Power Transmission

EEE381
Lab # 09

Name Arslan Shabeer

Registration
Number FA20-BEE-033

Subject Power Transmission

Instructor’s Ma’am Shafia Hussain

Name
 Lab # 9: Series connection of two transmission lines
Objectives:
 Measurement of the voltage distribution in a series connection of two lines of different
lengths.
 Determination of the relationship between line length and voltage drop.
 Investigation of the effect of the operating capacitances on the voltages and currents.

Pre Lab:

This arrangement, where the individual units of operating equipment are connected in series, is
the basis of the radial network. The relations are deduced first for the simplified representation
(Le. without shunt elements); then a more exact treatment, in which the shunt elements are
considered, is carried out.
A characteristic feature of a series circuit is that approximately the same current flows through
all branches. Thus, the cross-section of the weakest line is decisive in determining the extent to
which a series circuit can be loaded.
The following expressions are valid for series connection in the simplified line representation:

Fig. 7.1: Series connection of two lines (simplified equivalent circuit diagram)

The designations in the circuit above have the following meanings:

Z 1R1 jL1 R1 j X : longitudinal impedance of line 1

Z 2R2 jL2 R2 j X 2 : longitudinal impedance of line 2
 U A: voltage at the beginning of line 1 (= feeding voltage)

U B: voltage at the beginning of line 2

U E: voltage at the end of line 2 ( = voltage at the load)

I E : load current, also current through the two lines

In order to demonstrate the characteristic properties of a series connection, it is sufficient to

assume a purely ohmic load at the end of line 2. However, the expressions which are derived
under such an assumption are also principally valid for other load cases.

Fig. 7.2: Phasor diagram for the circuit shown in fig. 7.1

The two line impedances Z1 and Z2 add together to give a total line impedance Z tot :

Z tot = Z1 + Z2 = R1 + R2 + j(X1 + X2)

The following gives the voltage at the end of line 1:

U B=U A −Z1 . I E=U A−( R1+ j ( X 1 ) ) . I E

The following gives the voltage at the end of the line 2:

U E=U A−Z tot . I E =U A −( R1 + R2 + j ( X 1 + X 2 ) ) . I E

Accordingly if two identical lines are connected in series, the connection behaves just as if it
were a single line twice as long (shunt elements ignored here).
However, impermissibly high voltage drops occur when the line is very long, which introduces
the necessity of transmission at a higher voltage level (see the example in the supplementary
exercises).
Consideration of shunt elements (operating capacitances) leads to the following equivalent
circuit diagram:
Fig. 7.3: Series connection of two lines (with the shunt elements taken into consideration)

In-Lab

First, carry out measurements without taking the operating capacitances into consideration;
these are connected in a second series of measurements. Assemble the circuit as shown in the
next experiment set-up.

Readings:
Case-1

When both transmission line models have the shortest possible

length of 144 km.
Select the voltage UN - 5% on the secondary side of the three-phase transformer using the
bridging plugs.
Measure the voltage UA at the beginning of line 1, UB at the beginning of line 2 and the voltage
UE at the load:

UA(L-L) UA(L-N) UB(L-L) UB(L-N) UE(L-L) UE(L-N) P(W)

0.24A 0.24A 0.21A
0.25A 0.25A 0.22A
0.25A 0.24A 0.21A

Overall active power, reactive power and power factor

Pt(W) Qt(var) Power factor

162 5.13 0.99

Case-3
Change the length of line 1 to 216 km and that of line 2 to 144 km and repeat
the above
Select the voltage UN - 5% on the secondary side of the three-phase transformer using the
bridging plugs.
Measure the voltage UA at the beginning of line 1, UB at the beginning of line 2 and the voltage UE
at the load:

UA(L-L) UA(L-N) UB(L-L) UB(L-N) UE(L-L) UE(L-N) P(W)

392V 227V 391V 225V 382V 221V 52.4

392V 225V 394V 225V 381V 220V 53.3

394V 227V 393V 226V 382V 221V 53.6

Measure the current IA at the beginning of line 1, IB at the beginning of line 2 and the current IE at
the load:
IA IB IE

0.24A 0.24A 0.21A

0.25A 0.25A 0.22A

0.25A 0.24A 0.21A

Overall active power, reactive power and power factor

Pt(W) Qt(var) Power factor

159 5.34 0.99

Case-4
Change the lengths of both lines to 216 km and repeat the above
measurements
Select the voltage UN - 5% on the secondary side of the three-phase transformer using the
bridging plugs.
Measure the voltage UA at the beginning of line 1, UB at the beginning of line 2 and the voltage UE
at the load:
UA(L-L) UA(L-N) UB(L-L) UB(L-N) UE(L-L) UE(L-N) P(W)

391V 227V 391V 225V 382V 221V 52.0

392V 225V 391V 224V 381V 220V 52.8

394V 227V 392V 226V 382V 221V 53.3

Measure the current IA at the beginning of line 1, IB at the beginning of line 2 and the current IE at
the load:
IA IB IE

0.24A 0.24A 0.21A

0.25A 0.25A 0.22A

0.25A 0.24A 0.21A

Overall active power, reactive power and power factor

Pt(W) Qt(var) Power factor

158 4.91 0.99
Critical Analysis:

In this lab we learnt about series connection of two different

transmission lines for this first we have done measurement of the
voltage distribution in a series connection of two lines of different
lengths. We also learnt about effect of line length on voltage drop and
effect of operating capacitance on voltages and current. We have
selected four different lengths for two transmission lines and found
line currents and voltages.

Lab Assessment

Pre Lab
/5
/25
Performance
/5

Results /5

Viva /5

Critical Analysis
/5
Instructor Signature and Comments