TEMA 3 BIO Y GEO: DIGESTIVE Y RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1 Nutrition

1. Digestive system: food> nutrients and wastes

2. Respiratory system: takes O2, eliminates CO2
3. Circulatory system: transport nutrients, gases and wastes
4. Excretory system: releases waste
5. The endocrine and nervous system: control and coordination

2. Anatomy of the digestive system

1. Gastrointestinal tract: oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and
large intestine
2. Accessory glands: organs release secretions in the gastrointestinal tract
a) Salivary glands: mouth
b) The liver: upper right abdomen
c) The pancreas: behind the stomach

2.1 Gastrointestinal tracts

1. Mouth (oral cavity): food enters the body. Tongue (taste) and 32 teeth
2. Pharynx(throat): common channel. Digestive and respiratory system separated by the
epiglottis(flap)
3. Oesophagus: transport the bolus. Muscles movement (called peristaltic movement)
4. Stomach: Bag shape muscular organ. 2 values: cardia(beginning) and pylorus (end).
Glands: gastric juices
5. Small intestine: 6 meters. Glands: intestinal juice. Villi and microvilli
a) Duodenum: initial section
b) Jejunum: middle section
c) Ileum: final section
6. Large intestine: shorter and thicker
a) Cecum: first section with the appendix
b) Colon: middle section with symbiotic bacteria
c) Rectum: the final section that ends in the anus

2.2 Accessory glands

Digestive enzymes: proteins cut food

1. Three pairs of salivar glands: saliva(mouth)

2. Gastric glands: gastric juices in the stomach
3. Liver: largest organ. Bile stored in the gallbladder
4. Pancreas: pancreatic juice and hormones
5. Intestinal glands: intestinal juices
3 The digestive process

1. Digestion: foods>nutrients. Types:

a) Mechanical digestion: movements. Steps:
1) Chewing
2) Salivation: food + saliva=Bolus
3) Swallowing: bolus move to the stomach 8peristaltic movement)
b) Chemical digestion: digestive enzymes (proteins break down substances).Step:
1) Mouth: saliva has amylase (digestive starch)
2) Stomach: gastric juices with pepsin (enzyme digestive protein) and
hydrochloric acid (kill bacteria). Chyme= bolus + gastric juices
3) Small intestine: intestinal juices with amylase, protease (protein) and
lipase (lipids)
Chyme + intestinal juices + pancreatic juices (= composition) + bile
(liver) with salts (digestive lipids) = Chyle
2. Absorption: movement of nutrients to the blood. Water, vitamins and minerals are not
digestive. Small intestine villi and microvilli aument surface. Nutrients go from
intestine to blood capillaries. Lipids are absorbed by lymphatic capillaries. Minerals
and water are absorbed in the large intestine
3. Defecation: non-digested products became into faeces (stools). They move by
peristalsis. They are expelled to the outside through the anus

4 Digestive Diseases

1. Mouth:
- Cavities: destruction of the tooth enamel by bacteria
- Gingivitis: panful inflammation of the guns
2. Stomach:
- Gastritis: inflammation
- Ulcers: wounds
3. Liver:
- Hepatitis: inflammation by viruses, alcohol or medicines
4. Intestine:
- Gastroenteritis: inflammation stomach and intestine
- Appendicitis: inflammation (pain, vomiting, fever)
- Constipation: less mobility, large intestine (difficulty passing stools)
- Diarrhoea: no water absorbed, food travels fast, liquid faeces

5 Healthy habits:

- Chew food slowly(+salivation)

- Brush teeth and dental floss(dentist)
- Avoid hot foods and drinks, alcohol, spicy foods
- Wash your hands
- Eat fibre
6 Respiratory system

Takes O2, expel CO2. Respiration: nutrients+ O2> energy+ waste (CO2). Anatomy:

1- Respiratory tract: tubes transport gases

a) The nasal cavity: enter, warm up, purify and humidify the air
b) The pharynx: tomsils (leukocytes)
c) The larynx: vocal cords (sound)
d) The trachea: cartilage rings
e) 2 bronchi
f) Bronchioles: small branches
g) Pulmonary alveoli: tiny sacs (capillaries)
2- Lungs: sponge, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Right lung (3 lobes) and the left lung (2).
Pleura: a sheet 2 membranes, liquid

7 Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

1- Iinspiration: air enters