Respiratory System

Respiratory System
PNS
Nasal Cavity
Neck Anatomy
Diaphragm and Lungs
Lungs & Lobes
Pleura
Lungs viewed from medial
aspect
Lungs
Lungs - Alveoli
 Physiology of respiration

RESPIRATION

INSPIRATION EXPIRATION
(inhalation) (exhalation)

Diaphragm contracts and descends Diaphragm relaxes and elevates

Area of thoracic cavity increases & so air Area of thoracic cavity decreases & so air
pressure decreases. pressure increases.

Air flows into lungs to equalize pressure Air is expelled from lungs to equalize it.
Physiology of respiration
 Pathway of Air

Lung
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Capillaries
(Alveoli)
 Vocabulary

• Adenoids: Collection of lymph tissue in the

nasopharynx.
• Alveolus: Air sac in the lung.
• Apex of the lung: Uppermost portion of the lung.
• Base of the lung: Lower portion of the lung.
• Bronchioles: Smallest branches of the bronchi.
• Bronchus: Branch of the trachea that acts as a
passageway into the air space of the lung.
 Vocabulary

• carbon dioxide A gas produced by body cells when

oxygen and food combine; exhaled by the lungs.
• Cilia Thin hairs attached to the mucus membrane
epithelium lining the respiratory tract.
• Diaphragm Muscle separating the chest and
abdomen.
• Epiglottis Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the
larynx.
• Exhalation Breathing out (expiration).
• External respiration Exchange of gases in the lungs.
 Vocabulary

• Glottis: Opening to the larynx.

• Hilum: Midline region where the bronchi, blood
vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs.
• Inhalation: Breathing in (inspiration).
• Internal respiration: Exchange of gases at tissue cells.
• Larynx: Voice box.
• Lobes: Divisions of lungs.
• Mediastinum: Region between the lungs in the chest
cavity. It contains the trachea, heart, aorta, esophagus,
and bronchial tubes.
 Vocabulary

• Oxygen: Gas that passes into the bloodstream at the

lungs and travels to all body cells.
• Palatine: Rounded masses of lymph tissue in the tonsils
oropharynx.
• Paranasal: Air-containing cavities in the bones sinuses
near the nose.
• Parietal: The outer fold of the pleura lying pleura closest
to the ribs and wall of the thoracic cavity
• Pharynx: Throat; composed of nasopharynx, oropharynx,
and laryngopharynx.
• Pleura: Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.
• Pleural cavity: Space between the folds of the pleura.
 Vocabulary

• Pulmonary: The essential cells of the lung, those

parenchyma performing its main function; the air sacs
(alveoli) and small bronchioles.
• Sputum: Material expelled from the chest by coughing or
clearing the throat.
• Stridor: A strained, high-pitched, noisy breathing
associated with obstruction of the larynx or a bronchus.
• Trachea: Windpipe.
• Visceral pleura: The inner fold of the pleura lying pleura
closest to the lung tissue.
 Terminology
adenoid/o adenoids adenoidectomy,
adenoid hypertrophy

alveol/o alveolus, air sac alveolar

bronch/o, bronchial tube bronchospasm, bronchus bronchiectasis

bronchiol/o bronchiole, bronchiolitis

small bronchus

capn/o carbon dioxide hypercapnia

coni/o dust pneumoconiosis

 Terminology
cyan/o blue cyanosis
epiglott/o epiglottis epiglottitis
laryn/o larynx, laryngeal, voice box laryngospasm, laryngitis
lob/o lobe of the lung lobectomy
mediastin/o mediastinum mediastinoscopy
nas/o nose paranasal sinuses
orth/o straight, orthopnea upright
ox/o oxygen hypoxia
 Terminology
pector/o chest expectoration
pharyng/o pharynx, pharyngeal throat
phon/o voice dysphonia
phren/o diaphragm phrenic nerve, phrenohepatic
pleur/o pleura pleuritic, pleurodynia
pneum/o air, lung pneumothorax, pneumonitis,
pneumonectomy
rhin/o nose rhinorrhea, rhinoplasty
 Terminology
sinus/o sinus, cavity sinusitis
spir/o breathing, spirometer
expiration
tel/o complete atelectasis
thorac/o chest thoracotomy,
thoracic
tonsill/o tonsils tonsillectomy
trache/o trachea, tracheotomy,
windpipe tracheal
 Terminology

Suffixes Meaning Terminology

-ema condition empyema
-osmia smell anosmia
-pnea breathing apnea, dyspnea, hyperpnea,
tachypnea
-ptysis spitting hemoptysis
-sphyxia pulse asphyxia
-thorax pleural cavity, hemothorax chest pyothorax
 Diagnostic Terms

• Auscultation: Listening to sounds within the body.

