GWANDA STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE ENVIRONMENT

THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID MECHANICS EMI 3111

ASSIGNMENT 2

Faculty ENGINEERING & THE ENVIRONMENT

Lecturer Miss Mufaro Kanganga

NGIRANDE PANASHE G0208387D G0208387D@students.gsu.ac.zw

1. What is a quasi-static process and how does it differ from a reversible process?
[3]

A quasi-static process (also known as a quasi-equilibrium process; from the Latin quasi,
meaning 'as if') is a thermodynamic process that occurs slowly enough to keep the system in
internal physical (but not necessarily chemical) thermodynamic equilibrium.

It differs from a reversible process by that a reversible process is one that we can reverse and
return the system to its original condition, leaving no record on the universe that the process
ever occurred and its direction can be "reversed" by inducing infinitesimal changes to some
property of the system via its surroundings, while not increasing entropy.

2. What is the basic difference between a process and a cycle? [4]

When the path connecting the system's change of states is specified, this path is referred to as
Process. As an example, consider the constant pressure and constant volume processes. While
a cycle occurs when a system changes states and returns to its original condition, i.e., all
properties are similar to the initial state, the system is said to have gone through a
thermodynamic cycle.

A "process" in thermodynamics is defined by a trajectory in thermodynamic state space from

starting point A to end point B, while a "cycle" is just a closed trajectory returning to A. The
system may now choose which in-between states it will travel through. Trajectories between
two sites might be reversible or irreversible.

3. Specify whether the following properties are intensive or extensive:

a. mass - extensive

b. weight - extensive

c. volume - extensive

d. density - intensive

e. velocity - intensive

f. energy - extensive

g. pressure - intensive

h. temperature - intensive

4. Show that work transfer is not a property of a system. [5]

.

 Consider several reversible processes such as P, Q, R from state 1 to state 2 as shown

in figs above.
 The area under each curve on P-V diagrams represents the work done for each
process.
 The amount of work involved in each case is not a function of initial and final states
of the process, is not a property or state function and it depends on the path the system
follows in going from state 1 to state 2.
 Since the areas, area 1, 2 and 3 are not equal; work is not a property of a system.
Hence a system does not possess work, but work is a mode of transfer of energy.
5. Show that heat transfer is not a property of a system. [5]
 Heat is defined as energy that enters or exits a system thermally. And because there is
no separate internal account for energy that entered the system via heat, as opposed to
energy that entered through effort, it does not thereafter become a property of the
system

 Consider the reversible processes P, Q, and R from state 1 to state 2 given in the
figures above.
 On T-S diagrams, the area under each curve represents the amount of heat transfer for
each process.
 The diagrams above show that the quantity of heat transfer varies in each process
(route), and that each case is independent of the process's end states.
  It is neither a property of a system or state function and is determined by the path that
the system takes from state 1 to state 2.
 As a result, heat transfer is a mode of energy and a path function, not a system
property.
 Heat flow occurs whenever there is a temperature differential. Heat is caused by
temperature differences.
 Therefore heat transfer is a mode of energy and path function not a property of the
system. Heat transfer can also be expressed as an integral of the product of the
intensive property T and the differential change of an extensive property, say x.
2 2

 Q₁₋₂ = ∫ σQ = ∫ Tdx ≠ Q₂ - Q₁
1 1

6. What is the relation between temperature and pressure for an ideal gas, if it
undergoes a reversible adiabatic process? [5]
7. Using the steam tables, estimate the specific volume, specific enthalpy and specific
entropy of saturated liquid and vapour at 30 bar. [5]

It is estimated from the saturated steam table based on pressure (Appendix I, Table A1) that:
at 30 bar or 3MPa,

The specific volume of saturated liquid and vapour, Vf and Vg ,

 Vf = 0.001216 m³/Kg
 Vg = 0.06668 m³/Kg

The specific enthalpy of saturated liquid and vapour, Hf and Hg ,

 Hf = 1008.4 KJ/Kg
 Hg = 2804.1KJ/Kg

The specific entropy of saturated liquid and vapour, Sf and Sg

 Sf = 2.6462KJ/Kg-K
 Sg = 6.1878 KJ/Kg-K

8. Using the steam tables, estimate the specific volume, specific enthalpy and specific
entropy of saturated liquid and vapour at 250°C. [5]

It is estimated from the saturated steam table based on temperature (Appendix I, Table A1)
that: at 250°C,

The specific volume of saturated liquid and vapour, Vf and Vg ,

 Vf = 0.001251 m³/Kg
 Vg = 0.0501 m³/Kg

The specific enthalpy of saturated liquid and vapour, Hf and Hg ,

 Hf = 1085.3 KJ/Kg
 Hg = 2801.5 KJ/Kg

The specific entropy of saturated liquid and vapour, Sf and Sg

 Sf = 2.7933 KJ/Kg-K
 Sg = 6.0738 KJ/Kg-K
9. Draw the nature of P–V and T–S plots of a Rankine cycle (with superheated steam at
turbine inlet). [5]

10. Bernoulli’s theorem is based on which principle? Give its statement. Name three
devices where Bernoulli’s equation is applied. [5]

Bernoulli's principle is based on the energy conservation principle. It asserts that the whole
sum of the fluid flow's pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy is constant.
Thus, only in-compressible and streamline flows are subject to Bernoulli's principle. This
principle can be applied in devices, such as spray guns, venture meter, nozzle meter and pitot
tube.