , ( )-)

Applying limit we get

, ( )-

implies

( )

Now proceeding in similar way such that there exists we have

( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙

Now for

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ∑

As ( ) as . So * + is a Cauchy sequence. Since . Now by orbital

continuity of

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Now, consider the example, in which we apply the new conditions, made in the above theorems. And prove that the
following example satisfies the new conditions, but didn’t satisfy the other conditions.

Example-1: Let * 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 + we define bi-metrics and such that ( )

| | and ( ) | | for all . Let be a mapping define by for all
and . Let and

( ) | | | |

( ) | |

( ) | |

( ) | | | |

( ) | ( )| | |

( ) | | | |

Now,

𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+ 𝑛* ( ) ( )+
( )

𝑛* | | + 𝑛* | | | |+
| |

| |
| |

Now, we consider ( ) .

, 𝑛* ( ) ( ) ( )+-
( , ( )-)
, 𝑛* ( ) ( )+-

, 𝑛* | | +-
( , | |-)
, 𝑛* | | | |+-

( , ( )-)
, ( )-

( )
( )

which satisfy for all and ( ).

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Declarations

Source of Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit
sectors.

Competing Interests Statement

The authors declare no competing financial, professional and personal interests.

Consent for publication

Authors declare that they consented for the publication of this research work.

Availability of data and material

Authors are willing to share data and material according to the relevant needs.

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[7] Kirk, W. A. (2015). Metric fixed point theory: a brief retrospective. Fixed Point Theory and Applications,
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