HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Lecture)

Assignment Submitted by: Rayne Chloie L. Lasta

Professor: Dr. Martin Migriño Date: 5-7-23

1. What is Parkinson Disease?

Parkinson's disease is a neurological condition that worsens over time and impairs movement. It is
brought on by a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is essential for regulating movement and coordination; as a result,
Parkinson's disease symptoms are brought on by a lack of dopamine-producing neurons. Parkinson's disease
can be identified by tremors, stiffness, sluggish movements, and issues with balance and coordination. The
beginning of these symptoms often happens gradually over time, and each person's illness development is
unique. Speech and swallowing issues, mood and behavior changes, and cognitive impairment can all be
additional symptoms.

2. What is Alzheimer’s disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a severe type of mental deterioration, or dementia, usually affecting older
people but occasionally affecting people younger than 60. It accounts for half of all dementias; the other half
result from drug and alcohol abuse, infections, or CVAs. Alzheimer’s disease is estimated to affect 10% of
all people older than 65 and nearly half of those older than 85. Alzheimer’s disease involves a general
decrease in brain size resulting from loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex. The gyri become narrower,
and the sulci widen. The frontal lobes and specific regions of the temporal lobes are affected most severely.
Symptoms include general intellectual deficiency, memory loss, short attention span, moodiness,
disorientation, and irritability.

3. Discuss Sympathomimetic and Parasympathomimetic Drugs.

Sympathomimetic drugs, also known as adrenergic agonists, mimic the effects of the sympathetic
nervous system by stimulating the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. This leads to increased
heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing, as well as dilation of the pupils and bronchioles in the lungs.
Sympathomimetic drugs are used to treat a variety of conditions, including asthma, allergies, and shock.
Examples of sympathomimetic drugs include epinephrine (adrenaline), albuterol, pseudoephedrine, and
ephedrine. These drugs are commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions, as well as
allergies, nasal congestion, and shock.

Parasympathomimetic drugs, on the other hand, is also known as cholinergic agonists, mimic the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system by stimulating the release of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine. This leads to decreased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing, as well as increased
digestive activity and constriction of the pupils in the eyes. Examples of parasympathomimetic drugs
include pilocarpine, which is used to treat dry mouth and glaucoma, and bethanechol, which is used to treat
urinary retention. Other parasympathomimetic drugs include neostigmine, which is used to treat myasthenia
gravis, and atropine, which is used to treat bradycardia and other conditions.

4. What are the 2 female sex hormones and 2 male sex hormones and their functions?

The two primary female sex hormones are estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is produced
primarily by the ovaries in women and helps regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain bone density, and
promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast growth and the distribution of

Subject: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Lecture)

Submitted by: Rayne Chloie L. Lasta
Date: 5-7-23
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Lecture)
Assignment Submitted by: Rayne Chloie L. Lasta
Professor: Dr. Martin Migriño Date: 5-7-23

body fat. Estrogen also plays a role in cognitive function and mood. While Progesterone is also produced
by the ovaries and plays a key role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining pregnancy. It helps
thicken the lining of the uterus and prevent the shedding of the uterine lining during pregnancy.

While for men, they have two primary male sex hormones which are testosterone and
dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Testosterone is produced primarily by the testes in men and is responsible for
the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair, deepening of the voice, and muscle
development. Testosterone also plays a role in sperm production, bone density, and cognitive function.
While the Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a derivative of testosterone and is responsible for the development
of male sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and the deepening of the voice. It
also plays a role in the development of the prostate gland and is involved in hair growth and the regulation
of sebaceous glands.

Subject: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Lecture)

Submitted by: Rayne Chloie L. Lasta
Date: 5-7-23