• Percussion: Tapping on a surface to determine the
difference in the density of the underlying surface.
• Pleural rub: Grating sound produced by the motion
of pleural surfaces rubbing each other.
• Rales (crackles): Abnormal crackling sounds heard
during inspiration when there is fluid in alveoli.
• Rhonchi: Abnormal, rumbling sounds heard during
expiration.
Ascultation & Percussion
 Pathological conditions
URT
• Croup: Acute respiratory syndrome in children
and infants, characterized by obstruction of the
larynx, barking cough, and stridor.
• Diphtheria: Acute infection of the throat and
upper respiratory tract caused by diphtheria
bacteria (Corynebacterium).
• Epistaxis: Nosebleed.
• Pertussis (whooping cough): Bacterial infection
of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by
Bordetella pertussis.
 Bronchial Tube Disorders
• Asthma: Spasm and narrowing of bronchi leading to
bronchial airway obstruction.
• Bronchogenic carcinoma: Cancerous tumors arising
from a bronchus.
• Chronic bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi
persisting for a long time.
• Cystic fibrosis: Inherited disease of exocrine glands
(pancreas, sweat glands, and mucous membranes of
the respiratory tract) leading to airway obstruction.
Asthma
 Lung Disorders

• Atelectasis: Incomplete expansion of alveoli; collapsed,

functionless, airless lung or portion of a lung.
• Emphysema: Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of
alveolar walls.
• Pneumoconiosis: Abnormal condition caused by dust in the
lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis.
• Pneumonia: Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli,
which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction.
 Diseases & Conditions

• Pulmonary abscess: Large collection of pus (bacterial

infection) in the lungs.
• Pulmonary edema: Swelling and fluid in the air sacs
and bronchioles.
• Pulmonary embolism: Clot or other material lodges in
vessels of the lung.
• Tuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs are usually
involved, but any organ in the body may be affected.
 Pleural Disorders
• Mesothelioma: A malignant tumor arising in the
pleura; composed of mesothelium, which is the
epithelium that covers the surfaces of membranes
such as the pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium.
• Pleural effusion: Escape of fluid into the pleural
cavity.
• Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura.
• Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the
pleura cavity.
Pneumothorax - chest tube
insertion
Pleural effusion
Chest Tube Insertion Series
 Diseases & Conditions

• Anthracosis: Coal dust accumulation in the lungs.

• Asbestosis: Asbestos particles accumulate in the
lungs.
• Bacilli (singular: bacillus): Rod-shaped bacteria.
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):
A chronic condition of persistent obstruction of
air flow through the bronchial tubes and lungs.
 Diseases & Conditions

• Cor Pulmonale: Failure of the right side of the heart to

pump sufficient amount of blood to the lungs; occurs
as a complication of lung disease.
• Hydrothorax: Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.
• Paroxysmal: Pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such
as a spasm or seizure. Pulmonary infarction: An area
of dead necrotic tissue in the lung.
• Purulent: Pertaining to containing pus.
• Silicosis: Silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in
mining occupations.
Investigations & Therapeutics
 Clinical Procedures

• Chest x-ray
• CT scan
• Pulmonary angiography
• MRI
• Lung scan
Normal Radiograph: PA View
of Chest
CT Scan
Pulmonary Angiography
MRI Scan
 Other Procedures
• Bronchoscopy
• Endotracheal intubation
• Laryngoscopy
• Mediastinoscopy
• Pulmonary function tests
• Thoracocentesis
• Thoracotomy
• Tracheostomy
• Tuberculin tests (Heaf & Tine tests; Mantoux test)
• Tube thoracostomy
Bronchoscope
Endotracheal Intubation
Laryngoscopy
Spirometry
Pleural effusion
Thoracotomy
Thoracotomy
Tracheostomy - Series
Mantoux Test - Tuberculosis
Peak Flow Meter Use - Series
Metered Dose Inhaler Use - Series
Nebulizer Use - Series
Spacer Use - Series
Ventilator
 Abbreviations
AFB Acid-fast bacillus (organism causing tuberculosis)
ARDS Adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome
Bronch Bronchoscopy
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CTA Clear to auscultation
DPT Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (injection in an infant to provide
immunity to these diseases)
 Abbreviations
FVC Forced vital capacity
ICU Intensive care unit
IMV Intermittent mandatory ventilation
LLL Left lower lobe (of lung)
LUL Left upper lobe (of lung)
PaCO2, Carbon dioxide partial pressure; amount of pCO2 carbon dioxide in arterial
blood
PaO2 , Oxygen partial pressure; amount of oxygen pO2 present in arterial blood
PCP Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
 Abbreviations
PEEP Positive end expiratory pressure
PFT Pulmonary function test
PPD Purified protein derivative
RDS Respiratory distress syndrome
RLL Right lower lobe (of lung)
RUL Right upper lobe (of lung)
SOB Shortness of breath
TB Tuberculosis
URI Upper respiratory infection
V/Q scan Ventilation perfusion scan
THANK YOU